in the Interest of M.M., a Child

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-18-00337-CV
___________________________

IN THE INTEREST OF M.M., A CHILD

On Appeal from the 90th District Court
Young County, Texas
Trial Court No. 33031

Before Sudderth, C.J.; Gabriel and Kerr, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr
 MEMORANDUM OPINION

After a bench trial, the trial court terminated Father’s and Mother’s parental

rights to their daughter, M.M. 1 Both appealed, and in a joint brief, they argue three

points: in the first two, they assert that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient,

respectively, to prove grounds, and in the third, they maintain that the evidence is

factually insufficient to prove that termination was in M.M.’s best interest. We affirm.

The Trial Court’s Findings

The trial court terminated both Father’s and Mother’s parental rights on the

same bases:

• Each failed to comply with the provision of a court order that
specifically established the actions necessary to obtain the return of
M.M., who had been in the permanent or temporary managing
conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services
for not less than nine months as a result of M.M.’s removal from the
parents under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of M.M; and

• Terminating the parent-child relationship was in M.M.’s best interest.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(O), (2). These are the findings that Father

and Mother attack.

To protect the parties’ privacy in this case, we identify the child by her initials
1

and her parents simply as Father and Mother. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d).

2
 Standard of Review

A. Generally

In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to

erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges,

duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child’s right to inherit.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).

Consequently, “[w]hen the State seeks to sever permanently the relationship between

a parent and a child, it must first observe fundamentally fair procedures.” In re E.R.,

385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48,

102 S. Ct. 1388, 1391–92 (1982)).

Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. See

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b), § 161.206(a); In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796,

802 (Tex. 2012). Due process demands this heightened standard because “[a] parental

rights termination proceeding encumbers a value ‘far more precious than any property

right.’” E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 555 (quoting Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758–59, 102 S. Ct. at

1397). Evidence is clear and convincing if it “will produce in the mind of the trier of

fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be

established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007; E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802.

For a trial court to terminate a parent-child relationship, the party seeking

termination must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, two things: (1) the

parent’s actions satisfy just one of the many grounds listed in family code

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§ 161.001(b)(1), and (2) termination is in the child’s best interest under

§ 161.001(b)(2). Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1), (2); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803;

In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). Both elements must be established; that is,

termination may not be based solely on the child’s best interest as determined by the

factfinder. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987); In re

C.D.E., 391 S.W.3d 287, 295 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, no pet.).

B. Legal Sufficiency

In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental-termination cases, we

determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

belief or conviction that the Department proved both the particular ground for

termination and that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

256, 265–66 (Tex. 2002); see In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005). We review

all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and judgment, and we

resolve any disputed facts in favor of the finding if a reasonable factfinder could have

done so. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We also must disregard all evidence that a

reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved, in addition to considering undisputed

evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Id. That is, we consider evidence

favorable to termination if a reasonable factfinder could, and we disregard contrary

evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. See id. In doing our job, we cannot

weigh witness-credibility issues that depend on the witness’s appearance and

demeanor because that is the factfinder’s province. J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573. And

4
even when credibility issues appear in the appellate record, we defer to the factfinder’s

determinations as long as they are not unreasonable. Id.

C. Factual Sufficiency

We must perform “an exacting review of the entire record” in determining

whether the evidence is factually sufficient to support terminating a parent-child

relationship. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 500 (Tex. 2014). In reviewing the evidence

for factual sufficiency, we give due deference to the factfinder’s findings and do not

supplant the judgment with our own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006).

We determine whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm

conviction or belief that the parent violated an alleged ground and that termination

was in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); see In re C.H.,

89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence

that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction in the truth of its finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient.

H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.

