COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Petty and Chafin
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED
JENNIFER DAWN WHITE
v. Record No. 1065-18-2
CITY OF HOPEWELL DEPARTMENT
OF SOCIAL SERVICES MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
JUDGE ROBERT J. HUMPHREYS
JENNIFER DAWN WHITE MARCH 26, 2019
v. Record No. 1372-18-2
CITY OF HOPEWELL DEPARTMENT
OF SOCIAL SERVICES
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HOPEWELL
W. Edward Tomko, III, Judge
Jean M. McKeen (Tomlin & McKeen, PLLC, on brief), for
appellant.
Joan M. O’Donnell (Christopher B. Ackerman, Guardian ad litem
for the minor children; Old Towne Lawyer, LLC, on brief), for
appellee.
Jennifer Dawn White (“mother”) appeals the December 15, 2017 decision of the Circuit
Court of the City of Hopewell (“circuit court”) finding she had abused and neglected her
children, as well as the final orders of the circuit court terminating her parental rights. Mother
argues variously that the circuit court erred in finding the children were abused, in terminating
her parental rights, and in not placing her children with certain individuals.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
I. BACKGROUND
Mother has four children: M.N., C.N., J.N, and C.D. The children have three different
biological fathers: Joshua V. Navroski (“Navroski”) is the biological father of C.N. and M.N.,
and the legal father of J.N; Samuel R. Moore, III, is the biological father of J.N.; Jonathan Dean
(“Dean”) is the biological father of C.D. All three men are currently incarcerated.
The present case originates from a series of domestic incidents beginning in November
2015, which ultimately saw both mother and Dean, who were living together at the time, arrested
and charged with domestic assault and battery in January 2016.
On February 8, 2016, Hopewell Department of Social Services (“DSS”) filed a petition
alleging abuse and neglect of all four children in the Juvenile and Domestic Relations District
Court of the City of Hopewell (“JDR court”). In response, the JDR court filed preliminary child
protective orders requiring mother and Dean to comply with all DSS recommendations for
services, refrain from drug and alcohol use, and refrain from physically assaulting each other.
When neither mother nor Dean appeared for a July 2016 hearing to review their compliance with
these orders, DSS subsequently discovered that mother and Dean were both voluntarily
hospitalized for drug treatment relating to heroin and pain pills. When she checked herself into
the hospital, mother left the children with Tracy Dorgan (“Mrs. Dorgan”) and her husband,
strangers recommended by a pastor. DSS temporarily placed the children with their maternal
grandfather (“grandfather”) and his wife.
On September 2, 2016, DSS again filed abuse and neglect petitions for each of the
children, this time seeking their removal from the household. These petitions stated that mother
had failed to comply with the protective orders and that the children had been exposed to
domestic violence and substance abuse. The JDR court issued an emergency order placing the
children in DSS custody. On October 3, 2016, the JDR court entered an adjudicatory order for
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each child finding they had been abused and neglected. On November 7, 2016, the JDR court
approved a foster care service plan describing what mother would need to do to regain custody of
the children. This plan included drug screening, mental health services, stable employment, safe
and stable housing, and attending regular visits with the children.
Mother and Dean stayed with grandfather during this time, until, in early 2017,
grandfather obtained a protective order to have mother and Dean excluded from his home.
Grandfather testified that mother and Dean had been fighting in the home and that mother had
been using heroin. Mother was hospitalized multiple times after being excluded from the home.
When not in the hospital, mother was homeless and unemployed and had not begun her
substance abuse treatment. As mother had not progressed towards the goals laid out in the
previous foster care plan, DSS filed a new plan in July 2017, which recommended relative
placement or adoption. The JDR court approved these plans on August 7, 2017, from which
mother timely appealed to the circuit court.
A series of hearings was held before the circuit court following mother’s appeal. At a
December 15, 2017 hearing, the circuit court held that the children were abused and neglected.
A subsequent dispositional hearing took place. At the close of this hearing, the circuit court
terminated mother’s parental rights and approved a goal of adoption. This appeal follows.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
“When reviewing a decision to terminate parental rights, we presume the circuit court
‘thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory requirements, and made its
determination based on the child’s best interests.’” Toms v. Hanover Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46
Va. App. 257, 265-66 (2005) (quoting Fields v. Dinwiddie County Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 46
Va. App. 1, 7 (2005)). “Where, as here, a court hears evidence ore tenus, its findings are entitled
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to the weight of a jury verdict, and they will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or
without evidence to support them.” Gray v. Gray, 228 Va. 696, 699 (1985) (quoting Lapidus v.
Lapidus, 226 Va. 575, 580 (1984)).
B. Whether the Circuit Court Erred in Finding the Children Were Abused and Neglected
Code § 16.1-228 defines an abused or neglected child, in relevant part, as one
[w]hose parents . . . creates or inflicts, threatens to create or inflict,
or allows to be created or inflicted upon such child a physical or
mental injury by other than accidental means, or creates a
substantial risk of death, disfigurement or impairment of bodily or
mental functions . . . .
Code § 16.1-228(1).
DSS filed two petitions alleging abuse and neglect, first in February 2016, and again in
September 2016 when mother failed to comply with the conditions of the DSS protective order.
Mother argues that because the circuit court found her guilty of abuse and neglect based on the
second petition, she could only have been found guilty of abusing or neglecting the children
based on events occurring between these two dates. She contends that the only act which the
circuit court relied on during this period—her leaving the children with strangers while admitting
herself to the hospital—was actually an attempt to comply with the DSS protective order by
seeking drug treatment.
