In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 18‐2194
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
JESUS SALGADO,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
No. 16‐cr‐00394‐2 — John Robert Blakey, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED FEBRUARY 4, 2019 — DECIDED MARCH 6, 2019
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and EASTERBROOK and ST. EVE,
Circuit Judges.
ST. EVE, Circuit Judge. Jesus Salgado pleaded guilty to con‐
spiracy to possess with intent to distribute heroin. At sentenc‐
ing, over Salgado’s objection, the district court applied an ag‐
gravating role enhancement and calculated the Guidelines
range to be 210 to 262 months’ imprisonment. The court sen‐
tenced Salgado below that range, to 192 months’ imprison‐
ment. It explained, however, that even if it were wrong on the
2 No. 18‐2194
enhancement’s application, it would have imposed the same
sentence. Salgado appeals, challenging the district court’s ap‐
plication of the aggravating role enhancement and the sub‐
stantive reasonableness of his sentence. We affirm.
I. Background
Beginning in 2015 or earlier, Salgado conspired with Lo‐
renzo Salgado (his father), Ruby Joy Buenaventura, Jose Luis
Rivera, Jr., and others to distribute heroin. As part of the con‐
spiracy, Salgado used a stash house in Bensenville, Illinois to
receive and store narcotics. Salgado’s father, who lived in
Mexico, was the leader of the drug trafficking organization.
Salgado was arrested in August 2016, after which a federal
grand jury indicted him on several heroin‐related charges. See
21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 846. Salgado pleaded guilty to conspir‐
acy to possess with intent to distribute heroin. Before sentenc‐
ing, the U.S. Probation Office prepared a Presentence Investi‐
gation Report (“PSR”), relying on, among other things, the
government’s version of events, Rivera’s grand jury testi‐
mony, and statements from a DEA Special Agent.
The PSR recommended an aggravating role enhancement
under § 3B1.1(b), reasoning that Salgado, though subordinate
to his father, “directed and controlled” Buenaventura and Ri‐
vera and was the Chicago‐based leader of the conspiracy. Sal‐
gado objected to the enhancement in a presentencing memo‐
randum and also at sentencing on the primary basis that his
father ran the drug organization. According to Salgado, he
had “no decision making authority, acted solely at the direc‐
tion of [his father] … did not arrange the importation of the
No. 18‐2194 3
drugs, and did not set any of the price or quantity terms.” Sal‐
gado argued that the government had failed to prove other‐
wise by a preponderance of the evidence.
At sentencing, the district court asked the parties if they
had any corrections to the PSR. Both parties said no. The dis‐
trict court heard argument on the disputed enhancement un‐
der § 3B1.1(b), which provides for a three‐level enhancement
if the defendant “was a manager or supervisor (but not an or‐
ganizer or leader) and the criminal activity involved five or
more participants … .” The court applied the enhancement,
explaining that based on the “undisputed portions of the fac‐
tual record” there were at least five participants to the con‐
spiracy, and that Salgado’s “role as the supervisor is clear
from the materials that are not disputed.” The court did not
identify any evidence in the record, nor did it make any spe‐
cific factual findings to support the enhancement. With the
enhancement applied, the district court calculated the Guide‐
lines range as 210 to 262 months in prison.
The court then heard argument on the appropriate sen‐
tence. Seeking a statutory minimum sentence of 120 months,
Salgado argued that his family, especially his father, pres‐
sured him into criminal activity. He also argued that the
Guidelines overstated his criminal history and role in the of‐
fense. For its part, the government emphasized the serious‐
ness of the offense and disputed that the Guidelines over‐
stated Salgado’s criminal history or role in the offense.
The court discussed the § 3553 factors in detail. In impos‐
ing sentence, the court initially explained that even if it erred
in applying the § 3B1.1(b) aggravating role enhancement, the
sentence would have been the same:
4 No. 18‐2194
The court has considered the factors under 3553 to fashion
a sentence that is sufficient but not greater than necessary to
accomplish the purposes of sentencing. And having consid‐
ered those factors, the sentence I am about to impose would
be the same even if the guidelines were a little bit different.
Counsel’s made a variety of arguments regarding the calcu‐
lation. He’s made some arguments by way of 3553 factors,
other guideline objections, certainly in particular the … ag‐
gravating role. The Court has considered those arguments.
And while the aggravating role objection was overruled
and I believe the application was appropriate in this case,
the arguments made by your counsel were considered and
are reflected in the 3553 factors. So even if the guideline cal‐
culation was different, even if I made a mistake in the cal‐
culation with respect to the aggravating role, the guideline
sentence is going to not control the sentence here. What’s
going to control is the 3553 factors. So even if that calcula‐
tion should have been different, the ultimate sentence is go‐
ing to be the same either.
The court touched on this point later in the hearing:
I’ve also considered your role in the offense. The enhance‐
ment was appropriate but not all defendants who are enti‐
tled or should have that enhancement are created equally
and your counsel made a lot of good arguments in that re‐
gard and I’ve considered them in fashioning a sentence un‐
der 3553 … . And while … I believe … the enhancement was
appropriately applied, that’s what 3553 is to for, to fashion
an individual sentence and that’s what I’ve tried to do.
The court explained its sentencing rationale, discussing
both mitigating and aggravating factors in detail. Afterwards,
the court asked defense counsel if it had considered all
“primary arguments in mitigation.” Counsel responded:
“You have, your Honor.” The court then imposed a below‐
No. 18‐2194 5
Guidelines sentence of 192 months’ imprisonment. The court
asked if either party wanted “any further elaboration of [its]
reasons under 3553.” Defense counsel responded: “No, your
Honor.”
