NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
SERENITY HARPER, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D17-4987
)
GEICO GENERAL INSURANCE )
COMPANY, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed March 1, 2019.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for
Hillsborough County; Martha J. Cook,
Judge.
David M. Caldevilla of de la Parte & Gilbert,
P.A., Tampa; and J. Daniel Clark of Clark &
Martino, P.A., Tampa, for Appellant.
Joshua J. Hartley, B. Richard Young, and
Jordan M. Thompson of Young, Bill, Boles,
Palmer & Duke, P.A., Tampa, for Appellee.
VILLANTI, Judge.
Serenity Harper appeals the final summary judgment entered against her
and in favor of her insurance company, GEICO General Insurance Company, in this bad
faith case. The basis for the trial court's entry of judgment in favor of GEICO was its
conclusion that GEICO had timely paid Harper's claim within sixty days of when GEICO
actually received Harper's civil remedy notice (CRN) filed pursuant to section 624.155,
Florida Statutes (2013). However, because the final judgment is based on a
misapplication of the provisions of section 624.155, we reverse.
Harper was involved in an automobile accident on June 30, 2013, in which
she sustained serious injuries. GEICO insured both Harper and the at-fault driver, and
Harper made claims under both the at-fault driver's liability coverage and her own
underinsured motorist (UM) coverage. When her claims were not promptly paid, Harper
filed suit against both the at-fault driver and GEICO on December 10, 2013. GEICO
subsequently paid Harper the at-fault driver's liability limits under his policy. However,
when GEICO continued to refuse to pay Harper the benefits under her UM policy, she
electronically filed a CRN with the Department of Financial Services on December 18,
2013, and she mailed a copy to GEICO on that same date. GEICO contends that it
actually received the mailed copy of the CRN on December 26, 2013.1
1There is some indication in the record that the Department electronically
transmits CRNs directly to insurers when they are received; however, neither party
introduced any evidence establishing this practice in support of their respective
summary judgment motions. While GEICO argued that it did not receive notice of the
CRN until it received Harper's mailed copy on December 26, it did not include a copy of
the notice it received as part of its summary judgment evidence. See, e.g., Bryson v.
Branch Banking & Tr. Co., 75 So. 3d 783, 786 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) (holding that
unauthenticated documents that are simply attached to a notice of filing are not
admissible evidence that can properly be considered by the court when it is deciding a
summary judgment motion); Morrison v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 66 So. 3d 387, 387 (Fla. 5th
DCA 2011) (same); Bifulco v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 693 So. 2d 707, 709 (Fla.
4th DCA 1997) (same). Further, the deposition testimony of GEICO's claims examiner
was legally insufficient to establish the date on which GEICO received the CRN as her
testimony did not establish that she had personal knowledge of that date. See Enter.
Leasing Co. v. Demartino, 15 So. 3d 711, 714-15 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009) (noting that when
the deponent had no personal knowledge of the information about which she purported
to testify, her deposition testimony was not competent evidence that could be used in
-2-
Over a month later, on February 3, 2014, GEICO agreed to pay Harper
her UM policy limit of $10,000. On that date, GEICO indicated that it would send
payment and a release under separate cover, and GEICO mailed the settlement check
to its attorneys on February 10, 2014; however, the check and release were not mailed
to Harper's counsel until February 21, 2014, sixty-five days after the CRN was
electronically filed with the Department and mailed to GEICO. Harper contends that this
payment was untimely under section 624.155(3)(d), which requires that payment be
made within sixty days of when the CRN is filed with the Department for the bad faith to
be "cured." GEICO contends that its payment was timely under section 624.155(3)(a)
because it did not actually receive the CRN until December 26, and payment was made
within sixty days of that date. The trial court agreed with GEICO, which had the effect of
barring Harper's bad faith claim. Hence, the trial court entered final summary judgment
in favor of GEICO. Harper now seeks review of that ruling.
The discrete question facing this court in this case is when the sixty-day
cure period for bad faith by an insurer begins. While perhaps not a model of clarity,
section 624.155 provides, in pertinent part:
(3)(a) As a condition precedent to bringing an action
under this section, the department and the authorized
insurer must have been given 60 days' written notice of the
violation. If the department returns a notice for lack of
specificity, the 60-day time period shall not begin until a
proper notice is filed.
....
support of a motion for summary judgment). Hence, there was no competent record
evidence before the trial court to establish what date GEICO actually received the CRN
Harper had previously filed with the Department.
-3-
(c) Within 20 days of receipt of the notice, the
department may return any notice that does not provide the
specific information required by this section, and the
department shall indicate the specific deficiencies contained
in the notice. A determination by the department to return a
notice for lack of specificity shall be exempt from the
requirements of chapter 120.
(d) No action shall lie if, within 60 days after filing
notice, the damages are paid or the circumstances giving
rise to the violation are corrected.
....
(f) The applicable statute of limitations for an action
under this section shall be tolled for a period of 65 days by
the mailing of the notice required by this subsection or the
mailing of a subsequent notice required by this subsection.
(Emphasis added.)
