MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any Mar 29 2019, 7:22 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Jonathan T. Feavel Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Vincennes, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Robert J. Henke
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination March 29, 2019
of the Parental Rights of: Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-JT-2282
K.W. (Minor Child),
Appeal from the Daviess Circuit
And Court
P.W. (Father), The Honorable Gregory A. Smith,
Appellant-Respondent, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
v. 14C01-1801-JT-27
The Indiana Department of
Child Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.
Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-JT-2282 | March 29, 2019 Page 1 of 15
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Respondent, P.W. (Father), appeals the termination of his parental
rights to his minor child, K.W. (Child).
[2] We affirm.
ISSUES
[3] Father raises three issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the
following two:
(1) Whether Father was denied his right to due process when the Indiana
Department of Child Services (DCS) failed to comply with the statutorily
required notice provision when terminating his parental rights; and
(2) Whether the DCS presented clear and convincing evidence to support the
trial court’s termination of Father’s parental rights.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4] On May 7, 2008, Father was convicted of child solicitation and required to
register as a sex offender. Subsequently, on February 4, 2014, he was found
guilty of failing to register as a sex offender, a Class D felony.
[5] Father is the biological father of the Child, born on September 16, 2015. At the
time of DCS’s involvement, the Child was living with her Mother, A. McF. 1
1
While the trial court terminated Mother’s rights to her Child, she did not appeal the decision. Facts
pertaining to Mother will be included if necessary for this appeal.
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Father and Mother did not reside together. On January 3, 2016, DCS received
a report that the Child was failing to thrive due to Mother’s lack of parenting
ability. That same day, DCS removed the Child from Mother’s care and a
verified petition alleging that Child was a Child in Need of Services (CHINS)
was filed the following day. On January 5, 2016, the trial court entered its
order, finding that detention was necessary to protect the Child.
[6] On March 16, 2016, the trial court entered its order, adjudicating Child to be a
CHINS after Father entered a limited admission. On April 26, 2016, the trial
court entered its dispositional order, ordering Father to, among other things,
complete a psychosexual evaluation and follow all recommendations, attend all
scheduled visitations, maintain suitable housing, maintain communication with
DCS, enroll in programs recommended by DCS and keep all appointments.
[7] On July 28, 2016, the trial court conducted a review hearing and found that
Father had submitted to two drug screens, both with negative results. However,
although Father had fulltime employment, Father did not have stable housing
and was living with the mother of two of his children in North Vernon. During
the permanency hearing on November 3, 2016, the trial court noted that Father
had only partially complied with the Child’s case plan. Most importantly,
Father’s psycho-sexual and parenting assessment revealed that Father needed to
complete parenting training and “independently demonstrate appropriate
parenting skills, gain age appropriate interpersonal skills, and coping skills to
manage psychological stressors.” (Exh. Vol., p. 28). It was also noted that if
Father “experiences any significant psychological stressors, begins to use
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substances, or refuses to participate in treatment, risk for sexual violence may
be exacerbated and should be re-assessed.” (Exh. Vol., p. 28). Father had
begun participating in individual therapy, had obtained stable housing with his
new wife, and was fulltime employed.
[8] During the case review hearing on February 16, 2017, the trial court found that
Father had only partially complied with the case plan. While Father kept his
appointments with his providers “on most occasions,” was working towards his
goals, and had established an appropriate home for the Child to visit, Father
failed to remain in consistent contact with DCS and DCS had been unable to
monitor any drug use. (Exh. Vol. p. 32). Nevertheless, Father had continued
to participate in supervised visitation with the Child. At the conclusion of the
hearing, the trial court found that
[t]he cause of the child’s out-of-home placement or supervision
has not been alleviated. [Father] needs to continue participating
in therapy in order to address the issues in his past and address
the sexual abuse history. He needs to develop and maintain
stability in many areas of his life, including finances, housing,
employment, and transportation.
(Exh. Vol., p. 33).
[9] On December 14, 2017, a new and unrelated CHINS case was opened in
Vanderburgh County (Vanderburgh Case) involving Father, Father’s new wife,
and his stepchildren upon a report of significant bruising on the children’s
bottoms. When questioned, Father could not recall if he had spanked the
children the day before and Father’s wife stated that she was unconscious
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during the punishment of the children due to an untreated neurological issue.
