State of New York OPINION
Court of Appeals This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision
before publication in the New York Reports.
No. 5
The People &c.,
Appellant,
v.
Michael Thomas,
Respondent.
Jean M. Joyce, for appellant.
Melissa S. Horlick, for respondent.
STEIN, J.:
The issue on this appeal is whether a resentence on a prior conviction—imposed
after the original sentence is vacated as illegal—resets the date of sentencing for purposes
of determining a defendant’s predicate felony status. We hold that the date on which
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sentence was first imposed upon a prior conviction—not the date of any subsequent
resentencings on that same conviction—is the relevant date for purposes of determining
when “[s]entence upon such prior conviction [was] imposed” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b]
[ii]).
-I-
In 1989, defendant was convicted, upon his guilty plea, of attempted robbery in the
second degree and, based upon two 1988 youthful offender adjudications, was erroneously
sentenced as a second felony offender to 2 ½ to 5 years in prison (see CPL 720.35 [1];
People v Kuey, 83 NY2d 278, 283 [1994]). Later that year, defendant was convicted in
another county, also upon a plea of guilty, of attempted robbery in the first degree, and
was, again, erroneously sentenced as a second felony offender, because of the same
youthful offender adjudications, to 3 ½ to 7 years in prison. In 1993, a jury convicted
defendant of robbery in the third degree, for which he was sentenced as a second felony
offender to 3½ to 7 years in prison based upon, as relevant here, his two prior 1989
convictions.1
In 2008 and 2011, respectively, long after he served all of the aforementioned
sentences,2 defendant moved to set aside his sentences on each of the 1989 convictions,
arguing that his status as a second felony offender in both cases was improperly premised
1
To the extent that the 1993 sentencing court also characterized defendant’s 1988 youthful
offender adjudications as predicate felony convictions, the People have conceded that the
use of the youthful offender adjudications was error.
2
Defendant remained in prison serving a sentence of 25 years to life imposed on a
subsequent conviction for robbery in the first degree and attempted robbery in the first
degree, on which he was sentenced as a persistent violent felon.
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on the use of his 1988 youthful offender adjudications, which cannot be used as convictions
for enhanced sentencing purposes. The motions to vacate the original sentences imposed
on the 1989 convictions were granted, and the courts resentenced defendant accordingly.
In both instances, the court reimposed the original indeterminate maximum prison
sentences, and modified the minimum sentences by reducing them from one-half to one-
third of the statutory maximums (see Penal Law § 70.06 [4] [b]).
Defendant then moved to set aside the sentence on his 1993 conviction, and
requested that he be resentenced on that conviction as a first-time offender, arguing that
his 1989 convictions were no longer predicate felonies within the meaning of Penal Law §
70.06 (1) (b) (ii)—governing second felony offender status—because he was resentenced
on both after the commission of the offense underlying the 1993 conviction. Supreme
Court initially denied defendant’s motion, concluding that the original date of sentencing
controlled for predicate felony purposes. However, on defendant’s second motion to set
aside the sentence on his 1993 conviction, following the decision of the Appellate Division
in People v Esquiled (121 AD3d 807 [2d Dept 2014], lv denied 25 NY3d 1201 [2015]),
Supreme Court agreed that Esquiled required defendant to be resentenced as a first-time
offender. The People appealed, and the Appellate Division affirmed (153 AD3d 860 [2d
Dept 2017]). That Court explained that, under Esquiled, “for purposes of determining
whether a prior conviction is a predicate felony conviction, the sentence upon such prior
conviction must have been imposed before commission of the present felony” (153 AD3d
at 861 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]). A Judge of this Court granted the
People leave to appeal (30 NY3d 1064 [2017]), and we now reverse.
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-II-
Penal Law § 70.06 requires a sentencing court to impose an enhanced sentence
where the defendant is a “second felony offender”—a person “who stands convicted of a
felony . . ., other than a class A-I felony, after having previously been subjected to one or
more predicate felony convictions” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [a]). As relevant here, a prior
conviction will not constitute a predicate felony unless it satisfies the “sequentiality
requirement”—namely, that the “[s]entence upon such prior conviction must have been
imposed before commission of the present felony” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [ii]
[emphasis added]). Relatedly, the “sentence [also] must have been imposed not more than
[10] years before commission of the felony of which the defendant presently stands
convicted” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [iv]).3 The question presented on this appeal is
whether the term “sentence” in these provisions means “resentence” where the original
sentence was vacated because defendant was illegally sentenced as a predicate offender,
yet the underlying conviction remains undisturbed. In other words, we must decide
whether, as urged by defendant, a resentence on a prior conviction imposed after the
commission of a subsequent crime disrupts sequentiality such that the “[s]entence upon
such prior conviction” can no longer be considered to have been imposed prior to
commission of the present felony (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [ii]). We reject this strained
3
This 10-year look-back period is tolled for “any period of time during which the person
was incarcerated for any reason between the time of commission of the previous felony
and the time of commission of the present felony” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [v]).
