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lN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASH|NGTON
ln the l\/latter of the Detention of No. 77473-5-|
D.F., D|VIS|ON ONE
UNPUBL|SHED OP|N|ON
F|LED: February19,2019
APPELwick, C.J. -- D.F. was committed involuntarily for 90 days. He argues
that the trial court’s instructions violated due process. The court instructed that j
any 10 jurors could agree on any question to answer it in the affirmative, and that
lt was not necessary that the jurors who agreed on one answer be the same jurors
who agree on any other question. D.F. did not object below and on appeal has
not raised an error that is constitutionally manifest We affirm.
FACTS
D.F., a man in his 60s, has been diagnosed with dementia. ln 2016, D.F.,
who had been living alone in a senior housing apartment, was hospitalized in a
psychiatric unit. While D.F. was in the hospital, his friend, Laura Fox, went to his
apartment to clean it. The kitchen was dirty and showed evidence of food that had
not been cooked properly, the bed appeared to have been soi|ed, and the toilet
and bathroom sink were very dirty.
NO. 77473-5-|/2
After a few weeks, D.F. left the hospital and returned home. Gver the next
approximately five months, Fox noticed that D.F. lost a considerable amount of
weight, about 50 pounds, and appeared very thin. He slept a lot, and his
incontinence worsened. After D.F. was hospitalized again, Fox convinced him to
move into an assisted living facility in January 2017. D.F. dramatically improved, '
and returned to his senior housing apartment in l\/larch 2017.
The day after D.F. returned to his senior housing apartment, he was
uncooperative with Fox. She took D.F. to the doctor and that night D.F. said that 7
the doctortold him not to take medication, when in fact the opposite was true. Over
the next couple of months, Fox observed that D.F. lost weight. At the end of July,
D.F. was evicted from his apartment and taken to Harborview l\/ledical Center,
where he was initially detained
D.F. agreed to a 14 day commitment at Harborview. Subsequently, `
l-larborview filed a petition for a 90 day involuntary commitment, pursuant to
chapter 71.05 RCW, the involuntary treatment act. D.F. exercised his right to be
tried by a jury of12.
After both parties had rested, the court instructed the jury in accordance
with CR 49(|):
ln order to answer any question on the verdict form, ten jurors must
agree upon the answer. lt is not necessary that the jurors who agree
on the answer be the same jurors who agreed on the answer to any
other question, so long as ten jurors agree to each answer.
The jury was provided with a special verdict form containing five questions. Those
questions asked: (‘l) “Does the respondent, [D.F.], have a mental disorder?”; (2)
No. 77473-5-|/3
“ls [D.F.] gravely disabled as a result of his mental disorder?”; (3)(a) “Has [D.F.],
after having been taken into custody for evaluation and treatment, threatened,
attempted or inflicted physical harm upon the person of another?”; (3)(b) “Does
[D.F.], as a result of his mental disorder, present a likelihood of serious harm?"; (4) ’
“Has the petitioner proved that the best interest of [D.F.] or others will not be served
by less restrictive treatment that is an alternative to detention?”
Following deliberations, the jury returned a verdict in favor of commitment,
answering each of the questions in the affirmative The trial court polled the jury,
asking each juror if the verdict form accorded with his or her individual verdict, and
if it accorded with the verdict of the jury as a whole. D.F. was committed
involuntarily for an additional 90 days. D.F. appeals
DlSCUSSlON
D.F. argues that CR 49(|), which allows any ten jurors to agree on each
question in a civil verdict, is unconstitutional in the civil commitment context He
asserts that, in his case, due process required the same 10 jurors to find each of
the elements satisfying either of the charged bases for his commitment And, he
argues that, because the trial court’s instructions violated this requirement, this
court should reverse the 90 day commitment order.
