02/25/2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
January 16, 2019 Session
JEFFERY SMITH, ET AL. v. METHODIST HOSPITALS OF
MEMPHIS, ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
No. CT-004846-00 Felicia Corbin Johnson, Judge
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No. W2018-00435-COA-R3-CV
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This appeal stems from a healthcare liability action filed nearly two decades ago. The
defendant hospital filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that neither of the
plaintiffs’ expert witnesses was competent to testify and, therefore, the plaintiffs could
not establish their claim. After the trial court granted the motion for summary judgment,
the plaintiffs filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment along with a new affidavit of
one of the previous experts, which purported to establish the expert’s competency to
testify. The trial court, however, denied the motion to alter or amend, and the plaintiffs
specifically appealed the trial court’s order denying their motion. Finding no abuse of
discretion, we affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
ROBERT E. LEE DAVIES, SR. J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN
STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., joined.
Lenal Anderson, Jr., Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellants, Jeffery Smith, and Brenda
K. Smith.
John R. Branson, Heather Colturi, and Bruce McMullen, Memphis, Tennessee, for the
appellee, Methodist Healthcare-Memphis Hospitals.
OPINION
I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The present appeal concerns a healthcare liability action originally filed in 1999.
Because this is not the first appeal of this case, we incorporate the following relevant
facts from our Opinion in a prior appeal:
On August 24, 1999, Jeffery Smith was admitted to Methodist
Hospital (“the Hospital”) for elective umbilical hernia repair under the care
of his surgeon. General anesthesia was obtained after a difficult esophageal
intubation. The surgery itself was unremarkable, and Mr. Smith was
discharged from the Hospital that same day. Two days later, Mr. Smith
returned to the emergency room at the Hospital with respiratory distress,
swelling of his pharnyx, and an infection. He underwent an emergency
tracheotomy and another surgery and was hospitalized an additional sixteen
days.
In August 2000, Mr. Smith and his wife, Brenda Smith (collectively,
“Plaintiffs”) filed this lawsuit against the Hospital and other defendants,
alleging medical malpractice. Plaintiffs’ claims against the other
defendants were dismissed for various reasons, and the Hospital became the
sole remaining defendant. Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged that the Hospital
was negligent in failing to provide Mr. Smith with proper postsurgical care,
failing to inform him of the risks attendant to infection, failing to provide
equipment free of infectious disease, failing to train and monitor the
anesthesiologist and nurse anesthetist, and permitting an “incompetent”
surgeon and anesthesiologist to utilize its facilities.
In June 2001, Plaintiffs responded to interrogatories and indicated
that they intended to call one of Mr. Smith’s treating physicians, Dr.
Victoria Lim, as “their expert [at] trial.” In December 2002, the Hospital
filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion pointed out that Dr. Lim
was the sole expert identified in the Plaintiffs’ responses to interrogatories.
The Hospital claimed that Dr. Lim’s deposition testimony regarding
causation was speculative, as she had stated that an earlier detection of Mr.
Smith’s condition “may have” prevented further complications,
“hopefully,” but “not necessarily.” Thus, the Hospital argued that
Plaintiffs could not establish causation through the testimony of their only
expert, and therefore, summary judgment was appropriate.
A consent order was entered on January 31, 2003, which stated that
Plaintiffs were not in a position to oppose the Hospital’s motion for
summary judgment. Accordingly, the order provided, the Hospital’s
motion for summary judgment would be granted unless the Plaintiffs filed
with the court an expert affidavit in opposition to the motion within thirty
days.
Approximately thirty days later, Plaintiffs filed the affidavit of nurse
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Joyce Hudspeth. Relevant to the issue of causation, Nurse Hudspeth stated
that Mr. Smith’s subsequent surgeries “could have been avoided with early
detection and medical management.” Nurse Hudspeth later withdrew from
serving as an expert witness for the Plaintiffs, but the Plaintiffs filed a
substantially similar affidavit from another nurse in October 2003.
On December 1, 2003, the trial court entered an order granting
summary judgment to the Hospital on the Plaintiffs’ medical malpractice
claim “because Plaintiffs did not present testimony of a medical doctor that
any action or failure to act on the part of [the Hospital] made any difference
in the medical outcome of the condition of the Plaintiff, Jeffrey Smith.”
In that same order, the trial court granted the Plaintiffs leave to file a
supplemental complaint against the Hospital, due to Plaintiffs’ allegations
that the Hospital had interfered with their contract with the nurse who
initially served as their expert witness, Nurse Hudspeth. Thereafter,
Plaintiffs filed a supplemental complaint alleging that an agent of the
Hospital wrongfully contacted and pressured Nurse Hudspeth’s employer
after she provided an affidavit in this matter, which led Nurse Hudspeth to
terminate her contract with the Plaintiffs.