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interpretation of the predicate felony statutes, because it defies the express language, and
would defeat the purpose, of those statutes.
In answering any “question of statutory interpretation, our primary consideration is
to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the Legislature” (Matter of DaimlerChrysler
Corp. v Spitzer, 7 NY3d 653, 660 [2006] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted];
see People v Andujar, 30 NY3d 160, 166 [2017]). Because “the clearest indicator of
legislative intent is the statutory text, the starting point in any case of interpretation must
always be the language itself, giving effect to the plain meaning thereof” (Majewski v
Broadalbin-Perth Cent. School Dist., 91 NY2d 577, 583 [1998]; see People v Roberts, 31
NY3d 406, 418 [2018]). We also must consider “the spirit and purpose of the act and the
objects to be accomplished” (People v Silburn, 31 NY3d 144, 155 [2018]). Critically, “a
statute . . . must be construed as a whole and . . . its various sections must be considered
together and with reference to each other” (Matter of Avella v City of New York, 29 NY3d
425, 434 [2017] [internal quotation marks and citation omitted]).
As this Court has previously observed (People v Thompson, 26 NY3d 678, 687
[2016]), the statutory text of Penal Law § 70.06, itself, establishes that the term “sentence”
is not synonymous with the term “resentence.” Specifically, for purposes of the
sequentiality requirement and 10-year look-back period, section 70.06 defines “sentence”
as a “[s]uspended sentence, suspended execution of sentence, a sentence of probation, a
sentence of conditional discharge or of unconditional discharge, and a sentence of
certification to the care and custody of the division of substance abuse services” (Penal
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Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [iii]).4 Conspicuously absent from this definition is any reference to a
“resentence.” In Thompson, we explained that the use of the word “sentence,” and not the
word “resentence,” is particularly significant because—“unlike a ‘sentence of probation’—
a ‘resentence’ is not defined as a ‘sentence’ under [the predicate felony statutes]” (26 NY3d
at 687). The dissent posits that the resentence in Thompson was different from the
resentence at issue here because Thompson involved a revocation of probation, which
“does not equate to annulling a sentence” (dissenting op at 6). The predicate felony
statutes, however, make no such distinction between types of resentences.
The omission of any reference to a resentence in the predicate felony statutes is not
“gratuitous,” as defendant asserts. For example, CPL 450.30 (3) similarly distinguishes
between a resentence and a sentence for purposes of taking an appeal, providing that
“[a]n appeal from a sentence . . . means an appeal from either
the sentence originally imposed or from a resentence following
an order vacating the original sentence. For purposes of
appeal, the judgment consists of the conviction and the original
sentence only, and when a resentence occurs more than [30]
days after the original sentence, a defendant who has not
previously filed a notice of appeal from the judgment may not
appeal from the judgment, but only from the resentence.”
Inasmuch as the legislature expressly distinguished a “sentence” from a “resentence” in the
Criminal Procedural Law, a related statute, there is no reason to conclude that those terms
are always interchangeable in the Penal Law (see People v Duggins, 3 NY3d 522, 528
4
This same definitional provision—together with the sequentiality requirement and 10-
year look-back-period—is repeated in the second violent felony offender statute (see Penal
Law § 70.04 [1] [b]) and also controls other predicate felony statutes (see Penal Law §§
70.07 [3]; 70.08 [1] [b]).
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[2004] [applying a CPL definition to a Penal Law provision using the same phrase because,
“(w)here the same word or group of words is used in . . . different statutes, if the acts are
similar in intent and character the same meaning may be attached to them” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)]). Indeed, had the legislature intended a
“resentence” to be synonymous with a “sentence” for predicate felony purposes,5 it was
aware—as demonstrated by the text of CPL 450.30 (3)—how to make this directive explicit
(see McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 74; El-Dehdan v El-Dehdan, 26
NY3d 19, 34 [2015]). Nevertheless, the legislature did not do so, despite its inclusion of
provisions in the predicate felony statutes defining the term “sentence” for purposes of
determining whether prior offenses are predicate felonies. Thus, the dissent’s assumption
that “sentence” obviously means “currently-existing, legal sentence” (dissenting op at 2),
whether or not a defendant has been resentenced, is simply unfounded.