The Grounds Findings

A. The evidence supporting the § 161.001(b)(1)(O) findings legally
suffices.

In their first point, Father and Mother argue that “because the Department did

not introduce the order [that they failed to comply with] into evidence or ask either

5
the associate judge or the trial judge to take judicial notice of the court’s file, the order

is not in evidence and, consequently, the evidence is legally insufficient to sustain the

trial court’s judgment of termination.” We disagree. The record shows that Associate

Judge Alyce Bondurant took judicial notice of the court’s file. And the record shows

that Judge Stephens Bristow similarly took judicial notice of the court’s file at the de

novo hearing. (Father and Mother appealed the associate judge’s ruling for a de novo

hearing.) We hold that the evidence legally suffices and overrule Father and Mother’s

first point. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

B. The evidence supporting the § 161.001(b)(1)(O) findings factually
suffices.

Parents must comply with each requirement of a court-ordered service plan;

complying merely substantially is not good enough to avoid termination under

subsection (O). 2 In re M.C., No. 02-15-00290-CV, 2016 WL 354186, at *4 n.8. (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth Jan. 28, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re C.S., No. 02-14-00386-CV,

2015 WL 1869443, at *10-11 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 23, 2015, no pet.) (mem.

op.). Subsection (O) speaks only of a parent’s failure to comply with a court order,

without reference to quantity of failure or degree of compliance, and it does not

2
The Department filed this suit in September 2016 before § 161.001(d)’s
September 1, 2017 effective date. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(d); In re A.W.,
No. 02-18-00147-CV, 2018 WL 5074770, at *9–10 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 18,
2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.). That subsection now allows a parent to excuse full
compliance with a court order by proving an inability to comply with specific
provisions and showing a good-faith effort to comply that fell short through no fault
of the parent.

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provide a means of evaluating partial or substantial compliance with a plan. In re N.A.,

Nos. 02-13-00345-CV, 02-13-00346-CV, 2014 WL 814195, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth Feb. 28, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re G.C., No. 02-17-00259-CV,

2018 WL 547784, at *16 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 25, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

The trial court adopted Father and Mother’s service plan as its own order.

Despite Father’s and Mother’s complying with many portions of the court-ordered

service plan, the evidence also showed that they failed to comply with several of its

provisions.

For example, the service plan required Father and Mother to provide

identifying information for anyone living in their home; Father admitted that his

daughter lived with them and that he did not tell the Department. Mother denied that

Father’s daughter moved in with them but admitted that she “visited for a while.” As

the factfinder, the trial court was free to reconcile this conflict by believing Father and

disbelieving Mother. See In re A.S., Nos. 02-18-00235-CV, 02-18-00236-CV,

2019 WL 237561, at *9 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 17, 2019, pet. denied) (mem.

op.); In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d 376, 382–83 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.). This

violation alone supports the (O) findings for each parent. But the Department cited

other instances.

The service plan required both parents to complete a psychological evaluation

and to follow its recommendations. And as part of their psychological evaluations,

both were recommended to undergo individual counseling. The caseworker testified

7
that neither parent had addressed existing paranoia and trust issues. At least as to

Mother, the record showed that she balked at the idea of counseling. As for Father,

the caseworker expressed frustration with Father’s attitude that he had nothing more

to learn.

Next, M.M. had medical appointments and needed medical care; the service

plan required Father and Mother to participate in them. But Father and Mother

missed four or five cardiology appointments, and they missed both urology

appointments. Although both parents could argue partial compliance, subsection (O),

as it applied to them, made no allowances for partial compliance. See N.A.,

2014 WL 814195, at *5; G.C., 2018 WL 547784, at *16.

Another example the Department gave was that the service plan required

Father and Mother to complete an MHMR3 assessment and follow all its

recommendations. The caseworker testified that Father had complied with this

requirement but Mother had not. Although the MHMR assessment made no

recommendations with regard to Mother, the caseworker explained that that was

because Mother had made it clear that she did not want or need any services.

And despite this case’s presenting no substance-abuse issues, the caseworker

testified that (unlike Father) Mother did not fully comply with her substance-abuse

assessment because she did not comply with the MHMR assessment, which was

Mental Health Mental Retardation. See In re S.L.S., No. 02-04-00186-CV,
3

2005 WL 250688, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 3, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.).

8
“boot-strapped”: that is, the substance-abuse assessment recommended referring

Mother to MHMR and following its recommendations, and because Mother did not

comply with the MHMR recommendations, she did not comply with the substance-

abuse assessment.

