[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-10767
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:15-cv-00108-CEH-AEP
WYNDEL R. HALL,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
ATTORNEY GENERAL, STATE OF FLORIDA,
Respondents-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(April 12, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
Wyndel R. Hall, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals from the
District Court’s dismissal of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition as untimely. On appeal,
he argues that the District Court erred by failing to toll the statute of limitations of
the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) from the
date he filed a deficient motion in state court pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal
Procedure 3.850. Relying on Green v. Secretary, Department of Corrections, 877
F.3d 1244 (11th Cir. 2017), he argues that his later-filed, corrected Rule 3.850
motion related back to his deficient motion, thus tolling the limitations period. For
the reasons set forth below, we vacate the District Court’s order and remand for
further proceedings.
I.
Hall was convicted of one count of capital sexual battery1 and one count of
resisting arrest or obstructing an officer without violence by a Polk County jury in
2010. He appealed, and the state appellate court affirmed his convictions and
sentence on March 28, 2012. See Hall v. State, 96 So. 3d 895 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
2012) (unpublished table opinion). He did not petition the Supreme Court of the
United States for a writ of certiorari. Thus, his conviction became final for
AEDPA purposes on June 26, 2012. See Bond v. Moore, 309 F.3d 770, 774 (11th
Cir. 2002) (holding that AEDPA’s limitations period does not begin to run until the
90-day window during which petitioner could have petitioned the Supreme Court
1
Capital sexual battery was formerly punishable by death. Today, it is capital only in
name. See Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407, 437, 128 S. Ct. 2641, 2659 (2008); Fla. Stat.
775.082(2).
2
of the United States for writ of certiorari expires). Unless tolled, the AEDPA
limitations period gave Hall until June 26, 2013, to file his federal habeas petition.
On April 11, 2013—289 days after the AEDPA limitations period began to
run, with 76 days remaining—Hall filed a motion under Florida Rule of Criminal
Procedure 3.800(a) to correct his sentence. This tolled the limitations period for
the entirety of the Rule 3.800(a) proceeding, including the eventual appeal. Evans
v. Chavis, 546 U.S. 189, 191, 126 S. Ct. 846, 849 (2006) (explaining that a
postconviction motion is pending for AEDPA purposes during the period between
the lower court’s adverse decision and the filing of a timely notice of appeal from
that decision). The state appellate court issued its mandate on December 26, 2013,
thus restarting Hall’s AEDPA clock with 76 remaining days.
Fourteen days later on January 9, 2014, Hall filed an amended motion for
postconviction relief in state court pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure
3.850. At this point, Hall was down to 62 days. In his Rule 3.850 motion, Hall
raised eight claims of ineffective assistance counsel, the same claims Hall would
later raise in his § 2254 petition. The amended motion did not comply with Rule
3.850(n)(2), which required Hall to certify that he could understand English or that
he’d had the motion translated into a language he could understand. Consequently,
on February 14, 2014, the state habeas court dismissed Hall’s motion “without
prejudice to re-file a facially sufficient amended motion within sixty (60) days.”
3
State v. Hall, No. 08CF-4968-XX (Fla. Cir. Ct. Feb. 14, 2014). Hall then filed a
second amended motion for postconviction relief as the court instructed on
February 24, 2014. The state court denied the motion, and the denial was affirmed
on appeal. The state appellate court issued its mandate on December 4, 2014.
Hall filed the present § 2254 petition on January 13, 2015. The State moved
to dismiss Hall’s petition as untimely under AEDPA’s statute of limitations.
According to the State, Hall’s AEDPA clock—which the State identified as having
begun on June 28, 20122—expired December 22, 2014, rendering his January 13,
2015 § 2254 petition untimely. The State argued that Hall’s initial Rule 3.850
motion, which he filed when he was 62 days short of AEDPA’s statute of
limitations, was not “properly filed” for AEDPA-tolling purposes because Hall
failed to certify that he understood English. Instead, Hall’s AEDPA clock wasn’t
tolled until he filed his second amended Rule 3.850 motion on February 24, 2014,
leaving him only 16 days once the state court disposed of that motion. And
because the state court issued its mandate on the Rule 3.850 motion on December
2
It looks like the State reached this date by simply adding three months to March 26,
2012, i.e., the date on which the District Court of Appeal affirmed Hall’s conviction. The
problem with this method of computing when Hall’s conviction became final for AEDPA
purposes is that not every month has exactly 30 days. Indeed, two months in this interval—
March and May—have not 30, but 31 days. See Gregorian Calendar, Wikipedia (last visited
Mar. 25, 2019), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar.