Subsection 624.155(3)(d) plainly states that no action shall lie if the
damages are paid or corrective action is taken within sixty days after the insured files
the CRN. Under current procedures, an insured files a CRN with the Department
electronically. See Fla. Admin. Code R. 69J-123.002(1). And while the Department
also requires the insured to print a copy of the completed CRN from the Department's
website and send it to the insurer, the Department nevertheless considers the form to
be "filed" when the insured clicks the "submit" button at the end of the electronic form.
See Civil Remedy Notice of Insurer Violations FAQ,
https://apps.fldfs.com/CivilRemedy/Help.aspx (follow "Continue" hyperlink; then follow
"How do I file a Civil Remedy Notice?" hyperlink) (last visited Dec. 20, 2018). At that
time, the CRN is assigned a "filing number" and any changes must be made by clicking
on "edit filing." Hence, the requirements of section 624.155(3)(d) are met when the
insured electronically files the CRN with the Department, and that action starts the sixty-
-4-
day cure period for the insurer.2 Therefore, we hold that the sixty-day cure period under
section 624.155 begins when the CRN is electronically filed with the Department, and to
avoid a bad faith action, the insurer must pay the claim or take corrective action within
sixty days from the date the CRN is electronically filed.
In this appeal, as it did in the trial court, GEICO urges us to ignore the
plain language of section 624.155(3)(d) and hold that the sixty-day cure period begins
when the insurer actually receives the CRN. For this proposition, it relies on the portion
of section 624.155(3)(a) that says that the insurer must be "given 60 days' written notice
of the violation," and Galante v. USAA Casualty Insurance Co., 895 So. 2d 1189, 1191
(Fla. 4th DCA 2005), in which the court said that USAA had cured its bad faith because
it "paid the contractual amount due the insured within sixty days of receipt of the notice."
We reject GEICO's argument for three reasons.
First, nothing in section 624.155 requires the insurer to actually receive
the CRN before the sixty-day cure period begins. To hold that the sixty-day cure period
begins only upon actual receipt of the CRN would be to add language to the statute that
is not there—something this court is prohibited from doing. See, e.g., Hayes v. State,
750 So. 2d 1, 4 (Fla. 1999) ("We are not at liberty to add words to statutes that were not
placed there by the Legislature.").
Second, the Galante decision did not turn on when the sixty-day cure
period began. Instead, the issue in that case was whether the pendency of the
2When the statute was originally enacted, an insured seeking to file a CRN
would complete a paper form and mail copies to both the Department and the insurer.
See Fla. Informational Bulletin 87-7, 1987 WL 1357228 (Sept. 24, 1987). The
Department changed to an internet form in 2008. See Fla. Admin. Code R. 69J-
123.002(1).
-5-
underlying uninsured motorist action tolled the sixty-day cure period. 895 So. 2d at
1191. Accordingly, the Galante decision does not support a holding that the sixty-day
cure period begins only upon actual receipt of a CRN.
And third, starting the sixty-day cure period only upon actual receipt of the
CRN would lead to conflicts with the application of section 624.155(3)(f). Subsection
(3)(f) tolls the statute of limitations for a bad faith action for a period of sixty-five days
from the date the CRN is mailed to the insurer. If the sixty-day cure period did not start
to run until after actual receipt of the CRN, it would be possible in some cases for the
statute of limitations to expire before the end of the sixty-day cure period. We will not
interpret section 624.155 in such a way as to create such a potential conflict between its
sections.3 For each of these reasons, we reject GEICO's argument that the sixty-day
cure period starts on the date the insurer actually receives the CRN.
Having determined that the sixty-day cure period begins when the CRN is
electronically filed with the Department, we turn to the disposition of this case. The
record that was before the trial court at summary judgment shows that the CRN was
electronically filed with the Department on December 18, 2013. Sixty days from that
date was February 16, 2014, which was a Sunday, making the end of the sixty-day cure
period Monday, February 17, 2014. See Fla. R. Jud. Admin. 2.514(a)(1)(C) (providing
that if the last day of a time period falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the time
3We recognize that there could be potential due process implications if an
insurer never actually received a CRN that was allegedly mailed by an insured. In such
an instance, the insurer would not be foreclosed from raising the lack of any notice as
an affirmative defense. However, the burden would be on the insurer to prove that it
never received actual notice of the CRN, whether from the insured or the Department.
Such facts are not present in this case, however, in which GEICO has affirmatively
alleged that it received actual notice of the CRN on December 26, 2013.
-6-
period continues to run until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or
legal holiday). GEICO did not mail the UM settlement payment to Harper's counsel until
Friday, February 21, 2014.4 Therefore, because GEICO did not pay Harper's claim
within sixty days of the date the CRN was electronically filed with the Department, it did
not pay the claim within the sixty-day cure period, and Harper was entitled to pursue her
action for GEICO's alleged bad faith. Accordingly, final summary judgment in favor of
GEICO was improper. Therefore, we reverse the final summary judgment and remand
for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
SILBERMAN, J., Concurs.
ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, J., Concurs specially with opinion.