Smith v. Methodist Hosps. of Memphis, No. W2011-00054-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL
3777139, at *1-2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 31, 2012) (footnotes omitted).
In September 2010, the Hospital filed a second motion for summary judgment on
the tortious interference with contract claim. The trial court granted the Hospital’s
motion finding that it was “undisputed that Nurse Hudspeth voluntarily withdrew as the
Plaintiffs’ expert witness, and that she did not withdraw as a result of the contact made by
the Hospital with her employer.” Id. at *3. On appeal, however, this Court reversed the
trial court’s December 2003 order granting summary judgment on the malpractice claim.
Id. at *6. We determined that the Hospital failed to demonstrate, under Hannan v. Alltel
Publ’g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2008), that Plaintiffs could not prove an essential
element of their claim at trial (causation), explaining that “[w]ithout such a limitation
[such as a scheduling order or deadline for disclosing expert witnesses] on the Plaintiffs’
ability to retain another expert, the Hospital . . . simply demonstrated that the Plaintiff
could not establish an essential element of their case with that expert [Dr. Lim’s]
testimony.” Smith, 2012 WL 3777139, at *6 (citing Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 19-20).
On remand, Plaintiffs designated Dr. Lim and a nurse, Cheryl Brennan, R.N., as
experts, and the Hospital again filed a motion for summary judgment arguing that neither
expert was qualified to testify. On October 10, 2017, the trial court entered an order
granting the Hospital’s motion for summary judgment on the nursing negligence claims.
It noted that Plaintiffs never responded to the Hospital’s statements of undisputed facts
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and conceded during the hearing that the facts were undisputed.
Regarding Ms. Brennan, the court found that the Hospital carried its burden of
proving she was not competent to testify under Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-
115(b) because, while she was a licensed nurse during the year preceding the alleged
negligence, there is no evidence that she provided clinical care as a nurse during such
time. Rather, the evidence suggests that she was working in an administrative capacity at
a hospital and owned a nursing staffing company that year. According to the court,
neither job qualified Ms. Brennan to give her opinion as to the relevant nursing standard
of care.
As for Dr. Lim, the court found that the Hospital demonstrated that, based on Dr.
Lim’s own admission, she was not familiar with the acceptable standard of professional
practice for recovery room nurses in 1999. Therefore, the trial court determined that
Plaintiffs failed to present a genuine issue of material fact concerning their claims.
After the hearing but before the trial court entered the order granting the
Hospital’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs filed a new affidavit of Ms. Brennan
in which she stated that during 1999, the year preceding the alleged injury, she was a
clinical nurse who filled in and covered for nurses in different areas of the hospital.
Plaintiffs then filed a motion to alter or amend the order relying on the new Brennan
affidavit, which the trial court denied. It explained:
In particular, the Court finds that even if Plaintiffs met their burden to
demonstrate that the factors weighed in favor of considering the newly
filed, supplemental Affidavit, of Ms. Brennan under Harris v. Chern, 33
S.W.3d 741 (Tenn. 2000), and even if the Court considers the supplemental
Affidavit of Ms. Brennan, the Court is still persuaded that Ms. Brennan has
not demonstrated requisite familiarity with the nursing standard of care in a
post-operative setting relating to Mr. Smith’s care. The Court is not able to
find that Ms. Brennan is familiar with the standard of care applicable to this
case during the one (1) year preceding the alleged negligence.
The court also upheld its ruling that Dr. Lim was not qualified to testify regarding the
applicable nursing standard of care and, therefore, could not give an opinion on
causation.
Again, Plaintiffs appeal. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s
decision and remand for further proceedings.
II. DISCUSSION
A single issue was raised in Plaintiffs’ brief on appeal under the heading
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“STATEMENT OF ISSUES PRESENTED FOR REVIEW”: Whether the trial court
erred in denying Plaintiffs’ motion to alter or amend. This Court reviews a trial court’s
decision on a motion to alter or amend for abuse of discretion. Stovall v. Clarke, 113
S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tenn. 2003).
Under Rule 59.04 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, a party may file a
motion to alter or amend a judgment within 30 days after its entry. Tenn. R. Civ. P.
59.04. When presenting additional or new evidence in support of their motion to alter or
amend, the trial court should consider the Harris v. Chern factors applicable to a motion
to revise a partial summary judgment under Rule 54.02. Stovall, 113 S.W.3d at 721
(citing Harris v. Chern, 33 S.W.3d 741, 744 (Tenn. 2000)). Those factors include:
1) the movant’s efforts to obtain evidence to respond to the motion for
summary judgment;
2) the importance of the newly submitted evidence to the movant’s case;
3) the explanation offered by the movant for its failure to offer the newly
submitted evidence in its initial response to the motion for summary
judgment;
4) the likelihood that the nonmoving party will suffer unfair prejudice; and
5) any other relevant factor.
Harris, 33 S.W.3d at 745. When applying the test, trial courts also “should make
adequate findings of fact and conclusions of law on the record to support their rulings.”
Id.
On appeal, Plaintiffs have argued at length that the trial court failed to properly
consider the first four Harris v. Chern factors in denying their motion to alter or amend.
However, it is unclear to us why Plaintiffs are arguing on appeal a point on which they
seemingly prevailed before the trial court. Although the trial court did indeed fail to
make specific findings as to each of the factors, its order plainly stated that the court
assumed Plaintiffs had satisfied the relevant factors. It appears, though, that the fifth
factor, which permits consideration of “any other relevant factor,” was the basis of the
court’s decision.
This Court, while contemplating a similar scenario involving a supplemental
affidavit, discussed an appropriate consideration under the fifth Harris v. Chern factor:
Implicit in the Harris v. Chern opinion is the Tennessee Supreme Court’s
recognition that relief under Tenn. R. Civ. P. 59.04 is available only when
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the supplemental affidavit effectively remedies the defects or shortcomings
in the earlier affidavit opposing the physician’s summary judgment motion.
Trial courts are not required to grant relief from an order granting a
summary judgment if the patient remains unable to demonstrate the
existence of a material factual dispute requiring a trial. Thus, if a patient
files a motion for Tenn. R. Civ. P. 59.04 relief relying on a new affidavit
that itself does not satisfy the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06, Tenn.
R. Evid. 104(a), Tenn. R. Evid. 702, or Tenn. Code Ann. § 29–26–115, the
trial court may decline to set aside its previous summary judgment order.
Kenyon v. Handal, 122 S.W.3d 743, 765 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (footnote omitted).
Here, Plaintiffs appear to be under the mistaken belief that the trial court denied
their motion to alter or amend because it found that the Harris v. Chern factors were not
met; however, according to the court’s order, the trial court declined to set aside its
summary judgment order because it found that the evidence presented in the affidavit of
Ms. Brennan did not satisfy the requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated 29-26-
115(b), which is a proper consideration under Harris v. Chern. The statute provides:
No person in a health care profession requiring licensure under the laws of
this state shall be competent to testify in any court of law to establish the
facts required to be established by subsection (a), unless the person was
licensed to practice in the state or a contiguous bordering state a profession
or specialty which would make the person’s expert testimony relevant to
the issues in the case and had practiced this profession or specialty in one
(1) of these states during the year preceding the date that the alleged injury
or wrongful act occurred. . . .
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b).
The trial court concluded in its order granting the Hospital’s motion for summary
judgment that Ms. Brennan’s experience working as an administrator at a hospital in the
year prior to the alleged negligence was not relevant to the specific issues in the case. In
the later-submitted affidavit, Ms. Brennan claimed that in her job she “was called upon
not only to supervise but to also deliver patient care including covering for any nurse who
was absent and/or during times when relief was needed.” Even so, the trial court
concluded that Plaintiffs failed to show Ms. Brennan’s familiarity with the applicable
standard of care for recovery room nurses in 1999.
Our review leads us to conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Plaintiffs’ motion. Section 29-26-115(b)’s competency standard requires a
potential expert to practice a profession or specialty “which would make the person’s
expert testimony relevant to the issues in the case” during the year proceeding the alleged
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negligence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b). The trial court did not err in its
determination that Ms. Brennan’s vague statement in her 2017 affidavit that she filled in
various areas of the hospital as needed in 1999 was insufficient to cure the shortcomings
in her earlier affidavit and, therefore, to warrant setting aside the order granting summary
judgment.
In addition, within the argument section of their brief and at oral argument,
Plaintiffs attempted to challenge the trial court’s underlying October 2017 order granting
the Hospital’s motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs, however, failed to properly
designate this as an issue. “‘Courts have consistently held that issues must be included in
the Statement of Issues Presented for Review required by Tennessee Rules of Appellate
Procedure 27(a)(4). An issue not included is not properly before the Court of Appeals.’”
Bunch v. Bunch, 281 S.W.3d 406, 410 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (quoting Hawkins v. Hart,
86 S.W.3d 522, 531 (Tenn. Ct. App.2001)). And, our supreme court has clearly stated
that “an issue may be deemed waived when it is argued in the brief but is not designated
as an issue in accordance with Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(4).” Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d
325, 335 (Tenn. 2012) (citing ABN AMRO Mortg. Grp., Inc. v. S. Sec. Fed. Credit Union,
372 S.W.3d 121, 132 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011); Childress v. Union Realty Co., 97 S.W.3d
573, 578 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002)). Thus, we conclude that Plaintiffs waived any such
issues concerning the trial court’s order granting the Hospital’s motion for summary
judgment.
III. CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed
and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed
to the appellants, Jeffery Smith and Brenda K. Smith, for which execution may issue if
necessary.
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ROBERT E. LEE DAVIES, SENIOR JUDGE
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