J-A21023-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
RONALD SCOTT HANGEY AND : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
ROSEMARY HANGEY H/W : PENNSYLVANIA
:
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
: No. 3298 EDA 2017
HUSQVARNA PROFESSIONAL :
PRODUCTS, INC., HUSQVARNA :
GROUP, HUSQVARNA U.S. HOLDING, :
INC., HUSQVARNA AB, AND :
TRUMBAUER'S LAWN AND :
RECREATION, INC. :
Appeal from the Order September 7, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): No. 1015 March Term, 2017
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., OLSON, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY McLAUGHLIN, J.: FILED APRIL 01, 2019
Ronald Scott Hangey and Rosemary Hangey, husband and wife, appeal
from the order sustaining the preliminary objections to venue filed by
Husqvarna Professional Products, Inc. (“HPP”), Husqvarna Group, and
Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc., and transferring the case to Bucks
County. We conclude the trial court abused its discretion in finding HPP’s
contacts with Philadelphia did not satisfy the quantity prong of the venue
analysis under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 2179(a)(2). We therefore
reverse.
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The trial court summarized the factual and procedural history of the
case:
[The Hangeys] commenced this action on March 13,
2017 by filing a Complaint. The Amended Complaint, filed
April 10, 2017, alleges that in May 2013, Plaintiff Ronald
Hangey purchased a Husqvarna riding lawnmower from
Defendant Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc. in
Quakertown, Bucks County. On August 5, 2016, Ronald
Hangey was maimed when he fell off his lawnmower and the
lawnmower ran over his legs while the blades were still
engaged; the accident occurred at [the Hangeys’] property
in Wayne County. The Amended Complaint named five
defendants—[HPP], Husqvarna Group, Husqvarna U.S.
Holding, Inc., Husqvarna AB, and Trumbauer’s Lawn and
Recreation, Inc.—and sounds in negligence, strict liability,
and loss of consortium.
All Defendants filed Preliminary Objections. Defendants
Husqvarna U.S. Holdings, Inc. and Husqvarna AB filed
Preliminary Objections which, inter alia, challenged personal
jurisdiction. Defendants [HPP], Husqvarna Group, and
Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc., filed Preliminary
Objections arguing, inter alia, improper venue. This Court
permitted the parties to take discovery relevant to the
issues of personal jurisdiction and venue.
[The Hangeys’] venue-related discovery revealed the
following. Husqvarna Group is a nonexistent entity that acts
as a marketing device for a number of Husqvarna-branded
corporate entities, including HPP. Deposition of John
Stanfield, 55:14-56:9 (August 30, 2017). John Trumbauer,
sole shareholder of Defendant Trumbauer’s Lawn and
Recreation, Inc., produced an affidavit in which he averred
Defendant Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc.’s
principal place of business was in Quakertown, PA, that
Philadelphia did not fall within their target market area, and
they did not regularly conduct business in Philadelphia.
Defendant Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc.’s
Preliminary Objection at Ex. “B.” HPP is a Delaware
corporation with a principal place of business located in
Charlotte, North Carolina. See Defendants’ Ex. “C” Affidavit
of Jordan Baucom. In 2016, [HPP] had approximately $1.4
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billion[1] in sales revenue in the United States, of which
$75,310.00 came from direct sales in Philadelphia County.
See [HPP’s] monetary sales data from 2014-2016,
submitted to the Court under Seal pursuant to the Order
dated September 12, 2017. Of the $75,000 in sales made
in Philadelphia in 2016, roughly $69,700 came from a single
Husqvarna authorized dealer, DL Electronics, Inc. Id.
Approximately 0.005% of [HPP’s] 2016 United States sales
revenue resulted from direct sales in Philadelphia County.
