Third District Court of Appeal
State of Florida
Opinion filed April 10, 2019.
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
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No. 3D17-2328
Lower Tribunal No. 08-113
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R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company,
Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
vs.
Mirtha Ledo, etc.,
Appellee/Cross-Appellant.
An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Migna Sanchez-
Llorens, Judge.
King & Spalding LLP and Scott Michael Edson (Washington, DC) and
William L. Durham, II (Atlanta, GA), for appellant/cross-appellee.
Koch Parafinczuk Wolf Susen and Justin Parafinczuk and Austin Carr (Fort
Lauderdale); Burlington & Rockenbach, P.A., and Bard D. Rockenbach (West Palm
Beach), for appellee/cross-appellant.
Before SALTER, LINDSEY and MILLER, JJ.
SALTER, J.
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (“R.J. Reynolds”) appeals an adverse jury
verdict and final judgment in favor of Mirtha Ledo, the personal representative of
the estate of her late husband, José Ledo. On cross-appeal, Mrs. Ledo contends that
the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict in favor of R.J. Reynolds regarding
Mrs. Ledo’s claim for punitive damages. Mrs. Ledo’s late husband died from
laryngeal cancer in 1996. Mrs. Ledo’s lawsuit was brought as an “Engle-progeny”
case.1
Main Appeal—Closing Argument
We affirm the jury verdict and judgment against R.J. Reynolds in the main
appeal, and the denial of R.J. Reynolds’ motion for a new trial. The trial court
carefully considered R.J. Reynolds’ objections to the allegedly “pervasive improper
and prejudicial closing arguments” by Mrs. Ledo’s counsel, sustaining objections
when warranted, and admonishing Mrs. Ledo’s counsel and providing curative
instructions in some instances.
The improper statements in closing, a few instances of overenthusiasm in a
two-week trial, were not “so highly prejudicial and inflammatory” that R.J.
Reynolds was denied a fair trial. See Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Cuculino, 165 So.
3d 36, 39 (Fla. 3d DCA 2015). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in its
1
Such cases assert membership in the class of plaintiffs considered in Engle v.
Liggett Group, Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 2006).
2
rulings on the objections, motions for mistrial, and motion for new trial made by R.J.
Reynolds, though applying a somewhat more deferential (federal) standard of
review, see also Cote v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 909 F.3d 1094, 1104-05 (11th
Cir. 2018).
Cross-Appeal: Directed Verdict on Punitive Damages Claim
Mrs. Ledo’s cross-appeal of the trial court’s directed verdict on her punitive
damages claim is subject to a de novo standard of review. See Wald v. Grainger, 64
So. 3d 1201, 1205 (Fla. 2011) (“A directed verdict is proper when the evidence and
all inferences from the evidence, considered in the light most favorable to the non-
moving party, support the movant’s case and there is no evidence to rebut it.”). The
jury returned a verdict form that determined “by clear and convincing evidence that
punitive damages are warranted against RJ Reynolds under the circumstances of
Plaintiff’s design defect claim.”
Before the motion for directed verdict was made in this case, the Florida
Supreme Court ruled that the individual members of the class could seek punitive
damages relating to the two non-intentional tort claims addressed in Engle,
negligence or strict liability, in an appropriate case. See Soffer v. R.J. Reynolds
Tobacco Co., 187 So. 3d 1219 (Fla. 2016). In the present case, the trial court entered
an order about two months before trial granting Mrs. Ledo’s motion for leave “to
plead punitive damages on her non-intentional tort claims of strict liability/design
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defect (Count I of the Amended Complaint) and negligence (Count VI of the
Amended Complaint).” The order cited Soffer, considered the requirements
imposed by section 768.72, Florida Statutes (2016), and held that Mrs. Ledo had
demonstrated a reasonable basis for asserting her claim for punitive damages. The
order determined that Mrs. Ledo’s proffer “satisfies the legal requirements of section
768.72.”
The Florida Supreme Court also held, in Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Douglas,
110 So. 3d 419, 430 (Fla. 2013), that the tobacco defendants in Engle (a group
including R.J. Reynolds) were bound by the jury’s “Phase I” findings in Engle
regarding negligence and strict liability2 upon a showing that “addiction to smoking
the defendants’ cigarettes containing nicotine was a legal cause of the injuries
alleged.” The jury had ample competent, substantial evidence before it to support
its verdict that Mrs. Ledo had made this case-specific showing.
Moreover, a comparison of Mrs. Ledo’s (a) proffer of evidence at the time of
her motion to amend her complaint to add a punitive damages claim, and (b) the
evidentiary record at trial, demonstrates that she fulfilled the commitments of her
proffer. The jury’s verdict, like numerous other verdicts finding liability for punitive
damages in Engle-progeny cases in Florida, was based on evidence that (1) a
2
“[T]hat all of the defendants sold or supplied cigarettes that were defective.”
Engle, 945 So. 2d at 1277.
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defective product, known by the manufacturers to be addictive, was intentionally
and continuously introduced to consumers by the manufacturers, (2) Mrs. Ledo’s
husband was one of those consumers, and (3) the defective product caused her
husband’s cancer and death.
On the cross-appeal, therefore, we reverse and remand the order directing a
verdict in favor of R.J. Reynolds on Mrs. Ledo’s punitive damages claim.3 We
reinstate the jury’s finding as to liability on that claim and remand for a new trial
limited solely to the amount of such damages. See Soffer, 187 So. 3d at 1233.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for a new trial on the
limited issue specified in this opinion.
3
Our disposition of this issue on cross-appeal makes it unnecessary to address Mrs.
Ledo’s other issues on cross-appeal.
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