4
4, 2014, Hall’s AEDPA clock expired on December 22, 2014 3—22 days before he
filed his § 2254 petition on January 13, 2015.
The District Court agreed with the State and dismissed Hall’s motion. Hall
timely appealed.
II.
We review de novo the dismissal of a federal habeas petition as time barred
under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d). Cole v. Warden, Ga. State Prison, 768 F.3d 1150,
1155 (11th Cir. 2014).
AEDPA establishes a one-year statute of limitations for federal habeas
petitions filed by state prisoners, which runs from “the date on which the judgment
became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for
seeking such review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). The time for seeking direct
review includes the 90-day window in which the petitioner could have petitioned
the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari. Bond, 309 F.3d at
774.
As for tolling, the one-year limitations period for filing a § 2254 petition is
tolled during the time in “which a properly filed application for State post-
3
The sixteenth day (December 20, 2014) fell on a Saturday, so Hall’s AEDPA clock in
this scenario would expire the following Monday, December 22, 2014. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
6(a)(1)(C) (“[I]f the last day [of the period] is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the period
continues to run until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.”).
5
conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or
claim is pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). AEDPA does not define “collateral
review,” but the Supreme Court has defined “collateral review” as “judicial review
that occurs in a proceeding outside of the direct review process.” Wall v. Kholi,
562 U.S. 545, 560, 131 S. Ct. 1278, 1289 (2011). Regarding Florida proceedings,
we recognize the following as “application[s] for State post-conviction or other
collateral review” under § 2244(d)(2): (1) a motion for state postconviction relief
filed pursuant to Rule 3.850, See Day v. Crosby, 391 F.3d 1192, 1192–93 (11th
Cir. 2004) (per curiam); (2) a motion to correct an illegal sentence filed pursuant to
Rule 3.800(a), Ford v. Moore, 296 F.3d 1035, 1036, 1040 (11th Cir. 2002) (per
curiam); and (3) a motion for rehearing on the denial of a motion to correct an
illegal sentence, Nix v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 393 F.3d 1235, 1237 (11th Cir. 2004)
(per curiam). Any appeals filed in a state court from the denial of these motions
also qualify as “application[s] for State post-conviction or other collateral review.”
See Ford, 296 F.3d at 1040.
The issue in this case is whether Hall’s initial Rule 3.850 motion—the one
filed January 9, 2014, that was later dismissed because it lacked the Rule
3.850(n)(2) certification—tolled AEDPA’s statute of limitations. If it did, Hall had
62 days after the state court ruled on it to file his § 2254 motion. But if the initial
Rule 3.850 did not toll Hall’s AEDPA clock, he only had 16 days after the state
6
court decided the Rule 3.850 motion to file his § 2254 motion. His January 13,
2015 § 2254 motion fell within the 62-day window, but not within the 16-day
window.
Whether the initial Rule 3.850 motion tolled Hall’s AEDPA clock turns on
whether that motion was a “properly filed” application for state post-conviction
relief. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). This is a question of state law. See Wade v. Battle,
379 F.3d 1254, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004) (per curiam). Under Florida law, a motion
for post-conviction relief under Rule 3.850 must contain a certification from the
defendant that he understands English or that he has had the motion completely
translated into a language he understands. Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(n)(2). Failure to
comply with this requirement is grounds for dismissing the motion. Id. And if one
fails to comply with this requirement, one’s motion is not “properly filed” under
§ 2244(d)(2).
This is not the first occasion we’ve been asked to determine whether a
petitioner’s defective filing in a Florida collateral proceeding tolled AEDPA’s
statute of limitations. In Hurley v. Moore, 233 F.3d 1295 (11th Cir. 2000) (per
curiam), we held that a state prisoner’s deficient Rule 3.850 motion was not
“properly filed” because it was missing the oath required by Rule 3.850(c). In that
case, the state habeas court denied the petitioner’s motion without prejudice to
refile a timely and properly sworn motion, but the petitioner chose instead to
7
pursue a rehearing, and eventually an appeal, of the denial. Id. at 1296–97. After
he lost his appeal—more than a year after his conviction became final under
AEDPA—the petitioner filed a properly sworn Rule 3.850 motion. Id. at 1297.