Sales data from 2014 and 2015 is substantially similar, with
approximately 0.005% of Husqvarna’s annual United States
sale revenue resulting from direct sales within Philadelphia
County. Id. These sales figures do not include the revenue
generated by selling Husqvarna products at “big box”
retailers such as Home Depot, Lowe’s, or Sears. In the case
of “big box” retailers, John Stanfield, the corporate
representative for [HPP], testified that [HPP] delivers its
products to the retailers’ distribution centers, none of which
are located in Philadelphia County. See e.g. Stanfield Dep.
31:17-34:20 (testifying that sales to Lowe’s would be
delivered to the Lowe’s distribution center in either Pottsville
or Pittstown, Pennsylvania). Once the Husqvarna products
are delivered to the retailers’ distribution centers, the
retailers retain sole discretion as to where the products will
be offered for sale, including stores located in Philadelphia
County. See Affidavit of John Stanfield at 19.
Following oral argument, this Court dismissed
Defendants Husqvarna U.S. Holdings, Inc. and Husqvarna
AB due to want of personal jurisdiction and transferred the
case against Defendants [HPP], Husqvarna Group, and
Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc. to Bucks County
because venue was improper in Philadelphia County. [The
Hangeys] filed a timely notice of appeal challenging this
Court’s finding of improper venue; however, they did not
appeal the dismissal of Defendants Husqvarna U.S.
Holdings, Inc. and Husqvarna AB. See Notice of Appeal,
docketed September 26, 2017 (stating Plaintiffs appeal from
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1The trial court placed certain sales data that HPP considers confidential under
seal, and we subsequently sealed the trial court’s opinion in this matter. In
order to preserve the confidentiality, and because we write for the parties,
who are well aware of the figures, we redact the data from our decision.
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the orders “transferring venue of this matter to the Court of
Common Pleas of Bucks County, Pennsylvania”).
Trial Court Opinion, filed Mar. 2, 2018, at 1-3 (“1925(a) Op.”).
In finding venue in Philadelphia was not proper, the trial court found
HPP’s contacts satisfied the quality prong of the venue analysis, but did not
satisfy the quantity prong. The court reasoned that only .005% of HPP’s
national revenue came from sales in Philadelphia and concluded that because
this amount was “de minimis,” HPP’s contact with Philadelphia was not general
and habitual. Id. at 6.
The Hangeys raise the following issue on appeal:
Did the trial court err as a matter of law, and thereby abuse
its discretion, in holding that [HPP] does not regularly
conduct business in Philadelphia County, merely because
the overwhelming majority of its sales in the United States
have occurred elsewhere, thereby overlooking the
undisputed continuous, ongoing, and regularly recurring
sales of Husqvarna consumer products in Philadelphia
County?
Hangeys’ Br. at 8.
We review an order granting or denying preliminary objections asserting
improper venue for abuse of discretion. Zampana-Barry v. Donaghue, 921
A.2d 500, 503 (Pa.Super. 2007). “A [p]laintiff’s choice of forum is to be given
great weight, and the burden is on the party challenging the choice to show it
was improper.” Fritz v. Glen Mills Schools, 840 A.2d 1021, 1023 (Pa.Super.
2003) (quoting Jackson v. Laidlaw Transit, Inc. & Laidlaw Transit PA,
Inc., 822 A.2d 56, 57 (Pa.Super. 2003)). “However, a plaintiff’s choice of
venue is not absolute or unassailable.” Id. (quoting Jackson, 822 A.2d at
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57). “[I]f there exists any proper basis for the trial court’s decision to grant
the petition to transfer venue, the decision must stand.” Krosnowski v.
Ward, 836 A.2d 143, 146 (Pa.Super. 2003) (en banc) (quoting Estate of
Werner v. Werner, 781 A.2d 188, 190 (Pa.Super. 2001)).
We must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in
finding that venue as to HPP was improper in Philadelphia.2 If venue is proper
as to HPP, then the Hangeys may maintain their “action to enforce . . . joint
and several liability against” not only HPP, but also Husqvarna Group and
Trumbauer’s Lawn and Recreation, Inc. See Pa.R.C.P. 1006(c)(1) (“an action
to enforce a joint or joint and several liability against two or more defendants
. . . may be brought against all defendants in any county in which the venue
may be laid against any one of the defendants”).
