18-1035-cv
Mohamad v. Rajoub
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
16th day of April, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: ROBERT D. SACK,
PETER W. HALL,
CHRISTOPHER F. DRONEY,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
Shahid Mohamad, Said Mohamad, Shahed Azzam Rahim,
Mashud Rahim, Asid Mohamad, as representative of the Estate
of Azzam Rahim, Asid Mohamad, Asia Rahim,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. No. 18-1035-cv
Jibril Rajoub,
Defendant-Appellee.
_____________________________________
For Appellants: MEIR KATZ (Robert J. Tolchin, on the brief), The
Berkman Law Office, LLC, Brooklyn, NY
For Appellee: JOHN A. BURLINGAME, (Mitchell R. Berger, Aaron
W. Knights, on the brief), Squire Patton Boggs (US)
LLP, Washington, D.C.; Gassan A. Baloul, Squire
Patton Boggs (US) LLP, New York, NY
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Preska, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiffs-Appellants Shahid Mohamad, Said Mohamad, Shahed Azzam Rahim, Mashud
Rahim, Asid Mohamad, as representative of the Estate of Azzam Rahim, Asid Mohamad, and Asia
Rahim appeal the district court’s March 12, 2018, judgment and accompanying memorandum and
order dismissing their claims against Defendant-Appellee Jibril Rajoub pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6).
Plaintiffs challenge the district court’s conclusion that the doctrine of res judicata bars the
present action, based on Plaintiffs’ assertion of virtually the same claims against Rajoub—
including claims under the Alien Tort Statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1350, and the Torture Victim Protection
Act, 106 Stat. 73, note following 28 U.S.C. § 1350—in an earlier action filed in 2005 in the United
States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Asid Mohamad, et al. v. Jibril Rajoub,
et al., Case No. 1:05-cv-08335 (LAP) (S.D.N.Y. 2005) (“Mohamad I”). That 2005 action was
transferred to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Asid Mohamad, et al.
v. Jibril Rajoub, et al., Case No. 08-01800 (RJL) (D.D.C. 2008), where Plaintiffs eventually
voluntarily dismissed their claims against Rajoub with prejudice. As in Mohamad I, Plaintiffs
allege in the instant suit that Rajoub, as head of the Palestinian Preventive Security Force and a
high-ranking official with the Palestinian Authority, was responsible for the brutal torture and
murder of their father and husband, Azzam Rahim, during Rahim’s 1995 visit to the West Bank.
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We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,
and the issues on appeal.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, Ricci v.
Teamsters Union Local 456, 781 F.3d 25, 26 (2d Cir. 2015) (per curiam), including a dismissal on
res judicata grounds, Soules v. Conn., Dep’t of Emergency Servs. & Pub. Prot., 882 F.3d 52, 55
(2d Cir. 2018). “The doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion, holds that ‘a final judgment
on the merits of an action precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating issues that were or
could have been raised in that action.’” Brown Media Corp. v. K&L Gates, LLP, 854 F.3d 150,
157 (2d Cir. 2017) (quoting Monahan v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Corr., 214 F.3d 275, 284 (2d Cir. 2000)).
Res judicata bars re-litigation if “1) the prior decision was a final judgment on the merits, 2) the
litigants were the same parties, 3) the prior court was of competent jurisdiction, and 4) the causes
of action were the same.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Plaintiffs acknowledge that
the second and fourth requirements are satisfied but contest application of the first and third.
Because Plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed their claims against Rajoub in Mohamad I with
prejudice and because “[a] voluntary dismissal with prejudice is an adjudication on the merits for
purposes of res judicata,” Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. v. Celotex Corp., 56 F.3d 343, 345 (2d
Cir. 1995), we easily conclude that the first factor is met, see also Carter v. Inc. Vill. of Ocean
Beach, 759 F.3d 159, 165–66 (2d Cir. 2014). Plaintiffs attempt to attack the validity of their
earlier dismissal on the technical ground that Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(A)(i) did not permit them to
dismiss their claims against some but not all defendants in Mohamad I, citing, inter alia, a recent
Eleventh Circuit decision in Perry v. Schumacher Grp. of La., 891 F.3d 954 (11th Cir. 2018).
Plaintiffs concede that Perry did not establish new legal principles and that they did not raise this
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argument before the district court. Indeed, Plaintiffs took the opposite position in their brief
opposing Defendant’s motion to dismiss in the district court. The argument is therefore forfeited
on appeal. New York ex rel. Schneiderman v. Actavis PLC, 787 F.3d 638, 662 (2d Cir. 2015).
Plaintiffs also argue that the third res judicata requirement was not met because the court
in Mohamad I lacked personal jurisdiction over Rajoub, who is not domiciled in the United States
and who was never served with process in the earlier action. This Court has recognized, however,
that “a prior decision remains a bar to a future action even though it now appears that the court had
no jurisdiction in the prior action.” Samuels v. N. Telecom, Inc., 942 F.2d 834, 837 (2d Cir. 1991)
(quoting Lambert v. Conrad, 536 F.2d 1183, 1185 (7th Cir. 1976)). Notwithstanding Plaintiffs’
creative arguments regarding the district court’s alleged lack of authority to issue a final judgment
in Mohamad I, it was Plaintiffs’ own voluntary dismissal, that “took on heightened significance
when” they decided “to dismiss with prejudice,” id., which precludes any subsequent suit based
on the same causes of action. We are sympathetic to the fact that Plaintiffs did not anticipate
relitigating claims against a defendant who, to their knowledge, did not appear in the United States
until the recent events that prompted Plaintiffs to serve Rajoub with process and initiate the instant
case. Res judicata, however, “may not be avoided on the basis of . . . an ill-considered decision
to enter into an all-encompassing stipulation of withdrawal with prejudice,” or, as here, a voluntary
dismissal with prejudice. Id.
We also note that Plaintiffs’ request that we decline to apply res judicata on equitable
grounds is expressly foreclosed by well-established precedent. See Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc.
v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 401 (1981), abrogated on other grounds by Rivet v. Regions Bank of La.,
522 U.S. 470 (1988) (“The doctrine of res judicata serves vital public interests beyond any
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individual judge’s ad hoc determination of the equities in a particular case. There is simply no
principle of law or equity which sanctions the rejection by a federal court of the salutary principle
of res judicata.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
We have considered Plaintiffs-Appellants’ remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the complaint, we decline to
reach Rajoub’s argument that dismissal was proper on the alternate basis that the district court
could not lawfully exercise personal jurisdiction over him. We hereby AFFIRM the judgment
of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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