Defendant argues, and the dissent agrees, that People v Bell (73 NY2d 153 [1989])
requires that there be only one controlling sentence for purposes of determining whether a
crime constitutes a predicate felony, and that the proper sentence is the one imposed as part
of the “final judgment” (id. at 165). The CPL, however, directs that the sentence imposed
as part of the final judgment is the original sentence imposed on the conviction, not a
resentence (see CPL 1.20 [15] [“(a) judgment is comprised of a conviction and the sentence
imposed thereon and is completed by imposition and entry of the sentence”]; CPL 450.30
[3] [“the judgment consists of the conviction and the original sentence only” (emphasis
5
We do not opine on the legislature’s use of the words “sentence” and “resentence” in any
other context.
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added)]). In any event, Bell is inapposite. That case stands for the unassailable rule that a
conviction that is subsequently vacated on direct appeal no longer exists and, therefore, can
have no utility for determining whether a prior offense falls within the 10-year look-back
period of the predicate felony statutes (see Bell, 73 NY2d at 165; see Penal Law § 70.06
[1] [a] [“(a) second felony offender is a person who” firstly, “stands convicted of a
felony”]). There is no dispute in this case that defendant’s 1989 convictions are lawful and
were never disturbed. Therefore, Bell does not apply here.
Instead, we conclude that the circumstances presented in this case are more
analogous to those in People v Boyer (22 NY3d 15 [2013]). Defendant attempts to
distinguish Boyer on the ground that it involved a resentencing to correct a trial court’s
failure to pronounce the postrelease supervision (PRS) component of a determinate
sentence under People v Sparber (10 NY3d 457 [2008]). Boyer held that a Sparber
resentencing does not “reset[] the date of sentence for a felony conviction such that it may
no longer serve as a predicate felony conviction in relation to a subsequently committed
crime” (22 NY3d at 25). In rejecting the defendant’s claim that a “Sparber resentencing
necessarily vacates the defendant’s entire original unlawful sentence and replaces it with a
completely new lawful sentence, thus resetting the date of all components of the
defendant’s sentence,” we determined that “the controlling date of sentence for a
defendant’s prior conviction is the original date on which the defendant received a lawful
prison term pursuant to a valid conviction for that prior crime” (Boyer 22 NY3d at 23-24).
As noted by defendant and the dissent, in reaching this conclusion, we suggested that
Sparber resentencings were unlike other resentencings because “correct[ing] the flawed
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imposition of PRS does not vacate the original sentence and replace it with an entirely new
sentence, but instead merely corrects a clerical error and leaves the original sentence, along
with the date of that sentence, undisturbed” (Boyer 22 NY3d at 24; see People v Lingle,
16 NY3d 621, 634-635 [2011]). However, we also made clear in Boyer that “we [were]
not opin[ing] on the relationship between the recidivist sentencing statutes and any other
form of resentencing” (Boyer, 22 NY3d at 26 n 3). The present appeal presents us with
our first opportunity to address this relationship, and we conclude that the essential holding
in Boyer—that the original sentence determines the sequentiality of the prior offense where
there is a subsequent Sparber resentencing—also applies where the resentencing is to
correct a sentence that is illegal because the defendant was improperly adjudicated a
predicate felony offender.
Defendant argues, and the dissent agrees, that a “plenary” resentencing, such as the
one that occurred here, is distinguishable from a Sparber resentencing because the latter
merely adds a required PRS term to an otherwise legal sentence, while a plenary
resentencing involves vacatur of an illegal sentence. As we have recently explained,
however, a Sparber resentencing does, in fact, correct an “illegal” sentence (People v
Estremera, 30 NY3d 268, 271 [2017]). Thus, if the sequentiality requirement turned on
the date of the “currently-existing, legal sentence”—as the dissent posits—the date of a
Sparber resentencing, not the original sentence date, would have controlled in Boyer
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because the original sentence was illegal.6 We rejected this rule in Boyer and now clarify
that the express language of the predicate felony statutes, not the plenary or clerical nature
of the resentencing, determine the date that “[s]entence upon [the] prior conviction [was]
imposed” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [ii]). The statute provides no basis to distinguish
between a sentence that is illegal because the defendant was improperly adjudicated a
predicate felon and one that is illegal because PRS was not pronounced at sentencing, and
we decline defendant’s invitation to fashion such a distinction here. Rather, where
“[s]entence upon such prior conviction [was] imposed before commission of the present
felony” (Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [ii]), the sequentiality requirement is satisfied, even if,
at some undetermined time in the future, the original sentence is vacated as illegal, resulting
in a resentence.