Rule 2179 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Procedure provides that
venue is proper against a corporation or similar entity in a county where it
“regularly conducts business.” Pa.R.C.P. 2179(a)(2). When determining
whether venue is proper, “each case rests on its own facts,” Purcell v. Bryn
Mawr Hosp., 579 A.2d 1282, 1286 (Pa. 1990), and “[t]he question is whether
the acts are being ‘regularly’ performed within the context of the particular
business.” Monaco v. Montgomery Cab Co., 208 A.2d 252, 256 (Pa. 1965).
Further, in the venue context, “regularly” does not mean “principally,” and a
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2 The Hangeys do not challenge the trial court finding that venue in
Philadelphia is not proper as to Husqvarna Group and Trumbauer’s Lawn and
Recreation, Inc.
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defendant “may perform acts ‘regularly’ even though these acts make up a
small part of its total activities.” Canter v. Am. Honda Motor Corp., 231
A.2d 140, 142 (Pa. 1976).
In determining whether venue is proper under this rule, courts “employ
a quality-quantity analysis.” Zampana-Barry, 921 A.2d at 503. “The term
‘quality of acts’ means those directly, furthering, or essential to, corporate
objects; they do not include incidental acts.” Monaco, 208 A.2d at 256
(quoting Shambe v. Delaare & Hudson R.R. Co., 135 A. 755, 757 (Pa.
1927)). To satisfy the quantity prong of this analysis, acts must be “sufficiently
continuous so as to be considered habitual.” Zampana-Barry, 921 A.2d at
504.
Pennsylvania appellate courts have often considered the percentage of
overall business a defendant company conducts in a county to determine if
the quantity prong was met. In Canter, the Supreme Court found that a
company whose employees drove cars into Philadelphia “to demonstrate cars
and to consummate sales” met the quality test for venue, and that the
contacts also met the quantity test where one to two percent of the company’s
gross sales occurred in Philadelphia. 231 A.2d at 143. In Canter, the company
had gross sales of 3.7 million in 1964 and 4.1 million in 1965. Id. at 141. In
Monaco, the Supreme Court found that a taxicab company based in
Montgomery County conducted regular business in Philadelphia where five to
ten percent of its business was from passengers it took into Philadelphia. 208
A.2d at 256. It reasoned that the cab company’s acts of driving into
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Philadelphia and collecting fares were regularly performed. Id. Further, in
Zampana-Barry, this Court found venue proper in Philadelphia where a law
firm based in Delaware County derived three to five percent of its income from
cases litigated in Philadelphia. 921 A.2d at 506.
As these cases establish, courts often consider whether the percentage
of a defendant’s business is sufficient to constitute “habitual” contact.
However, no court has stated that the percentage of a defendant’s business
is the sole evidence relevant to the “quantity” analysis. Rather, courts must
determine whether all the evidence presented, including the scope of the
defendant’s business, viewed in the context of the facts of the case, establish
that a defendant’s contacts with the venue satisfy the quantity prong. See
Mathues v. Tim-Bar Corp., 652 A.2d 349, 351 (Pa.Super. 1994) (finding
trial court did not abuse discretion in finding quantity prong not satisfied where
evidence established only one or two sales occurred in county); Monaco, 208
A.2d at 256 (noting “[t]he question is whether the acts are being ‘regularly’
performed within the context of the particular business”).
Where this Court concluded that conducting a small percentage of a
business in a venue did not satisfy the quantity prong, the Court’s core finding
was that the contacts failed the quality prong of the venue test and the cases
often addressed defendants who were small and/or local companies, not
multi-billion-dollar corporations. For example, in Singley v. Flier, 851 A.2d
200, 202-03 (Pa.Super. 2004), we found that the contacts that the plaintiff
alleged Villanova University had with Philadelphia—three graduate courses
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offered in Philadelphia, practical experience for nursing students in
Philadelphia hospitals, a history course entitled “Tours of Philadelphia,” and
volunteer and athletic opportunities—did not satisfy the quality prong of the
venue analysis. We also found that the three graduate courses also failed the
quantity prong “when viewed in light of the University’s entire academic
program, which includes several graduate degrees, as well as a law school.
Id.
Further, in PECO Energy Co. v. Philadelphia Suburban Water Co.,
this Court found that Philadelphia Suburban Water Company’s contacts with
Philadelphia, which included approximately one mile of pipeline running
through Philadelphia and a one-time purchase of water from Philadelphia,
were “minimal and incidental, at best.” 802 A.2d 666, 670-71 (Pa.Super.
2002). We concluded that the contacts were not essential to defendant’s
business and were “far less in quantity, as well as quality, than the contacts
cited” in prior cases. Id. at 670-71. Further, in Battuello v. Camelback Ski
Corp., 598 A.2d 1027, 1029-30 (Pa.Super. 1991), this Court discussed the
plaintiff’s claim that venue in Philadelphia was proper due to Camelback Ski
Corporation’s relationship with eastern Tours, which transported
Philadelphians to Camelback. We concluded the relationship was “tenuous,”
noting that Cambelback’s sending of brochures and quoting prices did not
meet the quality prong of the venue analysis, Philadelphians purchased tickets
only after they arrived at Camelback, and the business generated, which was
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less than one percent of Cambelback’s business, was “far too small to qualify
as ‘general or habitual.’” Id.
Because courts must consider each case on its own facts, and the venue
analysis must be viewed within the context of the defendant’s business, the
percentage of small or local businesses should not be viewed as the same as
the percentage of business of a large corporation. The percentage of sales a
multi-billion-dollar company makes in a particular county will often be a tiny
percentage of its overall sales. Courts should not consider percentages alone.
Rather, courts must determine whether the defendant’s business activities in
the county were regular, continuous, and habitual.
Here, HPP is a multi-billion-dollar corporation. It had at least one
authorized dealer located in Philadelphia to which it delivered products for
sale. Although HPP’s sales through authorized dealers in Philadelphia
constituted only 0.005% of HPP’s national sales, the dollar figure of those
sales in 2016 was $75,310.3 The number and dollar figure of sales in
Philadelphia, and that HPP has an authorized dealer in Philadelphia to sell its
products, is relevant to the determination of whether HPP’s contacts with
Philadelphia satisfied the “quantity” prong of the venue analysis. Therefore,
we conclude the trial court erred in relying almost exclusively on evidence of
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3 Ronald and Rosemary Hangey presented evidence that additional sales
occurred through Lowe’s stores located in Philadelphia. Although there was no
evidence as to the quantity of sales at Lowe’s, there was evidence that such
sales occurred. However, as we conclude that venue is proper without
reference to the sales from Lowe’s and similar stores, we decline to determine
whether such sales can be considered in the venue analysis.
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the percentage of defendant’s business occurred in Philadelphia when
addressing the quantity prong.
Further, based on the totality of the evidence, HPP’s contacts satisfied
the quantity prong of the venue test, in that the contacts, which include selling
$75,310 worth of products in 2016 through an authorized dealer located in
Philadelphia, are “sufficiently continuous so as to be considered habitual.” See
Zampana-Barry, 921 A.2d at 504.
We next address the quality prong. The trial court found there was “no
question” that “HPP’s activities in Philadelphia satisfy the ‘quality’ prong of
the” venue analysis. 1925(a) Op. at 5. It reasoned HPP was in the “business
of distributing consumer outdoor products . . . to retailers, who in turn sell the
products to consumers.” Id. It found HPP furthered its business objective by
distributing products to two Philadelphia retailers. Id. We agree, and find the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the quality prong satisfied.
The trial court therefore abused its discretion in sustaining HPP’s
preliminary objection to venue.
Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
President Judge Panella joins the Memorandum.
Judge Olson files a Dissenting Memorandum.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/1/19
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