Mother’s argument seems to imply that Code § 16.1-228 is only retrospective, despite the
plain language of the statute, which uses terms such as “threatens” and “risk,” contemplating the
future occurrence of abuse.
Precedent supports both wide retrospective and prospective application of Code
§ 16.1-228. In Farrell v. Warren Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 59 Va. App. 342 (2012), the mother
appealed the circuit court finding that all three of her children were abused per Code § 16.1-228
when the evidence showed only that one of the children had been abused, but that all three
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children had been removed from the home on a previous occasion. We affirmed, noting other
cases where “[w]e have previously upheld a trial court’s abused or neglected determination
based on a parent’s history and treatment of other children.” Id. at 363. We also considered the
mother’s future behavior, holding that “ample facts support the trial court’s determination that
[the other children] were in danger of death, disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental
functions, because an unsafe environment existed for all three children . . . . It cannot be
reasonably disputed that mother’s continued drug use created an unsafe environment for all three
children.” Id. at 364. It is clear that the circuit court was free to consider past behavior as well
as present and future risks in determining whether the children were abused or neglected.
C. Whether the Circuit Court Erred in Terminating Mother’s Parental Rights
The circuit court terminated mother’s parental rights pursuant to three separate sections
of Code §16.1-283—subsections (B), (C)(1), and (C)(2). This is not unusual. “[W]e have
previously upheld terminations under both subsections of Code § 16.1-283, as well as under one
or either of the individual subsections.” City of Newport News Dep’t of Soc. Services v.
Winslow, 40 Va. App. 556, 563 (2003) (citing Ferguson v. Stafford Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Serv., 14
Va. App. 333, 340 (1992); Lowe v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 231 Va. 277, 281-82 (1986); Lecky v.
Reed, 20 Va. App. 306, 313-14 (1995)). Where, as here, a decision to terminate parental rights is
made upon multiple grounds, it may be upheld on any of the grounds independently. See Fields,
46 Va. App. at 7 (declining to examine the evidence for termination under Code
§ 16.1-283(C)(2) because the termination under Code § 16.1-283(E)(i) was not challenged).
Mother’s assignments of error challenge the termination under subsections (B) and (C)(2), but do
not address the termination under (C)(1). Code § 16.1-283(C)(1) provides for the termination of
parental rights where it is in the best interests of the child and
[t]he parent or parents have, without good cause, failed to maintain
continuing contact with and to provide or substantially plan for the
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future of the child for a period of six months after the child’s
placement in foster care notwithstanding the reasonable and
appropriate efforts of social, medical, mental health or other
rehabilitative agencies to communicate with the parent or parents
and to strengthen the parent-child relationship. Proof that the
parent or parents have failed without good cause to communicate
on a continuing and planned basis with the child for a period of six
months shall constitute prima facie evidence of this condition.
As the circuit court found mother had failed to maintain contact with the child for this period,
and none of mother’s assignments of error challenge this finding, it is unnecessary to examine
the evidence supporting the (B) and (C)(2) terminations, as their consideration would be moot,
and any resulting opinion purely advisory.
D. Whether the Circuit Court Erred in Failing to Award Custody in Lieu of Termination
Mother argues that the circuit court erred in failing to award custody of the children to
either grandfather or Mrs. Dorgan because all the conditions for doing so, per Code
§ 16.1-283(A1), were met. Code § 16.1-283(A) mandates that “the court shall give a
consideration to granting custody to relatives of the child, including grandparents.” The statute
also considers transfer of custody to an “other interested individual.” Any such transfer of
custody is subject to conditions provided in Code § 16.1-283(A1). Mother argues that because
these conditions are met, the circuit court erred by terminating her rights rather than simply
transferring custody of the children to either grandfather or Mrs. Dorgan.
Contra mother’s argument, Code § 16.1-283(A) merely requires that the circuit court
consider relative placement—it does not require it. It is not the case that if the factors in Code
§ 16.1-283(A1) are met, relative placement must necessarily follow, but rather that if the court
decides on relative placement, these factors must be satisfied. The same holds for consideration
of an “other interested individual.” In this case, DSS did meet its statutory mandate by
investigating relative placement. At one point, four of the children resided with grandfather.
Two still do. DSS intends to proceed with adoption by grandfather for the two children currently
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residing with him. Likewise, Mrs. Dorgan testified before the circuit court, giving the circuit
court the opportunity to consider her as a placement option. DSS met its investigative
requirement in this case, and that consideration is all that Code § 16.1-283(A) imposes.
III. CONCLUSION
Mother’s challenge to the termination of her parental rights is undercut by her failure to
contest all of the grounds upon which those rights were terminated. As a result, any judgment on
that matter would be advisory. Mother’s attempts to temporally and substantively narrow the
permissible evidence of abuse fail for lack of jurisprudential support. Evidence of abuse need
not be cabined to a specific time frame, nor even a specific child, and a child’s prospective
welfare is an appropriate consideration. Concerning custody transfers in lieu of termination of
parental rights, mother reads a mandatory transfer into the statute where none exists. The circuit
court was only required to consider such placements and did so. For all of these reasons, the
judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
Affirmed.
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Jennifer Dawn White v. City of Hopewell Department of Social Services
Combined Opinion