Not only does this rule avoid rewriting the predicate felony statutes to insert the
phrase “resentence”—or, as the dissent would have it, “currently-existing, legal sentence,”
—in place of “sentence” in order to conjure what our dissenting colleagues consider to be
a more fair result (see Matter of Chemical Specialties Mfrs. Assn. v Jorling, 85 NY2d 382,
394 [1995] [“(n)ew language cannot be imported into a statute to give it a meaning not
otherwise found therein” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)]; see also
McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 73 [“(t)he courts in construing statutes
6
The dissent would, in effect, have us either overrule Boyer or repudiate our statement in
Estremera that a Sparber resentencing allows the trial court to reimpose sentence even if
the “terms are identical to the illegal sentence originally imposed” (Estremera, 30 NY3d at
271). We decline to do either inasmuch as Boyer and Estremera are both entirely consistent
with the plain language of the predicate felony statute.
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should avoid judicial legislation; they do not sit in review of the discretion of the
Legislature or determine the expediency, wisdom, or propriety of its action on matters
within its powers”]), it also effectuates the long-recognized purpose of those statutes (see
Silburn, 31 NY3d at 155). By enacting harsher punishments for recidivists, the legislature
intended to penalize qualifying defendants for their “refusal to reform after sentence on a
prior crime had been imposed” (People v Morse, 62 NY2d 205, 222 [1984], appeal
dismissed 469 US 1186 [1985]). Put differently, the goal was “to deter recidivism by
enhancing the punishments of those who, having been convicted of felonies, violate the
norms of civil society and commit felonies again” (People v Walker, 81 NY2d 661, 665
[1993]; see People v Cagle, 7 NY3d 647, 651 [2006]). As we explained in the Sparber
context:
“[A] defendant who was sentenced for a prior conviction and
then commits a new crime plainly deserves enhanced
punishment for the new crime because the defendant remains
unchastened after the court’s pronouncement of the sentence
for the prior conviction, and the defendant’s heightened
culpability cannot be mitigated in any way by a subsequent
Sparber resentencing”
(Boyer, 22 NY3d at 26 [emphasis added]).
Precisely the same rationale applies regardless of the reason the original sentence
was later held to be illegal, because the legislature has determined that merely hearing a
sentence imposed should deter further unlawful conduct (see Morse, 62 NY2d at 222). By
following the legislative directive that the governing date under the sequentiality
requirement is when “[s]entence upon such prior conviction [was] imposed” (Penal Law §
70.06 [1] [b] [ii]), we give the prior illegal sentence only as much “operative legal effect”
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(dissenting op at 2) as the Penal Law allows, and effectuate the purpose of the multiple
offender statutes—namely, to hold defendants accountable for failing to comport with the
norms of civil society even after being subjected to the “chastening effect of sentence on
[a] prior conviction” (Morse, 62 NY2d at 219).7 Moreover, the rule we espouse today
“promotes clarity and fairness” and “does not favor one party over the other” (Boyer, 22
NY3d at 26). Just as defendants are barred from using the date of a subsequent
resentencing to interrupt the sequence of their criminal history and avoid an enhanced
sentence, so too will the People be precluded from using a resentence to extend artificially
the 10-year look-back period to crimes that would otherwise fall outside that period.
Indeed, applying the resentence date instead of the original sentence date could, in some
cases, defeat the ameliorative purpose of the look-back period, which requires only that
“prior felons . . . demonstrate their ability to live within the norms of civil society for 10
years” (Cagle, 7 NY3d at 651).8 Such a rule would also render a defendant’s predicate
7
We cannot agree with the dissent that, upon resentence, the original sentence was wholly
without legal effect. After vacating the original sentences on the 1989 convictions,
defendant was resentenced, nunc pro tunc, and duly credited for the time served beginning
from the date of his original sentences (see Penal Law § 70.30 [5] [“(w)hen a sentence of
imprisonment that has been imposed on a person is vacated and a new sentence is imposed
on such person for the same offense, or for an offense based upon the same act, the new
sentence shall be calculated as if it had commenced at the time the vacated sentence
commenced, and all time credited against the vacated sentence shall be credited against the
new sentence”]).