II. Discussion
Salgado argues that the district court erred in applying the
aggravating role enhancement and in not adequately consid‐
ering all of his mitigation arguments. He also challenges the
substantive reasonableness of his sentence. We take these ar‐
guments in turn.
A. Procedural Reasonableness
We review procedural challenges to sentences de novo.
United States v. Griffith, 913 F.3d 683, 688 (7th Cir. 2019). Our
task is to “ensure that the district court committed no signifi‐
cant procedural error, such as incorrectly calculating the
guidelines range, failing to consider the section 3553(a) fac‐
tors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or
failing to explain adequately the chosen sentence.” Id. (citing
Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007)).
1. Aggravating Role Enhancement
Salgado first argues that the district court failed to make
sufficient factual findings to support the enhancement. We
agree. Despite Salgado’s objection to the enhancement—
detailed in a presentencing memorandum and argued at
sentencing—the district court made no factual findings to
support the enhancement. Instead, it vaguely referenced
supposedly undisputed record items to support its decision
to apply the enhancement.
6 No. 18‐2194
This is a problem, both because the district court’s cursory
application of the enhancement precludes meaningful judicial
review and because Salgado did, in fact, dispute the salient
facts, including the extent of his supervision of others, the
grand jury testimony of Rivera, and the role that his father
played. As we have said before, “it is not our role to justify a
sentence that lacks a sufficient explanation with our best
guess for why the court imposed the sentence that it did.”
United States v. Titus, 821 F.3d 930, 935 (7th Cir. 2016).
The district court’s procedural error, however, was harm‐
less under the circumstances. See United States v. Clark, 906
F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2018); United States v. Abbas, 560 F.3d
660, 667 (7th Cir. 2009). While we need not determine whether
the enhancement in fact applies, the district court unambigu‐
ously stated, with specific detail, that it would have—and
why it would have—imposed the same sentence under
§ 3553, even if it had erred in applying the enhancement. 560
F.3d at 667; see also United States v. Shelton, 905 F.3d 1026, 1032
(7th Cir. 2018); United States v. Rabiu, 721 F.3d 467, 471 (7th
Cir. 2013). Put another way, whether or not the enhancement
should have applied, the district court’s detailed explanation
makes a remand pointless.
Salgado nevertheless argues that if the enhancement does
not apply, the district court’s 192‐month sentence would be
above, not below, the applicable Guideline range, making it
difficult for this court to find harmless error. But the district
court provided the sort of detailed analysis under § 3553 that
would sustain an above‐Guidelines sentence. And we rejected
this type of reasoning in Abbas, where under similar circum‐
stances we found harmless error in light of the district court’s
No. 18‐2194 7
unambiguous statements and its “detailed explanation for the
parallel result.” Abbas, 560 F.3d at 665–68.
2. Mitigation Arguments
Salgado also argues that the district court procedurally
erred by failing to consider all of his mitigation arguments.
Salgado has waived this challenge. The district court, follow‐
ing United States v. Garcia‐Segura, 717 F.3d 566, 569 (7th Cir.
2013), asked defense counsel if it considered all of counsel’s
mitigation arguments, to which counsel responded affirma‐
tively. At the end of the sentencing hearing, the court likewise
asked if counsel had “any legal objection to the sentence I
have proposed or request any further elaboration of my rea‐
sons under 3553 both as to the term of imprisonment, the con‐
dition or terms of supervised release, or any other aspect of
the sentencing.” Defense counsel responded in the negative.
The challenge is thus waived.1 United States v. Tartareanu, 884
F.3d 741, 746 (7th Cir. 2018).
B. Substantive Reasonableness
Finally, Salgado challenges the substantive reasonable‐
ness of his sentence, an issue we review for abuse of discre‐
tion. See United States v. Thompson, 864 F.3d 837, 841 (7th Cir.
2017). In doing so, “we take into account that the sentencing
1
Regardless, Salgado forfeited his arguments by not objecting at sen‐
tencing, leaving us to review for plain error, which did not occur here.
United States v. Pankow, 884 F.3d 785, 791 (7th Cir. 2018). The district court
acknowledged and gave meaningful consideration to Salgado’s mitiga‐
tion arguments and the § 3553 factors. See United States v. Bustos, 912 F.3d
1059, 1063–64 (7th Cir. 2019).
8 No. 18‐2194
judge is in a superior position to find facts and judge their im‐
port under section 3553(a) in the individual case.” United
States v. Lewis, 842 F.3d 467, 477 (7th Cir. 2016) (internal quo‐
tation marks and citation omitted).
Here, the district court did not abuse its discretion in im‐
posing a sentence of 192 months’ imprisonment, which is sub‐
stantively reasonable in light of the § 3553 factors. This is true
regardless of whether the sentence falls above, within or be‐
low the Guideline range. See Abbas, 560 F.3d at 668. Like in
Abbas, the district court gave meaningful and thorough con‐
sideration to the pertinent factors to fashion a sentence that
meets the statutory purpose of sentencing. The district court
considered multiple factors, including the seriousness and na‐
ture of the offense and the family pressures that contributed
to Salgado’s participation in his father’s criminal enterprise.
Although Salgado may disagree with the district court’s
weighing of these factors, neither he nor the record offer any
sound reason to disturb the district court’s judgment.
III. Conclusion
We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.