The rule at issue provides, “When a jury decides a verdict, any juror may
vote on any of the questions posed. lt is not necessary that the same ten jurors '
agree on every answer, as long as each answer is agreed to by any ten or more
jurors.” CR 49(|). Our Supreme Court has held that ten oftwelvejurors must agree
to commit an individual involuntarily. Dunnerv. l\/chaughlin, 100 Wn.2d 832, 845,
NO. 77473-5-|/4
676 P.2d 444 (1984). The constitutionality of a court rule is a question of law. l_n
re Det. of D.F.F., 172 Wn.2d 37, 41, 256 P.3d 357 (2011). An appellate court
reviews questions of law de novo. 11
The State argues that the constitutional error1 D.F. alleges is not “manifest,”
and therefore he is not entitled to raise it for the first time on appeal
Under RAP 2.5(a), an “appellate court may refuse to review any claim of
error which was not raised in the trial court." The same rule, however, provides an
exception for claims of “manifest error affecting a constitutional right.” RAP
2.5(a)(3). To meet RAP 2.5(a) and raise an error for the first time on appeal, an
appellant must demonstrate (1) the error is manifest and (2) the error is truly of
constitutional dimension State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). 7
“l\/lanifest" in RAP 2.5(a)(3) requires a showing of actual prejudice ld_. at 99. To
demonstrate actual prejudice, there must be a plausible showing by the appellant g
that the asserted error had practical and identifiable consequences in the trial of
the case. l_cL lf the facts necessary to adjudicate the claimed error are not in the
record on appeal, no actual prejudice is shown and the error is not manifest. jd;
D.F. argues that the “error was apparent at the time it occurred.” He cites
State v. Lamar, 80 Wn.2d 576, 586, 327 P.3d 46 (2014). ln l___a_mg[, the trial court
instructed the jurors to bring the alternate “up to speed” on the deliberations that
had already occurred and go on from there. 80 Wn.2d at 582. Our Supreme Court
reasoned, “This instruction affirmatively told the reconstituted jury not to deliberate
1 The State does not argue that the alleged error does not implicate a
constitutional right.
No. 77473-5-|/5
together as is constitutionally required.” l_d_; lt held that the instructional error
affected Lamar’s constitutional right to a unanimous jury verdict and was manifest 7
error. l_d_. at 586.
l___a__r_n_g_r is distinguishable Here, the court’s instructions properly adhered to
CR 49(|). l\/IPR 3.4(a), which applies to hearings for 90 and 180 day commitments
establishes that “[t]he hearing shall be proceeded with as in any other civil action."
Andl the trial court’s instruction followed verbatim the pattern jury instructions for
proceedings under chapter 71.05 RCW. §e_e 6A WASH\NGTON PRAcTicE:
VVAsHlNeToN PATTERN JuRY leTRucTioNs: Civii_ 360.20, at 377-78 (6th ed. Supp.
2017) (Concluding lnstructlon_l\/lental lllness-lnvoluntary Treatment).
Further, D.F. hypothesizes that the same ten jurors “did not necessarily
agree on a basis” to commit him, and that “as few as eightjurors could have agreed
on a basis for commitment.” But, the jury polling did not reveal which jurors, if any,
voted “no” on any particular questions Therefore, based on the limited record
available it is just as likely that the same ten (or more) jurors did in fact agree on
every basis for commitment than it is that as few as eight did. When an alleged
error is “purely abstract and theoretical,” as opposed to “evident, unmistakable or
indisputable,” a claim of manifest error is untenable State v. Lynn, 67 Wn. App. v
339, 346, 835 P.2d 251 (1992). The record here does not demonstrate the
configuration ofjury votes that D.F. opposes No actual prejudice is shown and
the error is not manifest.
No. 77473-5-|/6
We affirm the order of commitment2
M§%
’ /
WE CONCURZ
mat/rr %/
2 D.F. also argues that this court should decide this issue, even though his v
90 day order of commitment has expired. The State did not dispute this argument,
and we do not address it, as we affirm the order on other grounds