8
The dissent’s theory that, “if the resentencing date controls, the People will have an
additional incentive to move promptly to correct the illegal sentence” (dissenting op at 10
n 2) fails to acknowledge that the People must move to set aside a sentence “upon the
ground that it was invalid as a matter of law” within “one year after entry of a judgment”
(CPL 440.40 [1]; cf. Correction Law § 601-d). However, a defendant has no similar time
restriction. Consequently, if defendant’s position on appeal were accepted, a defendant
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felony status arbitrary, since it would depend entirely upon when a successful challenge to
the sentence on the underlying conviction was made. In fact, defendant here already served
the sentences that were subsequently determined to be illegal. Thus, in moving to set aside
his original 1989 sentences, “defendant[] manifestly had no expectation that [he] would
obtain relief from those originally imposed, fully discharged sentences” (People v
Acevedo, 17 NY3d 297, 303 [2011] [internal quotation marks omitted]). Rather, it is
“transparent” from the timing of defendant’s CPL 440.20 motion that his “purpose was, by
means of vacatur and resentence, to render [the] prior convictions useless as predicates to
enhance punishment for the crimes . . . subsequently committed” (id.). As we previously
have stated, “[r]esentence is not a device appropriately employed simply to alter a
sentencing date and thereby affect the utility of a conviction as a predicate for the
imposition of enhanced punishment” (id.).9
could conceivably manipulate the availability of a predicate felony conviction by strategic
timing of a motion to resentence.
9
The dissent reasonably concedes that the legislature may have “intended to keep prior
crimes in their original sequence even where a resentencing has occurred and the original
sentence has been vacated,” but concludes that the legislative history on this issue is
“sparse,” the sequentiality requirement has never been amended despite other amendments
to the statute, and the Appellate Division departments have universally determined that the
resentencing date applies (dissenting op at 3, 8-9). Then—in an apparent attempt to support
its conclusion that the legislature intended the resentencing date to govern sequentiality—
the dissent cites the legislature’s failure to enact the Advisory Committee on Criminal Law
and Procedure’s proposed amendment to the predicate felony statutes that would more
clearly state that the original sentence date applies in cases such as this. Legislative
inaction, however, “is a weak reed upon which to lean in determining legislative intent”
(Flanagan v Mount Eden Gen. Hosp., 24 NY2d 427, 433 [1969] [internal quotation marks
and citation omitted]; see People v Ocasio, 28 NY3d 178, 183 n 2 [2016] [“(legislative)
inaction is susceptible to varying interpretations”]). It is equally likely that the legislature
has failed to enact the proposed amendment because it recognized, as we hold today, that
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-III-
In sum, defendant’s proffered interpretation of Penal Law § 70.06 is not supported
by the plain language of that provision, its well-established legislative purpose, or our
precedent. Therefore, because the original sentences on defendant’s 1989 convictions were
imposed before commission of the present felony, the sequentiality requirement of the
predicate felony statute was satisfied, and defendant was properly sentenced as a second
felony offender.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, and
defendant’s motion to set aside the sentence denied.
the predicate felony statutes already unambiguously require sentencing courts to look to
the date of the original sentence. Moreover, the Advisory Committee recommendation
itself recognizes, by citation to Morse, that the intent of the predicate felony statute is well-
settled—that is, “to impose more severe punishment on persons who continue to commit
serious crimes relatively soon after having been subjected to punishment for other serious
criminal conduct” because of “a defendant’s disregard for the ‘chastening effect of
sentence on the prior conviction’” (see Report of the Advisory Committee on Criminal
Law and Procedure to the Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts of the State of New
York, Jan. 2013 at 21, available at
https://www.nycourts.gov/LegacyPDFS/IP/judiciaryslegislative/pdfs/2013-
CriminalLaw&Procedure-ADV-Report.pdf [accessed January 24, 2019], quoting People v
Morse, 62 NY2d at 219).
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People v Michael Thomas
No. 5
FAHEY, J. (dissenting):
It has been a fundamental principle of our jurisprudence that an illegal sentence
cannot stand, so much so that we do not require the preservation of a challenge to such a
sentence (see People v Nieves, 2 NY3d 310, 315 [2004]; People v Samms, 95 NY2d 52,
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56 [2000]). Here the Court is required to look to the first legal sentence, not the original
sentence. Legality should prevail over chronology.
The majority’s interpretation of Penal Law § 70.06 cannot be reconciled with
several undisputed facts. The sentences imposed upon defendant in 1989 were illegal. For
that reason, upon defendant’s motion, those sentences were vacated in their entirety, and
new, legal terms of imprisonment were imposed. The original 1989 sentences therefore
ceased to exist. The only “sentences” that currently exist on those 1989 convictions were
imposed in 2009 and 2012. Thus, “sentences” on defendant’s 1989 convictions were not
“imposed” before defendant committed his 1993 felony (see Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b]
[ii]).
In allowing the date of the original, vacated sentences to control, the majority has
allowed illegal sentences to continue to have operative legal effect. I therefore respectfully
dissent.