The report revealed that Father had physically disciplined his two stepchildren
with “a two by four and [] , as for discipline, would put laundry sacks on their
back and make them stand in the plank position.” (Transcript p. 10). On
March 20, 2018, the trial court in the Vanderburgh Case noted that Father had
failed to follow the safeguards which were supposed to have been put in place.
In addition, the court determined that “[Father’s wife] has now stated that she
was present and conscious during the excessive punishment by [Father] on the
child, which indicates that she is unwilling or unable to adequately protect the
child.” (Exh. Vol. p. 99).
[10] On May 18, 2018, the trial court conducted a review hearing in the cause before
us and found that Father was only partially compliant with services. Father
was no longer financially independent and was only able to catch up on his bills
after Mother moved in with him and his wife. Although Father had enhanced
his parenting ability by engaging in services, he had yet to demonstrate “an
ability to provide a safe and stable environment for the Child.” (Exh. Vol., p.
44).
[11] On January 12, 2018, DCS filed its petition for termination of Father’s parental
rights. On July 30, 2018, the trial court held the termination hearing. During
the hearing, Brian Sulinski, the family case manager (FCM Sulinski), testified
that “across the board, [Father] would engage in services, but he would fail to
show that he could apply those to his life.” (Tr. p. 11). Throughout the case,
Father had three to four different therapists with whom he did not consistently
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meet. When confronted with his lack of attendance, Father responded that he
had “already done everything that he has been asked to do, so he [didn’t]
understand why he would still need to continue doing that.” (Tr. p. 12). Father
stopped working with his parent aid in January 2018 because he could not stay
awake during meetings. Father had five other children for whom he was
paying “over half of his income.” (Tr. p. 13). Although the parent aid advised
him to seek a modification of his child support in order to be in a better
financial position to reunify with the Child, Father refused.
[12] Father also had a history of instability with employment and housing and, at
the time of the termination hearing, he had neither housing nor employment.
He had lost his last employment “due to sexual harassment at the workplace.”
(Tr. p. 14). Father had not visited with the Child since the middle of June 2018.
Because of Father’s inconsistency with cancelling visits and services, Father’s
visits with the Child remained supervised. FCM Sulinski testified that
termination was in the Child’s best interest. DCS’s plan was for adoption of the
Child by her foster parents—a plan supported by the Child’s Court Appointed
Special Advocate (CASA). The Child had a strong bond with the foster family,
who had already adopted two of the Child’s half siblings. On August 27, 2018,
the trial court issued its Order, terminating Father’s parental rights.
[13] Father now appeals. Additional facts will be provided if necessary.
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DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Due Process
[14] Father first contends that his right to due process was violated when DCS failed
to comply with the statutorily mandated notice provisions when terminating a
parent’s rights to his minor Child. Pursuant to Ind. Code § 31-35-2-6.5, DCS is
required to send notice of the termination hearing to the parents at least ten
days before the date of the hearing. In order to comply with the statute, “one
need only meet the requirements of Indiana Trial Rule 5, which governs service
of subsequent papers and pleadings in action.” In re C.C., 788 N.E.2d 847, 851
(Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. Indiana Trial Rule 5 authorizes service by
U.S. mail and “[s]ervice upon the attorney or party shall be made by delivering
or mailing a copy of the papers to him at his last known address.” T.R. 5(B).
[15] However, even though Father now on appeal pleads the violation of his due
process rights, he failed to raise this issue before the trial court. At the
commencement of the termination of parental rights hearing, the trial court
noted that Father’s attorney was present, while Father himself was absent.
Father’s attorney explained that:
I was looking through my file earlier and the last contact that I
see that I had with my client, I believe that was in April of this
year. [A]nd I know this hearing was originally set for, I believe
May 15th, which was continued on my notion because I had a
jury trial. I did mail - - I mailed [Father] a copy of the Order
resetting the hearing for today. I have had no contact with him
since, I believe, April.
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(Tr. p. 3). Accordingly, as Father did not raise the issue before the trial court, it
is now waived for our review. See In re K.S., 750 N.E.2d 382, 834 n.1 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2001) (finding an alleged due process right violation waived for appellate
review because the party failed to raise the issue before the trial court).
