1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 Opinion Number: ________________
3 Filing Date: February 18, 2019
4 NO. A-1-CA-34796
5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
6 Plaintiff-Appellee,
7 v.
8 JUHREE SMITH,
9 Defendant-Appellant.
10 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF EDDY COUNTY
11 Lisa B. Riley, District Judge
12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 Santa Fe, NM
14 John J. Woykovsky, Assistant Attorney General
15 Albuquerque, NM
16 for Appellee
17 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
18 Mary Barket, Assistant Appellate Defender
19 Santa Fe, NM
20 for Appellant
OPINION
1 KIEHNE, Judge Pro Tempore.
2 {1} Defendant Juhree Smith appeals her conviction for aggravated driving under
3 the influence of intoxicating liquor (DWI), in violation of NMSA 1978, Section
4 66-8-102(D)(1) (2010, amended 2016), arguing that the results of her breath
5 alcohol test should have been excluded because she was not given a reasonable
6 opportunity to obtain an independent test under the Implied Consent Act (the Act),
7 NMSA 1978, §§ 66-8-105 to -112 (1978, as amended through 2015). Defendant
8 also argues that the district court committed fundamental, plain, or structural error
9 by commenting on her decision to testify at trial and asking about her
10 understanding of her right not to testify. Finding no error, we affirm Defendant’s
11 conviction.
12 BACKGROUND
13 {2} On September 1, 2013, arresting officers pulled over Defendant’s vehicle,
14 administered field sobriety tests, and placed her under arrest for DWI. An officer,
15 reading from a standardized card, explained to Defendant a motorist’s rights and
16 responsibilities under the Act, an explanation which, the parties agree, included
17 advising her of her right to arrange for an independent chemical test performed by
18 a medical professional of her choosing. After doing so, the officer asked Defendant
19 to submit to a breath alcohol test, to which Defendant responded, “No, I just want
1 to give blood.” Defendant was transported to the police station where an officer
2 explained to her the consequences of refusing to take the breath test; this encounter
3 lasted anywhere from ten to thirty minutes. After discussing her rights under the
4 Act with the officer, Defendant then decided that she would take the breath test.
5 But once the breath test machine was set up, Defendant again refused to take the
6 test. The testing officer continued to run the breathalyzer machine, explaining to
7 Defendant that because she had refused to take the breath test, the machine would
8 print a blank results page, which would be used against her in court. The officer
9 told Defendant that she had one final chance to take the breath test, an opportunity
10 which Defendant took by blowing into the machine. The test measured two
11 samples of Defendant’s breath alcohol content at 0.19 and 0.18, respectively. After
12 the breath test was completed, Defendant did not renew her request for a blood
13 test.
14 {3} Defendant was convicted in the magistrate court of aggravated DWI, in
15 violation of Section 66-8-102(D)(1), and failure to maintain a lane, contrary to
16 NMSA 1978, Section 66-7-317 (1978). Defendant’s case proceeded to the district
17 court on a de novo appeal of the magistrate court’s decision. In the district court
18 and during the State’s presentation of its case, Defendant moved to exclude the
19 breath test results, arguing that her rights under the Act had been violated because
20 the officers involved in her arrest did not give her the opportunity to take a blood
2
1 test in addition to the state-administered breath test. The district court denied
2 Defendant’s motion, noting that Defendant first requested a blood test after an
3 officer read her a card that explained the Act, then agreed to take a breath test after
4 some discussion with the officers, and made no demand for an independent test
5 following the breath test. Defendant appeals.
6 DISCUSSION
7 {4} Defendant raises two issues: (1) the district court should have excluded her
8 breath alcohol test results because arresting officers failed to give her an
9 opportunity to arrange for an alternative test as guaranteed by Section 66-8-109(B)
10 of the Act; and (2) the district court’s statements to Defendant about her right to
11 testify at trial constituted fundamental, plain, or structural error.
12 I. The District Court Properly Denied Defendant’s Motion to Exclude
13 {5} “Rulings admitting or excluding evidence are generally reviewed for an
14 abuse of discretion.” State v. Campbell, 2007-NMCA-051, ¶ 9, 141 N.M. 543, 157
15 P.3d 722. In this case, however, the historical facts are not disputed, and we
16 construe the district court’s statements as a ruling that the officers complied with
17 the Act. We therefore apply de novo review in resolving Defendant’s claim that the
18 officers did not comply with the Act. See State v. Maxwell, 2016-NMCA-061, ¶ 7,
19 376 P.3d 882 (applying de novo review to interpret the Act when the facts were
3
1 undisputed); State v. Chakerian, 2015-NMCA-052, ¶ 10, 348 P.3d 1027 (same),
2 rev’d on other grounds, 2018-NMSC-019, ___ P.3d ___.