ROTHSTEIN-YOUAKIM, Judge, Concurring specially.
I join the majority's holding that the sixty-day statutory "cure period" of
section 624.155(3)(a), Florida Statutes (2013), does not run from the date on which the
insurer receives from the insured the mailed copy of the complete civil remedy notice
(CRN). And although I cannot join its holding that notice was given to the insurer upon
the insured's filing of the CRN with the Department of Financial Services because I do
4Section 624.155(2)(d) provides that damages must be "paid" or the
circumstances giving rise to the violation corrected within sixty days of the filing of the
CRN. An agreement to pay is not sufficient; actual payment is required. See, e.g., Paz
v. Fid. Nat'l Ins. Co., 712 So. 2d 807, 809 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998).
-7-
not believe that we have enough information to make that determination, I agree that
reversal is warranted.
Pursuant to the first sentence of subsection (3)(a), the Department and the
authorized insurer "must have been given 60 days' written notice of the violation" before
a civil action for bad faith may be brought. § 624.155(3)(a). "Must have been given" is
not the same as "must have received"—although couched in passive voice, it maintains
focus on the actor, not the party acted upon—and so by the plain language of that
sentence, the insurer's "receipt" of the CRN is not the focus of the sixty-day calculus.
Moreover, pursuant to the second sentence of subsection (3)(a), "If the
department returns a notice for lack of specificity, the 60-day time period shall not begin
until a proper notice is filed." And pursuant to subsection (3)(d), "No action shall lie if,
within 60 days after filing notice, the damages are paid or the circumstances giving rise
to the violation are corrected." These two provisions, therefore, plainly contemplate
calculation of the sixty-day period without regard to the insurer's receipt of the CRN.
As GEICO contends, subsection (3)(e) presumes that the insurer will, at
some point, receive the notice that has been given. See § 624.155(3)(e) ("The
authorized insurer that is the recipient of a notice filed pursuant to this section shall
report to the department on the disposition of the alleged violation."). That subsection,
however, is not tied to subsection (3)(a) either explicitly or conceptually. It does not
come into play at the inception of the conflict but instead directs the insurer to take
certain action down the road, upon the conflict's resolution. Thus, contrary to GEICO's
further contention, subsection (3)(e) does not "lead[] to the logical conclusion that the
sixty-day cure period begins when the insurer receives the CRN."
-8-
The refusal to hinge the commencement of the sixty-day period on the
insurer's receipt of the notice is not only consistent with the language of the statute itself
but is consistent with other presuit notice statutes. In particular, in statutes in which
notice of intent to sue must be given by mail, it is the mailing of the notice—not the
receipt of the notice—that triggers the countdown. See, e.g., § 766.106(2)(a), (3)(a),
Fla. Stat. (2013) (requiring a claimant to notify prospective defendants "by certified mail,
return receipt requested, of intent to initiate litigation for medical negligence" and
providing that "[n]o suit may be filed for a period of 90 days after notice is mailed to any
prospective defendant," during which period "the prospective defendant or the
defendant's insurer or self-insurer shall conduct a review . . . to determine the liability of
the defendant" (emphasis added)); § 400.0233(2), (3)(a), Fla. Stat. (2013) (requiring a
claimant in a potential nursing home action to notify prospective defendants "by certified
mail, return receipt requested, of an asserted violation of a resident's rights . . . or
deviation from the standard of care" and providing that "[n]o suit may be filed for a
period of 75 days after notice is mailed to any prospective defendant," during which
period "the prospective defendants or their insurers shall conduct an evaluation of the
claim to determine" liability and damages (emphasis added)); see also, e.g.,
§ 173.04(1), Fla. Stat. (2013) (requiring that notice of intent to sue "be sent by
registered mail" to designated parties at least thirty days before filing foreclosure suit to
allow parties opportunity to pay (emphasis added)). Unlike these statutes, section
624.155 does not require that notice be given through any particular mechanism. But
when notice is given through mailing, the plain language of section 624.155, when read
-9-
in the context of statutes with similar purpose, signals a legislative intent that the sixty-
day period commence from the date of mailing.5
Because section 624.155 does not dictate the manner in which notice is to
be given (apart from that it be written), I agree that we would not be foreclosed from
considering whether notice could also be given in another manner, i.e., as Harper
urges, through the filing of the CRN with the Department. But I do not think that we
have been provided sufficient information in this case to determine whether filing with
the Department concurrently gives notice to the insurer. Regardless, I also do not think
that we need to answer that question today. The record in this case establishes that
Harper's attorney mailed a copy of the CRN to GEICO on December 18, 2013—the
same date that the CRN was filed with the Department. GEICO failed to pay Harper's
claim within sixty days of that date. Therefore, I agree with the majority that the trial
court erred in granting GEICO's motion for summary judgment and entering final
judgment in its favor, and I join in the decision to reverse.
5And when notice is given through mailing, "The applicable statute of
limitations for an action under this section shall be tolled for a period of 65 days by the
mailing of the notice . . . or the mailing of a subsequent notice." § 624.155(3)(f).
- 10 -