But by then it was too late: we held that the one-year statute of limitations under
AEDPA was not tolled because the original deficient motion was not properly
filed. Id. at 1298.
By contrast, in Green v. Secretary, Department of Corrections, the petitioner
initially filed an amended motion that did not comply with the oath requirement
under Rule 3.850(c). 877 F.3d at 1246. The state court denied the motion with
instructions to refile with a sufficient oath within 30 days. Id. The petitioner did
so, and the state court denied his motion on the merits, which the state appellate
court ultimately affirmed. Id. He later filed a § 2254 motion, which the District
Court dismissed as untimely. Id. According to the District Court, the petitioner’s
initial Rule 3.850 motion was not “properly filed,” and thus did not toll AEDPA’s
statute of limitations, because it was improperly sworn. Id. It was only when the
petitioner filed a properly sworn Rule 3.850 motion that the AEDPA clock
stopped. Id. at 1246–47. But once that motion was disposed of—and the AEDPA
clock’s tick resumed—the petitioner’s limitations period expired before he filed his
§ 2254 motion. Id. at 1247.
8
We reversed. Id. at 1249. We agreed, following Hurley, that the petitioner’s
initial Rule 3.850 motion was deficient under Florida law and, therefore, not
“properly filed.” Id. at 1248. But we also recognized that “[u]nder Florida law,
when a postconviction motion is stricken with leave to amend, the amended motion
relates back to the date of the original filing.” Id. at 1248 (citing Bryant v. State,
901 So. 2d 810, 818 (Fla. 2005)). Thus, not only was the time between the
corrected Rule 3.850 motion and its disposition tolled, but so too was the time
between the original, deficient Rule 3.850 motion and the filing of its properly
sworn substitute. Id. Given that additionally tolled time, the petitioner’s § 2254
petition was timely. Id.
It’s not hard to see which of these cases Hall’s resembles. Hall’s initial Rule
3.850 motion was improperly sworn and, for that reason, not “properly filed” under
AEDPA. But the state habeas court dismissed his motion without prejudice to
refile, and—rather than moving for a rehearing and pursuing an appeal, à la
Hurley—Hall filed a properly sworn Rule 3.850 motion within the state court’s
prescribed time period. After Green, it’s hard to escape the conclusion that Hall’s
corrected Rule 3.850 motion relates back to his initial, improperly sworn Rule
3.850 motion.
Of course, the State tries to escape that conclusion by arguing that Hall’s
case is distinguishable. Specifically, the State argues that in order to toll the statute
9
of limitations under AEDPA, a state postconviction application must be both
“properly filed” and “pending.” See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). So even if, following
Green, Hall’s corrected Rule 3.850 motion was “properly filed,” there was no
motion before the court—and hence, no motion “pending”—between Hall’s initial,
dismissed motion and the properly sworn, substitute motion. Thus, the State
concludes, only Hall’s February 24, 2014 motion was “pending” for AEDPA
purposes, and only it tolled the statute of limitations.
There are a couple problems with this argument. First, even if we assume
that the AEPDA limitations period was tolled only when a motion was “pending,”
as the State uses that term, Hall’s § 2254 motion was still timely. The period of
time between the dismissal of Hall’s deficient Rule 3.850 motion and his filing the
corrected one—that is, the period of time in which there was no motion “pending”
before the state court, according to this argument—was only 10 days: from
February 14, 2014, when the faulty Rule 3.850 motion was dismissed, to February
24, 2014, when the proper Rule 3.850 motion was filed. 4 Under this scenario,
4
The State seems to think that its “pending” argument leads to the conclusion that the
statute of limitations was not tolled at all by Hall’s initial Rule 3.850 motion filed on January 9,
2014. But the district court opinion the State cites to support this argument reveals a critical flaw
in the State’s logic. In Overton v. Jones, 155 F. Supp. 3d 1253 (S.D. Fla. 2016), the petitioner
filed a state habeas motion on April 30, 2003, that was “legally insufficient” and struck from the
record on June 12, 2003. Id. at 1265. The state court gave the petitioner leave to file another
motion, and he did so on July 10, 2003. Id. In determining to what extent the first, deficient
state habeas motion tolled the AEDPA statute of limitations, the District Court framed the issue
as follows:
10
where the AEDPA clock was tolled during both Rule 3.850 proceedings apart from
the 10-day interval where nothing was “pending” before the state court, Hall had
until January 26, 2015, to file his § 2254 motion. Hall met that deadline, so his
§ 2254 motion was timely even if we accept the State’s argument.