I.
The majority first concludes that defendant’s position that the resentencing date
should control cannot be reconciled with the plain language of the statute. This conclusion
is based on the observation that the legislature used the word “sentence” and not
“resentence” in the text of the statute (see Penal Law § 70.06 [1] [b] [ii]). Yet the legislature
also did not use the phrase “original sentence” or similar language that might indicate that
it intended for anything other than the currently-existing, legal sentence imposed on the
conviction to apply for second felony offender purposes.
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Indeed, although Penal Law § 70.06 has been amended several times since its
enactment in 1973, the particular subparagraph at issue here—Penal Law § 70.06 (1) (b)
(ii)—remains in its original form (see L 1973, ch 277, § 9). This law was enacted at the
same time as comprehensive legislation addressing, among other things, harsher prison
sentences for drug offenses (see L 1973, chs 276-278; Governor’s Mem approving L 1973,
chs 276-277, 1973 NY Legis Ann at 1-4; M.A. Farber, Fixed-Term Laws Draw Opposition:
Groups Criticize Mandatory Minimums Set by State for Non-Drug Crimes, NY Times,
Sept. 24, 1973, at 1, 20, available at https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/24/ archives/
fixedterm-laws-draw-opposition-groups-criticize-mahdatory-minimums.html
[last accessed Feb. 12, 2019]). In this context, there is no reason to believe that the use of
the term “[s]entence” in Penal Law § 70.06 (1) (b) (ii) represents anything other than the
legislature’s assumption that the sentence imposed upon the prior conviction would be a
legal one.
I disagree with the majority’s assertion that the Criminal Procedure Law “directs
that the sentence imposed as part of the final judgment is the original sentence imposed on
the conviction, not a resentence” (majority op at 7). CPL 1.20 (15) states that a judgment
consists of “a conviction and the sentence imposed thereon”; it does not state that a
“resentence” cannot constitute a “sentence,” particularly where the original sentence was
vacated as illegal and no longer exists. Furthermore, CPL 450.30 (3) does not support the
majority’s interpretation because it expressly states that “[f]or purposes of appeal, the
judgment consists of the conviction and the original sentence only” (emphasis added). This
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provision is meant merely to clarify that if the resentencing occurs more than 30 days after
the original sentencing, a defendant must file two notices of appeal, one from the original
judgment and one from the resentence, in order to preserve the right to appeal from both
the judgment and the resentence, respectively (see id.). The subdivision expressly states
that its provisions are limited to appeals (id.).
The majority’s conclusion that by using the word “sentence” in Penal Law § 70.06,
the legislature meant “original sentence” to the exclusion of “resentences” simply because
it separately employed those terms in CPL 450.30 is incorrect. The Criminal Procedure
Law contains multiple statutes that apply to “sentencing” (see e.g. CPL article 380). These
provisions remain applicable when a defendant is resentenced, even though those statutes
use only the word “sentence” and not “resentence.” We recently held that CPL 380.40 (1),
which provides that a defendant “must be personally present at the time sentence is
pronounced,” applies to a resentencing proceeding (see People v Estremera, 30 NY3d 268,
269 [2017]). We reasoned that “whether such a proceeding is technically a ‘resentencing’
proceeding, as opposed to a proceeding to ‘reimpose’ a prior sentence, it is unquestionably
a proceeding at which ‘sentence is pronounced’ as contemplated in CPL 380.40” (id. at
271).
It is undisputed that both the Penal Law and the Criminal Procedure Law are filled
with references to “sentence” or “sentencing” that New York courts and criminal
practitioners routinely and correctly apply equally to sentences and resentences. The fact
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that the legislature used the word “sentence” in Penal Law § 70.06 (1) (b) (ii) and not the
word “resentence” is neither dispositive nor, in my view, particularly significant.
II.
With respect to this Court’s precedent, I agree with the majority that People v Bell
is distinguishable from the present case because there both the original conviction and the
sentence were vacated after the defendant’s successful appeal (73 NY2d 153, 165 [1989]).
Nevertheless, Bell is instructive. The Court held that the applicable “sentence” for
purposes of Penal Law § 70.06 was “the sentence imposed as a part of the final judgment,”
not the original sentence that was later vacated on appeal along with the conviction (id.).
The Court said that it reached that holding “for the reasons stated” in the dissenting opinion
of Justice Sullivan at the Appellate Division (id.). In that dissenting opinion, Justice
Sullivan reasoned that upon vacatur of the judgment, the “defendant’s earlier conviction
was no longer a conviction,” and “the sentence based on that conviction was no longer a
sentence” (People v Bell, 138 AD2d 298, 300 [1st Dept 1988, Sullivan, J., dissenting]).