3 {6} Defendant admits that after the officers advised her about the Act, she
4 refused to take a breath test and asked instead to take a blood test, but argues that
5 police should have construed her statement, not merely as a refusal to take their
6 chosen test, but also as a request for an independent test. Defendant further
7 contends, assuming we accept her initial premise, that once she submitted to the
8 breath test, the Act obligated the officers to provide her with a reasonable
9 opportunity to obtain an independent blood test. The officer’s failure to do so, the
10 argument goes, violated her rights under the Act, thus requiring the exclusion of
11 the results of the state-administered breath test. At the very least, Defendant
12 argues, the officers should have clarified whether she wanted an independent test.
13 {7} Under the Act, a motorist driving a vehicle in New Mexico is deemed to
14 have consented to a blood or breath test, or both, “as determined by a law
15 enforcement officer,” if the motorist is arrested on suspicion of driving while under
16 the influence of alcohol or drugs. Section 66-8-107(A). A law enforcement officer
17 may only direct the administration of such a test if he or she has reasonable
18 grounds to believe that the motorist has been driving while under the influence of
19 alcohol or drugs. Section 66-8-107(B). When police officers determine that a test
20 should be administered to a motorist, the Act obligates them to advise the motorist
4
1 of his or her “right to be given an opportunity to arrange for” a medical
2 professional of the motorist’s choice “to perform a chemical test in addition to any
3 test performed at the direction of a law enforcement officer.” Section 66-8-109(B).
4 In addition to the obligation to advise an arrested motorist of the right to arrange
5 for an independent test, Section 66-8-109(B) requires law enforcement “to provide
6 the arrestee the means to arrange for a qualified person to conduct a chemical
7 test[,]” and not to “unnecessarily hinder or interfere with an arrestee’s attempt to
8 exercise the right to an additional test.” Chakerian, 2018-NMSC-019, ¶ 24. Our
9 Supreme Court has rejected attempts to impose additional duties on law
10 enforcement officers “beyond the explicit mandates of Section 66-8-109(B)[.]” See
11 id. ¶ 22 (rejecting this Court’s imposition of a duty to “meaningfully cooperate”
12 with an arrestee’s expressed desire for an independent chemical test).
13 {8} In the matter at hand, we conclude that law enforcement officers did not
14 violate the Act because Defendant never affirmatively asked for an independent
15 chemical test, and thus the officers’ obligation to provide her with the means to
16 arrange for such a test never materialized. Section 66-8-109(B) required that police
17 advise Defendant of her “right to be given an opportunity to arrange for” a medical
18 professional of her choice “to perform a chemical test in addition to any test
19 performed at the direction of a law enforcement officer.” (Emphasis added.) Under
20 the statute’s plain language, Defendant’s right to ask for an opportunity to arrange
5
1 for an additional chemical test would be triggered only if she first submitted to the
2 test that police asked her to take. Significantly, however, Defendant’s only request
3 for a blood test was made as part of her refusal to take the officer-designated breath
4 test. Based on the totality of the circumstances, see Chakerian, 2018-NMSC-019,
5 ¶ 22, it was reasonable for the district court to conclude that Defendant did not ask
6 for a blood test in addition to the breath test that the officers requested, but instead
7 of that test. Although Defendant eventually agreed to take the officer-designated
8 breath test, she did not, after submitting to the test, ask for an opportunity to
9 arrange for an additional blood test.
10 {9} Defendant argues, and cites out-of-state cases, for the proposition that police
11 should have construed her initial request for a blood test instead of a breath test as
12 a request for an additional test, or at least should have asked her if that is what she
13 intended, but Section 66-8-109(B) contains no such requirements. And under our
14 Supreme Court’s decision in Chakerian, we are not at liberty to add obligations
15 that the Legislature did not see fit to include in the statute. Defendant points to no
16 New Mexico authority supporting the notion that our Implied Consent Act required
17 the officers to inquire about her understanding of her right to an additional test, or
18 to clarify whether she wanted an additional test. Being unaware of any such
19 authority, we assume none exists. See Curry v. Great Nw. Ins. Co., 2014-NMCA-
6
1 031, ¶ 28, 320 P.3d 482 (“Where a party cites no authority to support an argument,
2 we may assume no such authority exists.”).
