IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,
v.
DEMITRES ROBERTSON, Appellant.
No. 1 CA-CR 17-0491
FILED 4-18-2019
Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2002-015076
The Honorable John R. Doody, Judge Pro Tempore
AFFIRMED
COUNSEL
Arizona Attorney General's Office, Phoenix
By Jana Zinman
Counsel for Appellee
Maricopa County Public Defender's Office, Phoenix
By Lawrence S. Matthew
Counsel for Appellant
OPINION
Presiding Judge James B. Morse Jr. delivered the opinion of the Court, in
which Judge Jon W. Thompson and Vice Chief Judge Peter B. Swann joined.
STATE v. ROBERTSON
Opinion of the Court
M O R S E, Judge:
¶1 Demitres Robertson appeals the superior court's July 12, 2017
order revoking her probation and imposing a term of imprisonment. For
the following reasons, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2 In August 2002, the State charged Robertson with one count
of first-degree murder, a class 1 felony, and two counts of intentional child
abuse, class 2 felonies and dangerous crimes against children, based on acts
that occurred in November 2001. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. ("A.R.S.") §§ 13-604.01
(2001), -1105 (2001), -3623(A)(1) (2001). The court later dismissed the first
count of child abuse for lack of probable cause. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 5.4(d).1
¶3 Had Robertson been convicted of the charged count of first-
degree murder, she faced a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. See
A.R.S. §§ 13-1105(C), -703(A) (2001). She also faced the potential for a
mandatory consecutive sentence of up to 28 years imprisonment for the
count of intentional child abuse as a dangerous crime against children. See
A.R.S. §§ 13-3623(A)(1), -604.01(D), (K)2.
¶4 Pursuant to a plea agreement, the State reduced the charged
counts, and Robertson avoided the potential for life in prison plus a
consecutive sentence. She pleaded guilty to one amended count of
manslaughter, a class 2 dangerous felony, and one amended count of
1 The Arizona Supreme Court made extensive changes to the Arizona
Rules of Criminal Procedure ("Rules") in 2017. See Order Amending the
Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure, No. R-17-0002 (Ariz. 2017). The new
and amended Rules apply "in all . . . actions pending on January 1, 2018,
except to the extent that the court in an affected action determines that
applying the rule or amendment would be infeasible or work an injustice."
Id. The current Rule 5.4 does not alter the substance of Rule 5.4 as in effect
in 2001, therefore we apply the current rule. Compare Ariz. R. Crim. P. 5.4(d)
(2001) with Ariz. R. Crim. P. 5.4(d) (2019).
2 Notably, A.R.S. § 13-604.01(K)—now codified as A.R.S. § 13-
705(M)—expressly provided for consecutive sentences for the originally-
charged counts of child abuse, even for offenses involving the same victim.
See State v. Jones, 235 Ariz. 501, 502-03, ¶¶ 7-12 (2014) (finding that the
statutory provision for consecutive sentences for dangerous crimes against
children trumps A.R.S. § 13-116).
2
STATE v. ROBERTSON
Opinion of the Court
reckless child abuse, a class 3 felony. See A.R.S. §§ 13-1103 (2001),
-3623(A)(2). Robertson faced a sentence of seven to 21 years for
manslaughter, and two to 8.75 years for reckless child abuse. See A.R.S. §§
13-604(I) (2001), -701 (2001), -702 (2001), -702.01 (2001). Pursuant to the plea
agreement, however, the parties stipulated to a prison term of eight to 15
years for manslaughter and a consecutive term of probation for reckless
child abuse. The court sentenced Robertson to ten years' imprisonment for
manslaughter, credited Robertson 602 days of presentence incarceration,
and placed Robertson on a lifetime term of probation upon completion of
her prison sentence. Robertson completed her prison sentence in August
2010.