That reasoning applies equally to this scenario. The original sentences imposed on
defendant’s 1989 convictions were illegal and, for that reason, they were vacated in their
entirety. Those original sentences no longer exist. In other words, upon their vacatur, each
of the 1989 sentences “was no longer a sentence” (id.). The only “sentences” that currently
exist for defendant’s 1989 convictions are the legal sentences imposed in 2009 and 2012.
The majority’s reliance on People v Thompson (26 NY3d 678 [2016]) is misplaced.
Granted, we stated in that case that “unlike a ‘sentence of probation’—a ‘resentence’ is not
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defined as a ‘sentence’ under Penal Law § 70.04 (1) (b) (iii) for the purpose of calculating
the 10-year look-back period” (id. at 687). That statement, however, must be considered
within the context of the case. In Thompson, the defendant argued that the original
sentencing date, at which a sentence of probation was imposed, should control for recidivist
sentencing purposes, rather than the later resentencing date when his probation was
revoked and he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment (see id. at 681-683). We agreed
with the defendant that the original sentencing date controlled based on our conclusion that
“to revoke a penalty of probation does not equate to annulling a sentence” (id. at 681). We
relied on the conditional nature of a revocable sentence, describing it as a “tentative
punishment in that it may be altered or revoked” (id. at 686 [internal quotation marks and
alterations omitted]). Importantly, we stated that “the substitution of a different
punishment—such as incarceration—for the probation a defendant has violated does not
constitute a new sentence, but rather a replacement of the original, conditional penalty
reflected in the sentence” (id.). Here, by contrast, the original sentences imposed on
defendant’s 1989 convictions were vacated and annulled. Entirely new sentences were
imposed in 2009 and 2012. No revocable sentences are at issue.
The majority’s reliance on People v Boyer (22 NY3d 15 [2013]) is puzzling. As the
majority acknowledges, the Boyer Court expressly stated that “[i]n reaching this
conclusion regarding the significance of a Sparber resentencing under the sequentiality
requirement for recidivist sentencing, we do not opine on the relationship between the
recidivist sentencing statutes and any other form of resentencing” (id. at 26 n 3). Even if
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one were to rely on the reasoning of the Boyer Court despite this disclaimer, that reasoning
supports the conclusion that the resentencing date controls under these circumstances. The
Court concluded that a Sparber resentencing did not constitute “a vacatur of a defendant’s
entire original sentence” but rather amounted to the correction of a clerical error that did
not “permit the resentencing court to alter the defendant’s prison term or otherwise change
any aspect of his or her sentence” (id. at 24). In other words, a Sparber resentencing “to
correct the flawed imposition of PRS does not vacate the original sentence and replace it
with an entirely new sentence, but instead merely corrects a clerical error and leaves the
original sentence, along with the date of that sentence, undisturbed” (id.).
None of those conditions are present here. The original sentences imposed upon
defendant’s 1989 convictions were illegal, and therefore when the court resentenced
defendant in 2009 and 2012, the court was obligated to vacate the entire original sentence
and alter the prison term to a legal term. There is no dispute that here defendant’s original
sentences were vacated and replaced with entirely new sentences.
The majority cites Estremera to note that we have recently clarified that “a Sparber
resentencing does, in fact, correct an ‘illegal’ sentence” (majority op at 9). We cautioned
in Estremera, however, that “nothing herein should be read to conflict with our prior
decision in [Boyer]” (Estremera, 30 NY3d at 271 n 2). The majority’s decision calls into
question our reasoning in Boyer, which was based primarily on the fact that a Sparber
resentencing was akin to the correction of a clerical error, the original term of imprisonment
was legal and remained unchanged, and the original sentence was not vacated and replaced
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with an entirely new sentence. Today, the majority holds that even where the original term
of imprisonment was illegal, was vacated for that reason at a plenary resentencing, and was
replaced with an entirely new sentence, the original sentence continues to control for
purposes of the recidivist sentencing statutes. The majority’s conclusion is not supported
by the Court’s reasoning in Boyer.
III.
Finally, the majority concludes that utilizing the original sentencing date despite the
plenary resentencing effectuates the legislative purpose of the recidivist sentencing statutes
(see majority op at 10-12). It is possible that the legislature intended to keep prior crimes
in their original sequence even where a resentencing has occurred and the original sentence
has been vacated. Nevertheless, there is no legislative history addressing this issue, and
we have previously described the legislative history surrounding this enactment as “sparse”
(People v Cagle, 7 NY3d 647, 651 [2006]). As explained above, the legislature may have
simply assumed that the sentence imposed on the prior crime would be a legal one. It is
equally possible, in my view, that the legislature would not wish the courts to give legal
effect to an illegal sentence that has been vacated and no longer exists when applying the
recidivist sentencing statutes.