And that’s a big if. The State’s “pending” argument is based on the
(admittedly intuitive) notion that a state postconviction motion is no longer
“pending” once dismissed. This might be true in the abstract. See Overton, 155 F.
Supp. 3d at 1269 (“Logi[c] dictates that when [a motion] [i]s stricken from the
record, the motion [i]s no longer ‘pending.’”). But this approach upends the
procedure Florida courts have developed for processing facially deficient
postconviction motions. In Spera v. State, 971 So. 2d 754 (Fla. 2007), the
Supreme Court of Florida held that a trial court abuses its discretion when it fails to
[T]he issue here[] is whether the April 30 Motion was ‘pending’ for the purposes
of § 2244(d)(2) during the period of time [between when] the April 30 Motion
was struck (June 12, 2003) and when [petitioner’s] July 10 Motion was filed. . . .
If [petitioner’s] April 30 Motion was not going to be considered or reviewed by
the trial court because the April 30 Motion had been struck from the record, it was
not ‘pending.’
Id. at 1268–69 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted).
Even if we accepted the Overton approach, it would not get the State to its desired
outcome. Under Overton, Hall’s deficient Rule 3.850 motion was “pending” from the time it
was filed on January 9, 2014, to the time it was dismissed on February 14, 2014. His properly
sworn Rule 3.850 motion was then filed on February 24. Hall would, therefore, only lose 10
days from his AEDPA clock, which would leave him with 52 days after the dismissal of the
second Rule 3.850 motion on December 4, 2014, to file his § 2254 motion. That 52-day period
would expire January 26, 2015, because January 25, 2015 was a Sunday. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
6(a)(1)(C). Hall’s § 2254 motion was filed well before this deadline, so it was timely under
Overton.
11
provide a Rule 3.850 petitioner at least one opportunity to amend his facially
insufficient Rule 3.850 motion. Id. at 761. The procedure that has evolved from
this holding—the eponymous “Spera procedure”—has since been fleshed out by
Florida state courts. In Nelson v. State, 977 So. 2d 710 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2008),
Florida’s First District Court of Appeal explained how Spera works:
The procedure articulated in Spera allows a defendant an
opportunity to amend facially insufficient postconviction claims
unless the claims cannot be corrected. Spera’s procedure applies
uniformly to all insufficiently pled postconviction claims whether
determined to be legally or facially insufficient. The trial court has
discretion in determining the length of the defendant’s leave to amend
and Spera suggested thirty days would be reasonable.
...
[B]ased upon Spera and Nelson v. State, once the window of
opportunity to amend expires and the defendant is unable or unwilling
to cure the deficiency, the insufficient claim may be denied with
prejudice.
Id. at 711 (citations omitted). Moreover, under Florida law a state court’s order
dismissing a facially insufficient postconviction motion without prejudice is not a
final, appealable order. Russell v. State, 46 So. 3d 151, 151–52 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
2010). This rule—and the Spera procedure more generally—suggests that
Florida’s “state collateral review process is ‘in continuance’” 5 until the court issues
a final decision on the Rule 3.850 motion. See Peterson v. Jones, No.
3:14cv104/RV/CJK, 2015 WL 1061677, at *3–5 (N.D. Fla. Mar. 11, 2015).
5
Carey v. Safford, 536 U.S. 214, 219–20, 122 S. Ct. 2134, 2138 (2002).
12
Accordingly, for the purposes of tolling under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2), a
petitioner’s Rule 3.850 motion is “pending” until it is denied with prejudice. In
this case, that means that Hall’s AEPDA clock was tolled from January 9, 2014—
the date he filed his improperly sworn Rule 3.850 motion—to December 4, 2014—
the date the state court rendered a decision on his substitute Rule 3.850 motion. He
had until February 4, 2015, to file his § 2254 petition, so his January 13, 2015
§ 2254 petition was timely.
III.
The District Court was wrong to conclude that Hall’s § 2254 motion was
time barred. We reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
13
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, specially concurring:
I write separately to draw the Court’s attention to our practice of incorrectly
applying Bond v. Moore to Florida habeas petitioners. The District Court in this
case concluded that Hall’s conviction became final for AEDPA purposes on June
26, 2012—that is, 90 days after the Florida District Court of Appeal affirmed his
conviction. This conclusion rested on Bond v. Moore, 309 F.3d 770 (11th Cir.