In light of the entire record, we hold that a factfinder could reasonably form a

firm conviction or belief that both parents violated the subsection (O) ground and

that the evidence thus factually suffices. See H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108; C.H.,

89 S.W.3d at 25. We overrule Father and Mother’s second point.

The Best-Interest Findings

A. Best Interest

We acknowledge the strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in

the child’s best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006). To determine the

child’s best interest, we review the entire record. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239,

250 (Tex. 2013). The same evidence used to show a subsection (1) ground may be

probative when determining best interest under subsection (2). Id. at 249; C.H.,

89 S.W.3d at 28. Nonexclusive factors that the factfinder may use when determining

the child’s best interest include

• the child’s desires;

• the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future;

• the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;

• the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

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 • the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the child’s
best interest;

• the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking
custody;

• the stability of the home or proposed placement;

• the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing parent-
child relationship is not a proper one; and

• any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976); see E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at

249 (stating that in reviewing a best-interest finding, “we consider, among other

evidence, the Holley factors” (footnote omitted)); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 807. These

factors are not exhaustive, and some of them may not apply to some cases. C.H.,

89 S.W.3d at 27. Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just one of these factors may

suffice in a particular case to support a finding that termination is in the child’s best

interest. See id. On the other hand, in some cases, the presence of scant evidence

relevant to each factor will not support such a finding. Id.

B. Evidence

1. Father and Mother meet in 2011 and get married.

In 2011, when Mother was 18 years old and living with her mother and her

mother’s boyfriend, Mother decided to move to the woods, leaving with nothing

other than a pocket knife. She had no job and no money; she did not even have a

sleeping bag.

10
 Certain evidence explained Mother’s impulsive move. She reported that from

the age of seven or eight, different men, including her mother’s boyfriends and

apartment employees, had raped her, and when she went to the police for help, her

own mother—who had been prostituting her out—blocked her efforts to stop the

abuse.

On Mother’s way to the woods that day, she met Father at a gas station. Father

was 58 at the time.

Like Mother, Father had had a difficult childhood. He never knew his birth

father. He was raised by his stepfather, who beat him until he was 15 years old. These

beatings fostered a dislike for the Department because, Father said, it knew about his

stepfather’s abuse but did nothing to help him.

And like Mother, Father’s mother was the source of personal trauma. When

Father was in his 40s, his mother committed suicide. Father reported seeing “the

aftermath of mom placing a 357 magnum in her mouth and ‘blowing her brains out.’”

After Mother met Father at the gas station on her way to live in the woods,

their paths merged. She moved in with him, and a month or two later, they were

married. Mother was Father’s seventh bride.

2. Both Father and Mother are on disability.

Mother testified that she had been on social-security disability all her life for

mental-health reasons. Father worked as a mechanic until 1990 (he would then have

been about 37 years old) when a motor fell on him and injured his back. After that, he

11
supported himself for over 15 years by playing music in nursing homes and clubs.

Only after a second surgery on his neck at age 55 did he start receiving social-security

disability. He elaborated, “[S]o far I’ve had three surgeries on my neck. They’ve taken

out four disks in a row. . . . I have got a metal junkyard holding my head on.” Unable

to lift over 15 pounds, he said that he could no longer work.

3. Mother gives birth to M.M. in 2016, and M.M. has health issues.

Mother gave birth to M.M. in May 2016. M.M. had aortic stenosis, which a

nurse described as “a narrowing or closing of part of the aorta, which is the main

pathway of the blood through the heart and the body.” When the aorta is closed off,

the nurse explained, the heart must work harder to supply blood to the body, meaning

that the child fatigues more easily. A child with this condition can take only so much

nourishment before becoming fatigued from trying to either nurse or drink from a

bottle. Because all the child’s energy is used just to try to keep blood flowing through

its body, the child will not grow as well or gain weight.

In September 2016, when M.M. was about four months old, she had heart

surgery to repair her aorta. Consistent with the nurse’s description at trial of this

condition, the hospital’s records showed that M.M. met the standards for moderate

malnutrition due to inadequate weight gain caused by insufficient intake of

nourishment.

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 4. The hospital staff becomes concerned over Mother’s inability to
properly care for M.M., and the Department investigates the
situation.

While M.M. was at the hospital, the Department became involved when issues

arose about Mother’s inability to adequately care for M.M. There were several

concerns.

For example, although M.M. had feeding issues, Mother appeared indifferent

or thoughtless. Mother would not feed M.M. during the nights, and she once reported

to the hospital staff that she fed M.M. only every eight to ten hours. And when

Mother would feed M.M., she was caught diluting the formula. On other occasions,

the staff discovered that when M.M. woke up, Mother would give her a pacifier rather

than feed her.

Another concern was that, due to M.M.’s surgery, she had to be picked up in a

certain manner; picking her up under the arms rather than scooping her up could

cause her sternum to fuse improperly and require additional surgery. Despite

instructions, Mother would pick M.M. up improperly.

A third concern—apparently more so after M.M.’s discharge—was that M.M.

needed someone to timely administer blood-pressure medicine to her. If the

medications were not administered properly, the consequences could be life-

threatening.

13
 5. Father agrees to help, but concerns persist.

With Mother faltering in her ability to properly care for M.M., Father agreed to

remain at the hospital to help.

But like Mother, Father overslept for scheduled feedings, and he then blamed

Mother for not waking him up. Despite the presence of both parents, hospital staff

reported that Father and Mother were still late on nighttime feedings and that Father

had allowed Mother to feed M.M. without supervision. Both Mother and now Father

were picking M.M. up improperly.

On one occasion, hospital staff called security when Father threatened Mother.

At trial, Father acknowledged that someone had called security on him, but he denied

threatening Mother.

6. M.M.’s imminent discharge prompts the Department to act.

When M.M. was ready to be discharged from the hospital, the Department filed

its petition, and on the same date, the trial court signed an order appointing the

Department as M.M.’s temporary managing conservator.

7. After her discharge, M.M. experiences new health issues.

While the case was pending, M.M. encountered and battled new health issues.

First, M.M. had to be hospitalized for about nine days for what was variously

described as constipation, an enlarged kidney, a urology problem, and a urinary-tract

infection. This episode led to Mother’s later bringing one of M.M.’s three-week-old

soiled diapers to court and attempting to open it during a hearing to show that M.M.

14
had blood in her stool. The caseworker acknowledged that M.M. had blood in her

stool from being constipated and straining but explained that that was what prompted

M.M.’s hospitalization.

Next, M.M.’s left eye was described as drifting “off to the far side,” making it

difficult for her to see. M.M. was wearing prescription glasses at the time of trial to

address that issue and would later have to wear a patch for a couple of months; if the

problem persisted, the caseworker explained that M.M. would need surgery.

Another problem was M.M.’s walking in a “stiff-legged” manner. Early

Childhood Intervention was seeing M.M. once a week for several hours to address her

walking issues, and the foster parents did exercises with M.M. to strengthen her leg

muscles. The caseworker explained that simply going to ECI once a week was not

enough and that M.M.’s caretakers had to work with her during the rest of the week.

In addition to the exercises, M.M. wore braces on her legs to help strengthen them; as

M.M. grew, the leg braces would have to be refitted. The caseworker did not know

how long M.M. would have to wear them.

After addressing M.M.’s walking issues, the Department planned to send her to

speech therapy. The caseworker explained that M.M. called everything—the dog, the

lamp, people, and snacks—“Mama.” Although M.M. was not able to verbalize well,

she was learning some basic sign language to communicate.

15
 8. Father’s and Mother’s psychological evaluations raise new
concerns.

After testing, Mother was assessed as having a full-scale IQ of 77, and Father’s

was 85.

Mother had four diagnoses: (1) “major depressive disorder, mild, recurrent”;

(2) “posttraumatic stress disorder (by history)”; (3) “personality disorder not otherwise

specified, with paranoid features”; and (4) “borderline intellectual functioning.” A

second psychologist provisionally assessed her this way: (1) “major depressive

disorder recurrent mild”; (2) “posttraumatic stress disorder”; (3) “rule out borderline

personality disorder”; and (4) “rule out paranoid personality disorder.” 4

Father was diagnosed with “delusional disorder, grandiose & persecutory type.”

A second psychologist diagnosed him with (1) generalized anxiety disorder and

(2) “mixed personality disorder [with] borderline, paranoid, and narcissistic features.”

Father admitted making numerous colorful statements, but he took umbrage at

being called “delusional.”