3 {10} On these facts, we hold that law enforcement officers did not violate the Act
4 and affirm the district court’s decision to admit Defendant’s breath test results into
5 evidence. Because we hold that no statutory violation occurred, we do not reach
6 Defendant’s argument that exclusion of the breath test results is the proper remedy
7 for such a violation.
8 II. The District Court Did Not Violate Defendant’s Right to Testify
9 {11} Defendant argues that the district court violated her right to testify in her
10 own defense, and interfered with her attorney-client relationship, by unnecessarily
11 questioning Defendant’s decision to testify, and in so doing, misstated the relevant
12 law, thus prompting Defendant’s decision not to testify. Defendant concedes that
13 she failed to preserve these issues for review but argues that the district court’s
14 actions constituted fundamental, plain, or structural error. Because we hold that the
15 district court did not act improperly, we need not address Defendant’s
16 fundamental, plain, or structural error arguments.
17 {12} Before trial began, defense counsel told the district court that he did not
18 anticipate calling any witnesses. After the State rested its case, defense counsel
19 called one of the arresting officers and asked him about the reasons that he gave
20 Defendant for the traffic stop. Defense counsel then conferred with Defendant for
7
1 less than a minute before saying, “Your Honor, defense calls [Defendant] to the
2 stand.” After Defendant was sworn in, but before testifying, the district court asked
3 Defendant whether she understood her rights to testify and not to testify, and
4 whether she had had an opportunity to confer with defense counsel about whether
5 she should testify:
6 District Court: Ms. Smith, before [defense counsel] asks you any
7 questions, I want to address a couple of things with
8 you. You know you have the right to testify today?
9 You know you also have the right not to testify,
10 are you realizing that?
11 Defendant: Yes ma’am.
12 District Court: And are you aware that if you do not testify, the
13 court will not in any way hold that against you or
14 infer, you know, anything negative, any guilt or
15 anything because you chose not to take the stand.
16 Are you aware of that?
17 Defendant: Yes, your honor.
18 District Court: Have you had an opportunity to talk with your
19 attorney about whether or not it [is] a good idea to
20 take the stand?
21 Defendant: Not that . . . we have [not] really talked if it was a
22 good idea or not.
23 {13} The district court then stated to Defendant:
24 I [am] going to take a brief recess so that you can talk with [your
25 attorney] . . . you know you do [not] have to testify if you do [not]
26 want to. You may testify if you choose to. That decision is a decision
27 you need to make with your attorney, discussing whether or not it
28 would be in your best interest. You also need to be aware that if you
8
1 do choose to testify, not only do you answer [defense counsel’s]
2 questions, but [the prosecutor] gets to question you also, and I may
3 have questions for you. Okay?
4 Defense counsel did not object to any portion of the above-quoted colloquy and, in
5 fact, thanked the district court before a recess was taken to allow Defendant to
6 confer with counsel. When the bench trial resumed ten minutes later, the district
7 court asked Defendant if she had an opportunity to speak with her attorney.
8 Defendant responded that she would not be testifying. Defense counsel responded,
9 “She has your honor,” and the defense rested.
10 {14} Defendant argues that the district court’s inquiry and advisements violated
11 her right to testify and compromised her attorney-client relationship with trial
12 counsel. It is, of course, true that a criminal defendant’s right to testify at her own
13 trial “is an integral part of an accused’s constitutional right to trial by jury[,]” and it
14 is ultimately up to the criminal defendant to decide whether to testify, regardless of
15 her attorney’s advice. State v. Henry, 1984-NMCA-040, ¶ 19, 101 N.M. 277, 681
16 P.2d 62. If the defendant decides not to testify, the district court “is not required
17 to” question the defendant about whether her decision to waive the right was made
18 knowingly and intelligently. Id. ¶ 22.
19 {15} Whether a district court is required to question a criminal defendant about
20 his or her decision to testify or not to testify is not the same as whether the court
21 may, in its discretion, make such an inquiry. The parties have not cited, and we
9
1 have not found, any New Mexico cases that address this precise issue. We
2 therefore turn to the cases from other jurisdictions that the parties have cited. As
3 these other courts have observed, the primary responsibility for advising a criminal
4 defendant about his or her rights to testify and not to testify, and the benefits and
5 risks of those decisions, rests mainly with defense counsel. See, e.g., State v.
6 Denson, 799 N.W.2d 831, 844 (Wis. 2011). And a trial court’s decision to inject
7 itself into the proceedings to question a defendant or offer advice about those rights
8 carries with it the risk that the defendant may perceive that the judge disapproves
9 of his or her decision, and may influence the defendant to change his or her mind,
10 which would intrude on the attorney-client relationship or interfere with the
11 defense strategy. Id.; see also People v. Peden, 878 N.E.2d 1180, 1186-87 (Ill.
12 App. Ct. 2007) (identifying the same risks). But these cases also recognize that,
13 notwithstanding the potential risks involved, a trial court has the discretion to
14 engage a defendant on the record about his or her rights to testify and not to testify
15 so as to ensure that any waiver of those rights is knowing and voluntary. See
16 Peden, 878 N.E.2d at 1187 (stating that despite the risks, “a trial court has
17 discretion to admonish a defendant of his right against self-incrimination”);
18 Denson, 799 N.W.2d at 845 (“recommend[ing] an on-the-record colloquy [about a
19 defendant’s decision to testify] as the better practice”).
10
1 {16} Here, we are not persuaded that the district court abused its discretion. The
2 district court’s questioning was not gratuitous; it had good reason to question
3 Defendant about whether she understood her rights, and whether she had had an
4 adequate opportunity to consult with defense counsel about the advantages and
5 disadvantages of testifying. As indicated above, defense counsel, before trial, told
6 the district court that he did not anticipate calling any witnesses to testify. After the
7 State rested its case, and after calling one officer to testify, defense counsel called
8 Defendant to testify after conferring with her for a matter of seconds. In these
9 circumstances, the district court could reasonably have been concerned that
10 Defendant’s decision to testify was made in a hurried fashion, and therefore its
11 decision to question Defendant about the issue was reasonable. Indeed, the district
12 court’s concern turned out to be justified, because Defendant confirmed that she
13 had not in fact talked through the decision with defense counsel. The district court
14 did not use any language suggesting that a decision to testify would be unwise or
15 imprudent, but merely asked if Defendant understood her rights to testify and not
16 to testify; that a decision not to testify would not be held against her; and that if she
17 did testify, she would be subject to cross-examination. The district court raised the
18 subject only once, and after Defendant and her attorney discussed the issue during
19 the court-ordered recess, the district court respected Defendant’s ultimate decision
20 not to testify and did not question her further. Cf. People v. Peden, 878 N.E.2d at
11
1 1188 (concluding that the trial court’s “excessive and repetitive admonishments
2 regarding issues of defense strategy and defendant’s right to testify” were
3 improper).
4 {17} Finally, although Defendant argues that the district court’s brief inquiry and
5 statements infringed on the attorney-client relationship and induced her decision
6 not to testify, Defendant offered no evidence in support of these bald assertions.
7 Defendant could have filed a motion for a new trial and requested a hearing to
8 present testimony that the district court’s remarks affected her decision to testify,
9 but she did not do so. “It is not our practice to rely on assertions of counsel
10 unaccompanied by support in the record. The mere assertions and arguments of
11 counsel are not evidence.” Chan v. Montoya, 2011-NMCA-072, ¶ 9, 150 N.M. 44,
12 256 P.3d 987 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
13 {18} Defendant also argues that the district court misstated the law by telling her
14 that the decision of whether or not to testify “is a decision you need to make with
15 your attorney[.]” Defendant contends that this is a misstatement of the law because
16 it conveyed the message that the decision about whether to testify was for her and
17 her attorney to jointly make, rather than a decision solely belonging to Defendant.
18 See Henry, 1984-NMCA-040, ¶ 19 (stating that the decision to testify belongs to
19 the criminal defendant, who may choose to exercise that right even contrary to the
20 advice of counsel). As the State points out, however, Defendant has offered no
12
1 evidence that, as a result of the district court’s isolated remark, she believed that
2 the decision to testify was not hers alone, or that defense counsel did not properly
3 advise her that the decision about whether or not to testify was ultimately hers to
4 make, or even that defense counsel advised her not to testify.
5 CONCLUSION
6 {19} We affirm Defendant’s conviction for aggravated DWI.
7 {20} IT IS SO ORDERED.
8 ___________________________________
9 EMIL J. KIEHNE, Judge Pro Tempore
10 WE CONCUR:
11 _________________________________
12 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Chief Judge
13 _________________________________
14 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge
13