2002), where this Court held that AEDPA’s limitations period does not begin to
run until the expiration of the 90-day window in which the petitioner could have
petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States for a writ of certiorari on direct
review. Id. at 774.
But in this case, unlike in Bond, 1 Hall never sought review of his conviction
by the Florida Supreme Court. This means that Hall was not entitled to the 90-day
extension Bond requires because the decision of the Florida District Court of
Appeal was not a “[f]inal judgment[] or decree[] rendered by the highest court of a
State in which a decision could be had.” 28 U.S.C. § 1257(a); see also Pugh v.
Smith, 465 F.3d 1295, 1300 (11th Cir. 2006) (holding that the petitioner was not
entitled to the 90-day extension because, given that had not sought review by the
Supreme Court of Georgia, he could not seek certiorari review by the Supreme
1
In Bond, the petitioner sought discretionary review of his conviction by the Florida
Supreme Court, but review was denied. Id. at 771–72 (quoting Bond v. State, 684 So. 2d 1350,
1350 (Fla. 1996) (unpublished table opinion)).
14
Court). As the Supreme Court has repeatedly held, a petitioner must—in the
absence of a statutory or constitutional bar to higher state court review, see, e.g.,
Thompson v. City of Louisville, 362 U.S. 199, 202, 80 S. Ct. 624, 627 (1960)
(certiorari to local police court whose decisions were not otherwise appealable
within the state court system)—seek review in the state’s highest court before
filing a petition for certiorari.2 In this Circuit, by contrast, we seem to assume that
a petitioner seeking federal habeas review of a conviction imposed by a Florida
court is entitled to Bond’s 90-day extension—which necessarily assumes that he
could have petitioned the Supreme Court for certiorari review—regardless of
whether he sought direct review of his conviction by the Florida Supreme Court.
See, e.g., Chavers v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 468 F.3d 1273, 1275–76 (11th Cir.
2006) (per curiam) (holding that petitioner’s sentence became final under AEDPA
90 days after his conviction was affirmed by the Florida Fourth District Court of
Appeal).
For the reasons explained in Pugh v. Smith, this practice makes little sense.
Section 2244(d)(1) says that AEDPA’s one-year limitations period “shall run,” in
circumstances like these, “from . . . the date on which the judgment became final
2
See, e.g., Kuhns v. California, 419 U.S. 1066, 1066, 95 S. Ct. 652, 652 (1974) (mem.);
Sandquist v. California, 419 U.S. 1066, 1066, 95 S. Ct. 651, 651 (1974) (mem.); Gotthilf v. Sills,
375 U.S. 79, 80, 84 S. Ct. 187, 188 (1963) (per curiam); Parker v. Illinois, 333 U.S. 571, 575–
76, 68 S. Ct. 708, 710 (1948).
15
by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such
review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). In Florida, a non-capital defendant has 30
days after the District Court of Appeal affirms his conviction to seek discretionary
review by the Florida Supreme Court. Fla. R. App. P. 9.120(b). If a defendant
chooses not to seek such review, the date on which his “judgment became final by .
. . the expiration of the time for seeking [direct] review,” § 2244(d)(1)(A), is 30—
not 90—days after his conviction was affirmed by the District Court of Appeal.
Cf. Pugh, 465 F.3d at 1298–1300. In other words, a Florida defendant who seeks
review by the Florida Supreme Court is entitled to the additional 90 days that Bond
provides, but a Florida defendant whose direct review ends at the District Court of
Appeal is entitled only to 30.
Neither the District Court nor the State raised this issue. 3 And because
AEDPA’s statute of limitations is not jurisdictional, San Martin v. McNeil, 633
F.3d 1257, 1267 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted), the State waived this
argument, see Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Labor v. Preston, 873 F.3d 877, 881 (11th Cir.
2017) (noting that “waiver is permissible” when a statute of limitations does not
“limit[] courts’ subject matter jurisdiction”) (citation omitted). But, when the
3
The State probably declined to make this argument because we have precedent applying
Bond’s 90-day extension to petitioners whose direct review ended in the District Court of
Appeal. See Chavers, 468 F.3d at 1275–76. If the State had made and prevailed on this
argument, Hall’s petition would be untimely. See Maj. Op. at 12 (explaining that Hall’s § 2254
petition was timely by 13 days).
16
appropriate case comes along, we should examine whether our blanket application
of Bond is consistent with Pugh and, more generally, the text of § 2244(d)(1)(A).
17