Father agreed that he told one of his psychologists that he was offered a music

contract in Nashville but turned it down and that he was Dwight Yoakam’s double in

a movie around 1994 or 1995. At trial, Father elaborated that after injuring his back in

1990, he supported himself by playing music. His band’s name was Texas Tyme, and

4
A “rule out” diagnosis is a working diagnosis or one that cannot be diagnosed
from a single visit. See In re T.T.F., 331 S.W.3d 461, 465 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2010, no pet.).

16
they went to Nashville in 1995, played at the Wildhorse Saloon, and were on TNN

TV. Father also described how in 1994 he was paid $75 as a rodeo-crowd extra in

Dwight Yoakam’s movie Painted Hero, which Father said was filmed in Pilot Point, and

how he “got to play a couple [of] little parts for Dwight” in a jail scene.

Another example was Father’s telling his psychologist that his hands and feet

were registered as deadly weapons, that he had taken karate lessons with Chuck

Norris, and that he was the only person who had knocked Norris down with one

swing. But at trial, Father denied claiming that he was the only person to dispatch

Norris so handily.

Next, Father further admitted telling his psychologist that he had a 185 IQ

when he was young. When confronted with his present full-scale 85 IQ, Father

responded, “I probably am now since I had those two strokes. Strokes take a lot out

of you.”

And Father told one therapist that when he was 27 years old, he went to bed at

5'2" and woke up 5'7" the next morning. Finally, as he admitted at trial, Father told his

therapist that there was a black market for babies and that was why CPS had taken his

child.

Father stated, “I still don’t understand why anybody would think that [I need

mental health treatment].” Elaborating, he said, “I don’t hurt anybody[,] I pay

bills[,] . . . and I take care of everything I can.”

17
 Father also expressed exasperation with his psychologist: “Well, as far as I’m

concerned, [my psychologist is] a[n] idiot, telling me that I’m delusional. . . . I’ve got

proof of where I’ve been and what I have done and what I can do.” Father, who had

spent his whole life working on cars, also remarked, “Can [my psychologist] rebuild

an automatic transmission? I can.”

9. Father’s age and health pose still further concerns.

Father was 65 years old at the time of trial and had numerous health issues. He

reported having had five heart attacks and two strokes. He had Type 2 diabetes,

diabetic neuropathy, and COPD,5 and he took medications for high blood pressure.

When Father revealed that he still smoked, the Department’s attorney followed up:

Q. Why are you still smoking?

A. When I cut down to three cigarettes a day is when I started having the
strokes.

Q. So let me get this straight.

A. I don’t want to have no more strokes.

Q. You’re saying that smoking cigarettes is keeping you from having
strokes?

A. Keeps me a lot calmer.

Q. So you’re saying smoking cigarettes is keeping you from having
strokes?

A. Yes, ma’am.

5
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

18
 Q. You understand that that is totally contraindicated by the medical
literature?

A. I can’t help that.

Noting Father’s age and poor health, the caseworker observed that at some point

Mother might have to raise M.M. by herself, something the caseworker doubted

Mother was capable of.

10. Father and Mother resist instructions.

From the Department’s removal affidavit forward, a recurring theme was

Father’s and Mother’s intransigence. The caseworker described both parents as highly

resistant to any type of therapy and asserted that both resisted being told how to do

things in any way other than the way they already knew.

According to the caseworker, Mother argued about everything and would not

follow instructions. Mother’s response to counseling was, “I don’t need counseling.”

The caseworker added that “[e]very conversation I’ve attempted to have with

[Mother] throughout the last year and a half, she’s argued with me and often goes

back on her word on things that she’s saying they have done or haven’t done.” At

trial, Mother asserted that she had nothing to gain from any more counseling

“[b]ecause counseling [did] more harm than good.”

Although the caseworker had more faith in Father’s ability to care for M.M.,

Father’s inability to communicate with Mother undermined that same faith. Father

had admitted not discussing some matters with Mother because she argued about

19
everything and would not listen, adding, “[S]he argues with everybody, including

herself.”

Similar to Mother’s uncooperative attitude, Father claimed to have learned very

little, if anything, at his parenting classes. The caseworker put it a little more bluntly:

Father denied learning anything at parenting because he already knew it all. Father

himself also flatly said, “I don’t think I need the therapy.”