¶5 Robertson violated her probation in September of 2014 and
June of 2016, and the superior court reinstated her probation after both
violations. After the September 2014 violation, one of the terms of
Robertson's reinstated probation was a six-month term of incarceration in
the county jail. Robertson violated her probation again in March 2017, and
the court imposed intensive probation.
¶6 Two months later, in May 2017, the State filed a petition
claiming Robertson violated intensive probation and sought to revoke
Robertson's probation. Robertson denied the petition's allegations.
¶7 At the probation-violation hearing, Robertson argued for the
first time that the crimes of manslaughter and child abuse constituted a
single act involving a single victim, and therefore, consecutive sentencing
on the convictions violated the statutory prohibition against double
punishment. See A.R.S. § 13-116. The court denied Robertson's oral motion
to dismiss the petition to revoke.
¶8 After the hearing, the court revoked Robertson's probation
and ordered that Robertson be imprisoned for a presumptive term of 3.5
years pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-701, with 260 days of presentence-
incarceration credit.
¶9 Robertson timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-4031, and -4033(A)(1).
DISCUSSION
¶10 Robertson argues that the sentence of imprisonment imposed
after her probation was revoked was illegal under A.R.S. § 13-116 because
she had already served a prison sentence for the same act involving the
same victim. Robertson does not raise any double jeopardy claims under
3
STATE v. ROBERTSON
Opinion of the Court
the United States or Arizona Constitutions. For the following reasons, we
affirm.
¶11 We review a challenge to the legality of a sentence de novo.
State v. Johnson, 210 Ariz. 438, 440, ¶ 8 (App. 2005); see also State v. Todd, 244
Ariz. 374, 382, ¶ 25 (App. 2018) ("We review de novo a trial court's decision
to impose consecutive sentences in accordance with A.R.S. § 13-116.").
"[I]mposition of an illegal sentence constitutes fundamental error." State v.
Martinez, 226 Ariz. 221, 224, ¶ 17 (App. 2011).
¶12 The State argues that Robertson waived any objection to
consecutive sentencing, citing Rule 17.1(e)3 ("By pleading guilty or no
contest in a noncapital case, a defendant waives the right to have the
appellate courts review the proceedings on a direct appeal."), and A.R.S.
§ 13-4033(B) ("In noncapital cases a defendant may not appeal from a
judgment or sentence that is entered pursuant to a plea agreement or an
admission to a probation violation."). In the usual case, where a defendant
pleaded guilty and was placed on probation, the guilty plea does not waive
all challenges to a subsequent sentence imposed after a probation violation.
See State v. Regenold, 226 Ariz. 378, 379-80, ¶¶ 8, 12 (2011) (stating that a
defendant has not waived the right to appeal a sentence imposed after a
contested probation-violation hearing because it is not "entered pursuant to
a plea agreement").
¶13 Nevertheless, Robertson did not merely plead guilty and face
various potential sentences provided by law. She affirmatively entered into
a plea agreement with the State wherein she avoided the possibility of life
in prison plus a consecutive sentence, and she stipulated to a prison
sentence on one reduced count and a consecutive term of probation on
another reduced count. In this circumstance, Robertson has invited any
error and, thus, cannot raise her A.R.S. § 13-116 challenge to the sentence
imposed following probation revocation. See State v. Logan, 200 Ariz. 564,
566, ¶ 15 (2001) ("[E]quity favors the application of the usual rule of invited
error rather than the exceptional rule of fundamental error.").4
3 The current Rule 17.1(e) is substantively unchanged from the Rule
17.1(e) in effect in 2001, therefore we apply the current rule.
4 The State also argues that because Robertson's offenses occurred
over a one-week period, the counts involved different acts and A.R.S. § 13-
116 is not implicated. Because the invited-error doctrine resolves this case,
we do not need to decide that issue.
4
STATE v. ROBERTSON
Opinion of the Court
¶14 "The invited error doctrine prevents a party from injecting
error into the record and then profiting from it on appeal." State v. Rushing,
243 Ariz. 212, 217, ¶ 14 (2017). A party's stipulation to an error precludes
the party from asserting that error on appeal. See State v. Parker, 231 Ariz.