Indeed, the Appellate Division has generally arrived at the opposite conclusion of
the majority here, and has held that the resentencing date controls when the original
sentence has been vacated (see People v Jamison, 138 AD3d 1020, 1021 [2d Dept 2016],
lv denied 28 NY3d 931 [2016]; People v Esquiled, 121 AD3d 807, 808 [2d Dept 2014], lv
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denied 25 NY3d 1201 [2015], reconsideration denied 26 NY3d 967 [2015]; People v
Boyer, 19 AD3d 804, 806 [3d Dept 2005], lv denied 5 NY3d 804 [2005]; People v Wright,
270 AD2d 213, 215 [1st Dept 2000], lv denied 95 NY2d 859 [2000]; People v Robles, 251
AD2d 20, 21 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied 92 NY2d 904 [1998]; People v Juliano, 207 AD2d
414, 415 [2d Dept 1994], lv denied 84 NY2d 937 [1994]). The People have not identified
any case where the Appellate Division has applied the original sentencing date after the
original sentence has been vacated and an entirely new sentence has been imposed.1
Furthermore, I would apply the resentencing date as a matter of fairness. This Court
has generally refused to interpret the predicate felony offender sentencing statutes in a
manner that takes into account an illegal incarceration (see generally People v Small, 26
NY3d 253, 260-261 [2015]; People v Dozier, 78 NY2d 242, 249-250 [1991]; People v
Love, 71 NY2d 711, 716 [1988]). Although the underlying conviction was either invalid
1
In addition, since 2013, the Advisory Committee on Criminal Law and Procedure has
recommended that the legislature amend the recidivist sentencing statutes to clarify that
where, as here, the original sentence has been vacated as illegal and the defendant is
resentenced, but the underlying conviction is not disturbed, the controlling sentencing date
is the date that the original sentence was imposed (see Report of the Advisory Committee
on Criminal Law and Procedure to the Chief Administrative Judge of the Courts of the
State of New York, Jan. 2013, at 21-23, available at
https://www.nycourts.gov/LegacyPDFS/IP/judiciaryslegislative/pdfs/2013-
CriminalLaw&Procedure-ADV-Report.pdf [last accessed Feb. 12, 2019]). After 2013, this
recommendation has been included in the Advisory Committee Report either as a
“Previously Endorsed Measure” or a “Temporarily Tabled Previously Endorsed Measure”
(see Reports of the Advisory Committee on Criminal Law and Procedure to the Chief
Administrative Judge of the Courts of the State of New York, Jan. 2014-Jan. 2018).
Despite the Appellate Division decisions and the Advisory Committee’s recommendation,
the legislature has not acted to clarify that it intends for the original sentencing date to
control under these circumstances.
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or called into question in those cases, the same logic should apply here. An illegal, vacated
sentence should not be used to enhance a defendant’s future punishment.
Moreover, like the majority’s rule (see majority op at 12), a rule that applies the
resentencing date where the original sentence has been vacated would not favor either the
defendant or the People. In some cases, like this one, the defendant will benefit, but in
others, the resentencing date will bring a defendant’s prior conviction within the 10-year
look-back period (see e.g. Juliano, 207 AD2d at 415).2
The majority’s holding allows a sentence that has been vacated as illegal and no
longer exists to be used to enhance the punishment imposed upon a defendant for a
subsequent criminal offense. This holding is not supported by the text of the statute or any
legislative history, conflicts with our prior case law, and most importantly is unjust. I
therefore respectfully dissent.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Order reversed and defendant’s motion to set aside sentence denied. Opinion by Judge
Stein. Chief Judge DiFiore and Judges Garcia and Feinman concur. Judge Fahey dissents
in an opinion in which Judges Rivera and Wilson concur.
Decided February 19, 2019
2
Few if any criminal defendants will knowingly serve illegally harsh sentences in the hope
that if they commit another felony in the future, they will be able to move for resentencing
and thereby alter the sequence of their criminal history in order to avoid enhanced
punishment under the recidivist sentencing statutes. In most cases, the resentencing will
likely occur in far closer temporal proximity to the original sentencing. In addition, if the
resentencing date controls, the People will have an additional incentive to move promptly
to correct the illegal sentence if the defendant fails to do so.
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