The caseworker explained that Father’s and Mother’s inability to learn and

adapt was what had prompted the initial removal for abuse or neglect—both were

underfeeding M.M. despite the hospital staff’s monitoring them.

By the time of trial, the opposite problem had presented itself. The caseworker

testified that more than once she had seen Father and Mother overfeed M.M.

Overfeeding caused M.M.’s stomach to become very taut; M.M. would then feel

discomfort and had been known to throw up, after which she would not eat for the

rest of the evening. When the caseworker asked Mother not to feed M.M. so much,

Mother responded, “I know how to take care of my child.” That, the caseworker said,

had been Mother’s response to almost everything the Department had suggested over

the last 18 months.

11. Mother’s dog acts aggressively towards M.M., but Mother refuses
to give it up.

Mother had a 50-pound dog, described by one observer as a pit bull terrier with

an electric shock collar around its neck, which Mother asserted was a service dog for

20
her post-traumatic stress disorder. In Mother’s telling, shock collars were not just for

aggressive dogs; hers had one to prevent it from running across busy streets. Mother

denied that her dog was aggressive and that it wore a shock collar for that reason.

In any event, the dog had acted aggressively, had snapped “[a]t anybody in

general, [but] especially at [M.M.],” and had growled at the attorney ad litem, whom

the dog openly disliked. A licensed psychological associate who had seen a visit with

the dog present recommended that the dog have no unsupervised contact with M.M.

Despite the safety concerns about Mother’s dog, she refused to get rid of it,

claiming that she needed it for her mental disability. Even if it meant that she could

not sleep for the next 16 years, she said that she was not giving up either her dog or

her daughter. Mother’s refusal to even discuss getting rid of her dog indicated to the

caseworker that Mother had some serious judgment issues.

Father also questioned Mother’s judgment: “If [the dog] can’t live with the

baby, I’ll get rid of [the dog] before I would the baby. . . . Any parent that wouldn’t is

not a parent.” That Mother did not respond that way concerned Father, too.

12. Father and Mother use questionable judgment during visitations.

During one visit, the caseworker said that one of the parents put a rocking

horse on top of a sofa and then put M.M. on the rocking horse, which the caseworker

did not consider safe child play. Along the same lines, the licensed psychological

associate’s notes from one visit mentioned Father’s letting M.M. twice stand up while

21
in a rocking chair, which she described as dangerous behavior. And during another

visit, Father picked M.M. up and placed her on top of Mother’s dog.

13. M.M. does not appear bonded to Father and Mother.

During visits, M.M. did not respond positively when seeing her parents, and

when the visits ended, she expressed no negative reaction. The licensed psychological

associate wrote that when the Department worker entered the room to get M.M. at

the end of one visit, M.M. looked at her, smiled, and reached out for the worker;

although Mother tried to get M.M. to look at her so that she could say goodbye, M.M.

continued to reach for the Department worker. The associate concluded that “[M.M.]

did not cry or appear upset when leaving her parents.”

C. Discussion

At the hospital, even while being monitored by staff, both Father and Mother

showed that they were not able to care for M.M.; this inability is what precipitated

M.M.’s removal. And after the removal, Father’s and Mother’s conduct reinforced

rather than mitigated these concerns. Mother lacked the discipline, the insight, and the

adaptability to care for a child, especially one with health issues. And Father had no

more success modifying Mother’s conduct than did the various counselors and

therapists. Although the caseworker expressed confidence in Father’s abilities, a

reasonable factfinder might have concluded otherwise. Given Father’s age and poor

health and given that he would have been living with Mother and her dog, a

reasonable factfinder could have concluded the prospect of returning M.M. to Father

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and Mother was untenable. Finally, M.M. did not display any emotional attachment to

them. Determining best interest focuses on what is best for the child, not what is best

for the parents. In re R.A., No. 02-18-00252-CV, 2019 WL 490121, at *10 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth Feb. 7, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.). We hold that a factfinder could

reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that termination was in M.M.’s best

interest and thus that the evidence factually suffices, and we overrule Father and

Mother’s third point. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371–72.

Conclusion

Having overruled Father and Mother’s three points, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

/s/ Elizabeth Kerr
Elizabeth Kerr
Justice

Delivered: April 11, 2019

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