391, 405, ¶ 61 (2013) (applying invited error where a party stipulated to the
admission of evidence challenged on appeal).
¶15 Some cases from this Court have cited Logan, 200 Ariz. at 565-
66, ¶ 9, for the proposition that the invited-error doctrine does not apply
unless the record reflects that the party urging the error can be shown to be
the source of the error. See State v. Lucero, 223 Ariz. 129, 136, ¶ 22 (App.
2009) (citing Logan and stating that "invited error does not occur when the
defendant stipulates to the error unless it can be shown from the record that
the defendant proposed the stipulation"); State v. Thues, 203 Ariz. 339, 340,
¶ 4, n.2 (App. 2002) (citing Logan and declining to apply invited error where
the "record does not reflect which party proposed the stipulation and
therefore served as the source of the alleged error"). In the context of a joint
stipulation of the parties, however, neither Logan nor other cases from our
supreme court support the proposition that only the initial party to propose
the stipulation is subject to invited-error analysis. In Logan, there was no
discussion of stipulations and the court found that defendant was the
source of the proposed jury instructions even though he had relied on the
Revised Arizona Jury Instructions. 200 Ariz. at 566, ¶¶ 11-12. In Rushing,
there was no discussion of stipulations and our supreme court found that
invited error did not apply to a question posed by a juror, even though
defense counsel did not affirmatively object to the question. 243 Ariz. at
217, ¶ 14. In State v. Pandeli, our supreme court found invited error when
the State sought to admit evidence, the court asked if defendant objected,
and defense counsel "explicitly stated that he did not." 215 Ariz. 514, 528,
¶ 50 (2007). Similarly, in Parker, the parties’ stipulations regarding the
admission of videos triggered invited error without any discussion as to the
original source of the stipulation. 231 Ariz. at 405-06, ¶¶ 58, 61-62.
¶16 In this case, a plea agreement, evidencing the final product of
compromises arrived at after off-the-record negotiations among the parties,
presents an even more compelling circumstance for avoiding an inquiry
into who may have first proposed a stipulation. Accordingly, where an
error results from stipulations in a voluntary plea agreement, the
stipulations in that plea agreement are jointly made by "agreement among
the defendant, his counsel and the prosecuting attorney, subject to the
approval of the trial court," State v. Morse, 127 Ariz. 25, 31-32 (1980), and
any determination as to the original source of the stipulations is
unnecessary for purposes of invited-error analysis, see Parker, 231 Ariz. at
5
STATE v. ROBERTSON
Opinion of the Court
405-06, ¶¶ 58, 61-62 (finding invited error from stipulations without
determining which party had requested the stipulation).
¶17 Here, even if A.R.S. § 13-116 would have otherwise precluded
a consecutive sentence, Robertson is precluded from challenging the error
on appeal. See State v. Escalante, 245 Ariz. 135, 145, ¶ 38 (2018) (holding that
the invited-error doctrine precludes appellate relief even when error is
fundamental and prejudicial). Robertson's 2003 plea agreement expressly
stipulated that her probationary term was consecutive to her term of
imprisonment and that "if [she] violate[d] any of the written conditions of
[her] probation, [her] probation may be terminated and [she could] be
sentenced to any term or terms state[d] [in the agreement] . . . without
limitation." The superior court specifically found that Robertson had
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered her plea agreement, as
required by Rules 17.1(b), 17.2, and 17.3. Through her plea agreement and
stipulation to a consecutive term of probation, Robertson explicitly
bargained for and accepted the possibility of a consecutive prison sentence
if she were found to have committed a subsequent violation of the terms of
her probation. Having made such a stipulation, Robertson cannot now
argue that a sentence of imprisonment constituted error.
CONCLUSION
¶18 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the superior court's July
12, 2017 order revoking Robertson's probation and imposing a term of
imprisonment.
AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA
6