II. Termination of Parental Rights
A. Standard of Review
[16] Father challenges the termination of his parental rights to the Child. The
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the
traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their children. Bester v.
Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). “A
parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her children is
‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id. (quoting Troxel v.
Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). However, parental rights “are not absolute
and must be subordinated to the child’s interests in determining the proper
disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights.” Id. If “parents are unable
or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities,” termination of parental
rights is appropriate. Id. We recognize that the termination of a parent-child
relationship is “an ‘extreme measure’ and should only be utilized as a ‘last
resort when all other reasonable efforts to protect the integrity of the natural
relationship between parent and child have failed.’” K.E. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child
Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641, 646 (Ind. 2015).
[17] Indiana courts rely on a “deferential standard of review in cases concerning the
termination of parental rights” due to the trial court’s “unique position to assess
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the evidence.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.
dismissed. Our court neither reweighs evidence nor assesses the credibility of
witnesses. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind.
2013). We consider only the evidence and any reasonable inferences that
support the trial court’s judgment, and we accord deference to the trial court’s
“opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses firsthand.” Id.
B. Termination of Parental Rights Statute
[18] In order to terminate a parent’s rights to his child, DCS must prove:
(A) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6)
months under a dispositional decree.
****
(iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been
under the supervision of a local office . . . for at least fifteen (15)
months of the most recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning
with the date the child is removed from the home as a result of
the child being alleged to be a [CHINS] . . . ;
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a [CHINS];
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(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove each of the foregoing elements by
clear and convincing evidence. C.A. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85,
92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “[C]lear and convincing evidence requires the
existence of a fact to ‘be highly probable.’” Id. On appeal, Father does not
challenge the trial court’s finding that the Children have been removed from the
home for the requisite period of time or that there is a satisfactory plan for the
care and treatment of the Child.
1. Conditions have not been remedied 2
[19] Father claims that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s
determination that the conditions which resulted in the removal of the Child
have not been remedied. It is well established that “[a] trial court must judge a
parent’s fitness as of the time of the termination hearing and take into
consideration evidence of changed conditions.” Stone v. Daviess Cnty. Div. of
2
Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive; therefore, DCS is required to prove
only one of three listed elements. See In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220-21. In this case, the trial court based its
termination decision on DCS’s satisfaction of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B)(i) & (ii)—that the
conditions that resulted in the Child’s removal has not been remedied and the continuation of the parent-
child relationship poses a threat to the Child’s well-being. Because Father fails to challenge the trial court’s
conclusion that a continued parent-child relationship would pose a threat to the Child, DCS satisfied the
requirements of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B). Nevertheless, because of the important rights at
stake, we will address Father’s argument.
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Children & Family Servs., 656 N.E.2d 824, 828 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied.
In judging fitness, a trial court may properly consider, among other things, a
parent’s substance abuse and lack of adequate housing and employment.
McBride v. Monroe Co. OFC, 798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). The trial
court may also consider a parent’s failure to respond to services. Lang v. Starke
Co. OFC, 861 N.E.2d 366, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. “[H]abitual
patterns of conduct must be evaluated to determine whether there is a
substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation.” Stone, 656 N.E.2d at
828. A trial court “need not wait until the children are irreversibly influenced
by their deficient lifestyle such that their physical, mental and social growth is
permanently impaired before terminating the parent-child relationship.” Id.
Furthermore, “[c]lear and convincing evidence need not reveal that the
continued custody of the parents is wholly inadequate for the child’s very
survival. Rather, it is sufficient to show by clear and convincing evidence that
the child’s emotional and physical development are threatened by the
respondent parent’s custody.” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1230.
[20] In support of his argument that the conditions which resulted in the removal of
the Child have been remedied, Father contends that he followed DCS’s
recommendations and was invested in the process of reunification. Although
he admits that he “failed to complete the DCS recommendations set forth in the
underlying [d]ispositional [o]rder,” he attributes “a portion of this failure” to his
“limited financial resources.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 21).
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[21] While we agree with Father that poverty alone is not a valid basis to terminate
his parental rights, he fails to acknowledge the abundant evidence present in the
record which establishes that he refused to work with his parent aid to address
his financial resources by accessing community resources or by requesting a
modification of his existing child support obligations. See Tipton v. Marion Co.
Dep’t of Public Welfare, 629 N.E. 2d 1262, 1268 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (“Unless the
father’s poverty causes him to neglect his child or exposes the child to danger
such that removal from his care would be warranted, the fact that the father is
of low or inconsistent income of itself does not show unfitness.”)
[22] Upon review of the record, we find that DCS clearly established that Father did
not remedy the conditions which resulted in the removal of the Child in the first
place. Even though Father initially cooperated with DCS’s recommendations
and engaged in services, as the case progressed Father’s behavior became more
ambivalent and exhibited an unwillingness to change his circumstances. Father
missed therapy appointments, visitations, failed to change his financial
situation, was evicted from his home, and was fired from his employment due
to sexual harassment. A mere month prior to the termination hearing, Father
was homeless and unemployed. Although he professes to be bonded with his
Child, Father never graduated from supervised visitation and was even placed
on monitored visits, having to confirm his attendance at the visit the day before
by phone call. Most egregiously, Father did not demonstrate any personal
growth as a result of his participation in individual therapy, as evidenced by the
inappropriate physical discipline of his stepchildren with a “two by four” in an
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unrelated cause. (Exh. Vol. p. 85). He did not present a plan for maintaining
stability—financially or emotionally—or appropriate housing. FCM Sulinski
testified that “across the board, [Father] would engage in services, but he would
fail to show that he could apply those to his life.” (Tr. p. 11).
[23] Accordingly, Father’s habitual patterns of conduct clearly documented a
substantial probability of future neglect of the Child, as well as a pattern of
inability, unwillingness, and lack of commitment to cooperate with services.
Therefore, the trial court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that
the conditions that resulted in the Child’s removal from Father’s care have not
been remedied was not clearly erroneous.
2. Best Interests of the Child
[24] Father also challenges the trial court’s determination that termination of his
parental rights is in the best interests of the Child. The parent-child relationship
is “one of the most valued relationships in our culture.” Bester, 839 N.E.2d at
147 (quoting Neal v. DeKalb Cnty. Div. of Family & Children, 796 N.E.2d 280, 285
(Ind. 2003)). Thus, the purpose of terminating a parent-child relationship is to
protect the child, not to punish the parent. In re C.C., 788 N.E.2d 847, 855 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. When considering whether termination would be
in a child’s best interests, the trial court must “look beyond the factors identified
by [DCS] and . . . look to the totality of the evidence.” A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of
Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. “The
trial court need not wait until the child is irreversibly harmed such that the
child’s physical, mental and social development is permanently impaired before
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terminating the parent-child relationship.” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1235.
Permanency is a central consideration in determining a child’s best interests.
Id. “[T]he right of parents to raise their children should not be terminated solely
because there is a better home available for the children.” In re K.S., 750
N.E.2d 832, 837 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).
[25] By the time of the termination hearing, the Child had been removed from
Father’s care for more than two years. The Child is living with the foster family
that has adopted her two half-siblings and she is thriving in their care. CASA
testified that the Child is bonded with her foster family, calling them “mom and
dad.” (Tr. p. 27).
[26] At the termination hearing, Father was unemployed and homeless. He had yet
to complete services and demonstrate a personal growth in parenting abilities
and mental stability. Father never progressed to unsupervised visits; instead, he
regressed to monitored visits, having to call ahead the day before to confirm his
attendance at the visit. In fact, Father had not visited with the Child since June
2018. It is well established that “[a] parent’s historical inability to provide a
suitable environment, along with the parent’s current inability to do the same,
supports a finding that termination of parental rights is in the best interests of
the children.” In re J.C., 994 N.E.2d 278, 290 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013).
Accordingly, based on the totality of the evidence, we find that there is ample
support for the trial court’s determination that termination of Father’s parental
rights is in the Child’s best interests.
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CONCLUSION
[27] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that DCS presented clear and convincing
evidence to support the trial court’s Order terminating Father’s parental rights
to the Child.
[28] Affirmed.
Kirsch, J. and Robb, J. concur
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In the Matter of the Termination of the Parental Rights of: K.W. (Minor Child), And P.W. (Father) v. The Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion