MEMORANDUM DECISION
FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Apr 08 2019, 10:09 am
this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Michael J. Kyle Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Baldwin Kyle & Kamish Attorney General of Indiana
Franklin, Indiana
George P. Sherman
Supervising Deputy Attorney
General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Troy Mace, April 8, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-1324
vs. Appeal from the
Brown Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judith A. Stewart, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
07C01-1704-F3-207
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 1 of 8
[1] Troy Mace (“Mace”) appeals his convictions after a jury trial for Level 3 felony
child molesting1 and Level 4 felony child molesting.2 Mace raises several issues,
which we consolidate and restate as whether the trial court abused its discretion
in instructing the jury that the State was not required to prove that Mace knew
the age of the victim.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Mace was friends with K.V.’s older brother Kole. Tr. Vol. 3 at 13, 18-19. A
short time after Mace graduated from high school in 2015, he moved in with
K.V.’s family. Id. at 18. Mace was eighteen years old. Appellant’s App. Vol. II
at 75. K.V. was twelve years old. Tr. Vol 3 at 42-43. Mace would watch
television and play video games with K.V. and Kole. Id. at 18-19. A few times,
Kole saw Mace and K.V. “sitting way too close together.” Id. at 36. Kole
revealed to Mace that K.V. was twelve years old and told Mace they should not
sit so close together. Id.
[4] In February of 2016, Mace informed K.V. that he “had a little crush on” her a
couple years before when she was in fifth grade. Id. at 47. K.V. said she felt the
same way and asked him to guess her age. Id. Mace initially guessed that K.V.
was fifteen years old, but K.V. told him she was only twelve years told, which
1
See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(a).
2
See Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 2 of 8
surprised Mace. Id. at 47-48. The next day, Mace and K.V. played video
games in Kole’s room while he was away, and they began kissing. Id. at 48, 51.
Mace and K.V. “started touching each other and then [her] clothes came off.”
Id. at 48. Mace performed oral sex on K.V. and also digitally penetrated her
vagina with his fingers, while she stimulated Mace’s penis with her hand until
he ejaculated. Id. at 48-49. In March of 2016, when Kole was away, Mace and
K.V. were playing video games in Kole’s room again and they began kissing.
Id. at 51. Mace mentioned that he had a condom, and K.V. “was like alright
cool.” Id. They engaged in sexual intercourse. Id. K.V. later told Kole what
happened, and Kole contacted the police. Id. at 23.
[5] On April 4, 2017, the State charged Mace with Count 1, Level 3 felony child
molesting; Count 2, Level 4 felony child molesting; Count 3, Level 4 felony
vicarious sexual gratification; and Count 4, Level 5 felony child solicitation.
Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 233-34. The State later amended the charging
information by changing the age of K.V. in Count 2 and also dismissed Counts
3 and 4. Id. at 180, 182.
[6] Mace’s defense at trial was that he believed K.V. was at least sixteen years old
when he had sexual relations with her. Tr. Vol. 3 at 3-4, 118. He testified that
K.V. posted on Facebook that she was sixteen years old. Id. at 62, 119. He also
testified that K.V. drank alcohol and was, according to Mace, “physically
mature.” Id. at 109, 128.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 3 of 8
[7] At the conclusion of the evidentiary phase of trial, both parties discussed
instructions with the trial court regarding both the elements of child molesting
and Mace’s defense. Id. at 191-94. As to the elements of child molesting, the
State asked the trial court to instruct the jury that Mace’s knowledge of K.V.’s
age was not an element that the State was required to prove. Id. at 194. Mace
objected, arguing that such an instruction would confuse the jury. Id. The trial
court accepted the State’s proposed instruction, and the instruction offered on
Mace’s defense, and read them to the jury as follows:
Count 1. Knowledge of the age of the child is not an element of
the offense, and the State does not have to prove that [Mace]
knew K.V. was under the age of 14. However, it is a defense if
[Mace] reasonably believed that K.V. was 14 years of age or
older when sexual intercourse or other sexual conduct took place.
Id. at 248. The trial court used the same language when it instructed the jury on
Count 2. Id. at 249.
[8] The jury found Mace guilty on both Count 1 and Count 2. Tr. Vol. 4 at 4-6. He
was sentenced to concurrent terms of nine years and eight years for an
aggregate sentence of nine years executed. Appellant’s App. Vol. II at 52. Mace
now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[9] Mace argues that the trial court abused its discretion by instructing the jury that
knowledge of the age of the child is not an element of the offense. He contends
that 1) the instruction was an incorrect statement of the law and 2) the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 4 of 8
substance of the instruction was covered by other instructions and thus
confused and misled the jury.
[10] We review a trial court’s decision to give or refuse a jury instruction for an
abuse of discretion. Hernandez v. State, 45 N.E.3d 373, 376 (Ind. 2015). We
consider: (1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2) whether the
evidence supports the instruction; and (3) whether the substance of the tendered
instruction is covered by other instructions read to the jury. Id. We reverse
only if an erroneous instruction prejudices a defendant’s substantial rights. Id.
Jury instructions are to inform the jury about the law without misleading the
jury and to help it arrive at a just, fair, and correct verdict. Wallen v. State, 28
N.E.3d 328, 330-31 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015).
[11] Mace first argues that the instruction did not correctly state the law. He
contends that by telling the jury that the State did not need to prove that Mace
knew K.V.’s age, the instruction misled the jury into believing that child
molesting is a strict liability offense, contravening Lecher v. State, 715 N.E.2d
1285 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), where we held that “child molesting is no longer a
‘strict liability’ offense.” Id. at 1287.
[12] Mace is mistaken that the instruction misstated the law. The sections of the
child molesting statute under which Mace was charged did not require the State
to prove that Mace knew K.V.’s age:
a) A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age,
knowingly or intentionally performs or submits to sexual
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 5 of 8
intercourse or other sexual conduct (as defined in IC 35-31.5-2-
221.5) commits child molesting, a Level 3 felony.
....
(b) A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age,
performs or submits to any fondling or touching, of either the
child or the older person, with intent to arouse or to satisfy the
sexual desires of either the child or the older person, commits
child molesting, a Level 4 felony.
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3 (a), (b).
[13] Thus, when the instruction stated that the State was not required to prove that
Mace knew that K.V. was under the age of fourteen, it simply clarified what the
statute required and what the statute did not require for the State to meet its
burden of proof. Therefore, the instruction was a correct statement of the law.
[14] Mace’s argument that the instruction confused the jury into believing that child
molesting is a strict liability offense is based on a misunderstanding of Lechner.
In stating that child molesting was no longer a strict liability offense, Lechner
was acknowledging that until 1978, there was no defense to child molesting
based on a defendant’s reasonable belief that the child was at least fourteen
years old. Lechner, 715 N.E.2d at 1287. In stating that child molesting was no
longer a strict liability offense, Lechner in no way indicated that the State was
now required to prove that a defendant knew the age of the child with whom he
had sexual contact. Id.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 6 of 8
[15] Mace also challenges the instruction as an impermissible “negative” instruction.
The instruction is negative, Mace contends, in that it informs the jury about
what is not an element of the crime instead of what is an element of the crime.
He argues that such instructions are “disfavored.” See Baird v. State, 604 N.E.2d
1170, 1180 (Ind. 1992). In so arguing, Mace misrepresents Baird. Regarding
“negative instructions,” Baird held: “While negative instructions concerning
the elements of a crime are generally disfavored, this instruction is a correct
statement of the law and is not confusing. Under the circumstances the trial
court did not err in giving [the] State’s Instruction No. 5.” Id. Here, when the
instruction stated that the State was not required to prove that Mace knew that
K.V. was under the age of fourteen, it made an accurate statement of law.
Thus, even if the instruction was a “negative instruction,” it did not violate
Baird.
[16] Second, Mace argues that the substance of the instruction was covered by other
instructions and, therefore, it misled and confused the jury. It is true that the
“reading of a redundant instruction may . . . tend[] to confuse rather than assist
the jury.” Smith v. State, 272 Ind. 34, 37, 395 N.E.2d 789, 790 (1979). Here,
however, to the extent that the instruction was redundant, it clarified rather
than confused the legal issues for the jury. It explained that, although
knowledge that K.V. was under the age of fourteen was not an element of the
crime, there was a defense available to Mace if he could show that he
reasonably believed that K.V. was at least fourteen years old. Given in tandem
with the instruction that set forth the elements of child molesting, the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 7 of 8
instruction actually clarified the two determinations the jury was required to
make: 1) whether the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Mace’s
actions fit the elements of the child molesting statute; and 2) even if the State
met its burden of proof, whether Mace proved by a preponderance of the
evidence that he reasonably believed that K.V. was at least fourteen years old.
The instruction was not misleading, and the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in reading it to the jury.
[17] Affirmed.
Riley, J., and Robb, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-1324 | April 8, 2019 Page 8 of 8
Troy Mace v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion