Vertex Aerospace, LLC v. United States

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 19-219C
(Filed: April 22, 2019)
*Opinion originally filed under seal on April 4, 2019

)
VERTEX AEROSPACE, LLC, )
)
Plaintiff, ) Bid Protest; Post-award; Judgment on
) the Administrative Record; Motion to
v.
) Dismiss; Motion to Supplement;
THE UNITED STATES, ) Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject
) Matter Jurisdiction; RCFC 12(b)(1);
Defendant, ) Timeliness; Blue & Gold Waiver.
)
and )
)
DYNCORP INTERNATIONAL, LLC, )
)
Defendant-Intervenor. )
)

W. Jay DeVecchio, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. J. Alex Ward, James A. Tucker, R.
Locke Bell, and Caitlin A. Crujido, Washington, D.C. of counsel.

Adam E. Lyons, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.,
with whom were Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Robert E. Kircshman, Jr.,
Director, and Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, for defendant. R. Montana
Erickson, Assistant Counsel, Naval Air Warfare Center, Training Systems Division,
Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C., of counsel.

Scott M. McCaleb, Washington, D.C., for defendant-intervenor. Brian G. Walsh, Moshe
B. Broder, and Colin J. Cloherty, Washington, D.C. of counsel.

OPINION

FIRESTONE, Senior Judge

This post-award bid protest has been brought by the incumbent contract holder,

Vertex AeroSpace, LLC (“Vertex” or “plaintiff”), against the United States Department
of the Navy (the “Navy”) in connection with a procurement decision for a broad range of

helicopter maintenance, recovery, supply, and repair services for the Navy’s flight

training operations at the Naval Air Station Whiting Field (“NAWSF”) in Florida. The

awardee, DynCorp International, LLC (“DynCorp”), intervened without objection on

February 8, 2019. (ECF No. 13). Vertex’s complaint has four counts. In Count I, Vertex

claims that the Navy acted arbitrarily and capriciously and abused its discretion when it

assigned Vertex’s proposal a Moderate Technical Risk Rating. In Count II, Vertex claims

that the Navy acted arbitrarily and capriciously and abused its discretion when it failed to

assign DynCorp a Moderate or High Technical Risk Rating. In Count III, Vertex alleges

that the Navy acted arbitrarily and capriciously and abused its discretion when the Navy

concluded that DynCorp’s proposal provided the best value for the Navy. Finally, in

Count IV, Vertex argues that the Navy acted not in accordance with law when the Navy

failed to amend the Solicitation despite allegedly having determined that the Solicitation

did not reflect the Navy’s requirements.

Pending before the court is: (1) the government’s and DynCorp’s motions to

dismiss Count IV of Vertex’s complaint under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United

States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”) on the grounds that the claim is not timely and

under RCFC 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted (ECF

Nos. 35, 38); (2) Vertex’s motion to supplement the administrative record with

documents relevant to Count IV of Vertex’s complaint (ECF No. 40); and (3) the parties’

cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record (ECF Nos. 41, 42, 43).

2
 For the reasons that follow, the court finds that the Navy was not arbitrary and

capricious, and the Navy did not abuse its discretion in its evaluation of Vertex’s and

DynCorp’s proposals and in deciding that DynCorp’s proposal provided the best value

for the Navy. Thus, the government’s and DynCorp’s motions for judgment on the

administrative record for Counts I, II, and III are GRANTED and Vertex’s motion for

judgment on the administrative record for Counts I, II, and III is DENIED.

The court also finds that Count IV of Vertex’s complaint is not timely and Vertex

waived this claim by failing to raise it before award. Therefore, the government and

DynCorp’s motions to dismiss Count IV are GRANTED. Vertex’s motion to supplement

the administrative record with regard to Count IV and the cross-motions for judgment on

the administrative record with regard to Count IV are DENIED AS MOOT.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The Navy issued the subject Request for Proposals (“RFP”) No. N61340-18-R-

0905 on December 7, 2017. Administrative Record (“AR”) 11976.1 The RFP sought

proposals for a contractor to “provide all logistics support services including labor,

services, equipment, tools, direct and indirect material . . . required to support and

maintain all Navy TH-57 aircraft,2 aircraft systems, and related support equipment[.]” AR

8768. The contract is to be for two years, with two one-year options thereafter. AR 8754.

1
The RFP was amended eight times, but those amendments are not at issue. AR 14320, 14441,
14565, 14767, 14773, 15128, 15314, and 15557.
2
TH-57 refers to a specific type of helicopter which is a variation of the commercial Bell Jet
Ranger. AR 438.
3
 A. The RFP Evaluation Criteria And Proposed Work

The RFP provided that proposals would be evaluated on a best-value tradeoff

approach based on the following three factors listed in descending order of importance:

technical, past performance, and price. AR 8754. The RFP stated that “[i]n addition, the

Offeror’s technical proposal will be reviewed to determine if it is consistent with the

cost/price proposal where applicable, and reflects a clear understanding of the scope of

work necessary to meet the solicitation requirements.” AR 940. The RFP stated that

“[t]he burden of proof for all substantiation within the proposal rests with the Offeror.”

AR 12715.

Under the RFP, the technical factor provided for two assessments: (1) an

assessment of the offeror’s compliance with the RFP’s requirements which would make

up the technical rating; and (2) an assessment of the risk associated with the offeror’s

proposed approach which would make up the Technical Risk Rating. AR 941. Regarding

the Technical Risk Rating, the RFP states that the Technical Risk Rating will be based on

“the potential for disruption of schedule, increased cost, degradation of performance, the

need to increase Government oversight, or the likelihood of unsuccessful contract

performance.” AR 941. Offerors were required to provide information about their

approach to maintenance and flight line operations, operations experience, supply support

experience, manning, transition phase-in, quality control, and small business utilization

strategies. AR 927-28. Of significance in this case, offerors needed to demonstrate

operational experience and to show experience in “performing aircraft maintenance and

flight operations at a high operational tempo[,]” “performing aircraft maintenance and

4
flight operations on rotary wing aircraft[,]” and “utilizing Naval Aviation Maintenance

Program (NAMP) processes[.]” AR 927. Offerors were also required to demonstrate

operational experience through the “use of contracts submitted for Past Performance.” Id.

The RFP stated that operational experience would “not be a component of the Technical

Rating; rather, the evaluation will only assess risk (i.e., risk reducers or significant

weakness) as a component of the Technical Risk Rating.” 3

Under the terms of the RFP, offerors would be rated either acceptable or

unacceptable for their technical rating. AR 943. Regarding the Technical Risk Rating, the

RFP provided that a range of ratings including ratings of Low, Moderate, High, and

Unacceptable would be given. AR 944. In determining the Technical Risk Rating, the

RFP indicated that the Navy would identify risk reducers, weaknesses,4 significant

weaknesses,5 and deficiencies6 in an offeror’s proposed approach. AR 944-45. A Low

Technical Risk Rating would be given to proposals where the “[p]roposal may contain

weakness(es) which have little potential to cause disruption of schedule, increased cost or

degradation of performance. Normal contractor effort and normal Government

monitoring will likely be able to overcome any difficulties.” AR 944. A Moderate

Technical Risk Rating would be given to proposals where the proposal “contains a

3
The RFP defined a risk reducer as an “aspect of an Offeror’s proposal that reduces risk in a way
that will be advantageous to the Government during contract performance.” AR 944.
4
The RFP defined a weakness as “a flaw in the proposal that increases the risk of unsuccessful
contract performance.” AR 945.
5
The RFP defined significance weakness as “a flaw that appreciably increases the risk of
unsuccessful contract performance.” AR 945.
6
The RFP defined a deficiency as “a material failure of a proposal to meet a Government
requirement or a combination of significant weaknesses in a proposal that increases the risk of
unsuccessful contract performance to an unacceptable level.” AR 945.
5
significant weakness or combination of weaknesses which may potentially cause

disruption of schedule, increased cost or degradation of performance. Special contractor

emphasis and close Government monitoring will likely be able to overcome difficulties.”

Id. A High Technical Risk Rating would be given to a proposal that “contains a

significant weakness or combination of weaknesses which is likely to cause significant

disruption of schedule, increased cost or degradation of performance, is unlikely to

overcome any difficulties, even with special contractor emphasis and close Government

monitoring.” Id. Finally, the RFP stated that a proposal would receive an Unacceptable

Technical Risk Rating if the proposal “contains a material failure or a combination of

significant weaknesses that increases the risk of unsuccessful performance to an

unacceptable level.” Id. By its terms, the RFP provided that a High Technical Risk Rating

would make the offer unawardable. AR 941.

In addition to the foregoing regarding the Technical Risk Rating, the RFP stated

that the “Government will also perform a price realism analysis” for several Contract

Line Item Numbers (“CLINs”) including CLIN 0X08. AR 945.7 Under CLIN 0X08,

depot conditional maintenance, the contractor is required to provide the labor necessary

to perform the depot-level maintenance and repairs that are identified in the Aircraft

Condition Inspection (“ACI”). AR 440. The RFP stated “for CLIN 0X08, the adequacy of

the buildup of the composite labor rate may be assessed a significant weakness under the

7
The RFP defined price realism to mean that the prices in an offeror’s proposal “(1) Are realistic
for the work to be performed; (2) Reflect a clear understanding of the requirements; and (3) Are
consistent with the various elements of the Offeror’s technical proposal.” AR 945.
6
Technical Factor evaluation.” AR 942. CLIN 0X08 was singled out for closer scrutiny

because CLIN 0X08 did not have a “predefined scope of work.” AR 444. Rather, the

work would be based on the Navy’s needs and the offeror’s proposed composite labor

rate. AR 443. The RFP also stated that proposing “a profit of less than three percent (3%)

for CLINs 0X01, 0X02, 0X04, 0X07, or 0X08” may result in a significant weakness

which may “result in a Moderate Technical Risk Rating.” AR 444.

The RFP provided guidance for providing buildup for composite labor rates for

CLIN 0X08. The RFP stated that the “[o]fferor shall identify the indirect rates . . . used in

the proposal.” AR 934. It further required that offerors “identify whether the indirect

rates proposed are [Forward Pricing Rate Agreements (“FPRAs”)], 8 [Forward Pricing

Rate Recommendations (“FPRRs”)],9 [Forward Pricing Rate Proposals (“FPRPs”)],

[Collective Bargaining Agreements (“CBAs”)], [Area Wage Determinations (‘AWDs”)],

[Administrative Contractive Officer (“ACO”)]/[Defense Contracting Audit Agency

(“DCAA”)] recommended rates, or Offeror proposed rates.” AR 934-35. The RFP stated

that “[i]f indirect rate proposals are from other than FPRAs, CBAs, AWDs, ACO/DCAA

recommended rates or Offeror proposed rates then the Offeror shall clearly identify the

source of the indirect rates and substantiate their buildup.” AR 935. The RFP required the

8
FAR § 2.101 defines FPRAs as “a written agreement negotiated between a contractor and the
Government to make certain rates available during a specified period for use in pricing contracts
or modifications. These rates represent reasonable projections of specific costs that are not easily
estimated for, identified with, or generated by a specific contract.”
9
FAR § 2.101 defines FRPPs as “a rate set unilaterally by the administrative contracting officer
for use by the Government in negotiations or other contract actions when forward pricing rate
agreement negotiations have not been completed or when the contractor will not agree to a
forward pricing rate agreement.”
7
offeror to provide any “FPRA, FPRR, FPRP documents used” and for the Offeror to

provide “a schedule which contains the proposed burden rates by year for material, direct

labor overhead, General and Administrative (G&A) expense, and any other applicable

burden applied to direct cost elements and shall include how the burden rates are

calculated or built up.” Id.

Regarding the past performance factor, the RFP indicated that each offeror will be

given a Performance Confidence Rating of “Substantial, Satisfactory, Neutral, Limited,

and No Confidence.” AR 944. The past performance evaluation was intended to allow the

Navy to evaluate the offeror’s “demonstrated past performance in delivering quality

products and services similar to the solicitation requirements[.]” AR 942. The RFP

explained, however, that whether an offeror’s past performance would be relevant for this

solicitation would depend on the Navy’s evaluation of the “scope, magnitude, and

complexity” of the prior work and the “nature of the work performed, number of flight

hours, and number of aircraft.” Id. Only work determined to be Very Relevant10 or

Somewhat Relevant11 would be considered. Id.

10
The RFP defined Very Relevant as “[p]resent/past performance effort involved essentially the
same scope and magnitude of effort and complexities this solicitation requires.” AR 945. It
further indicated that the same scope, magnitude, and complexity can be found where the
“Offeror has demonstrated performance as the Prime Contractor or JV Team Member in a high
Operational Tempo environment: (1) in Aircraft Flight Operations/Coordination on rotary wing
aircraft AND (2) in Aircraft Maintenance on rotary wing aircraft.” Id.
11
The RFP defined Somewhat Relevant as “[p]resent/past performance effort involved some of
the scope and magnitude of effort and complexities this solicitation requires.” AR 945.
Specifically, here the Somewhat Relevant rating applied if the offeror “demonstrated
performance supporting at least 10,000 flight hours annually AND at least 40 aircraft at one site
in either: (1) Aircraft Flight Operations/Coordination OR (2) Aircraft Maintenance.” AR 946.
8
 Finally, with regard to Price, the RFP indicated that prices for CLINS would “be

evaluated to determine reasonableness, completeness, and to ensure [CLINs] contain no

material imbalances.” Id. Under the RFP, the Navy reserved the right to open discussions

and request revised proposals if the Navy determined that doing so was in the Navy’s

best interest. AR 940.

B. Initial Proposal, Discussions, and Final Proposals

Vertex and DynCorp were the only offerors to timely submit proposals to the

Navy. AR 444, 8755. Both Vertex and DynCorp’s proposals were based on the Navy’s

identified need of support for “up to 6,500 scheduled flight hours per month,” plus an

additional amount of variable flight hours.12 AR 14201.13 After the proposals were

submitted, the Navy decided to open discussions and sent evaluation notices (“EN”) to

both offerors. AR 8755. Vertex had initially proposed Manufacturing Overhead rates

ranging from [. . .] to [. . .] at the Crestview site. AR 135012. Vertex proposed G&A rates

ranging from [. . .] to [. . .]. Id.

The Navy issued EN l3-CP-022 to Vertex. In the EN the Navy asked Vertex to

explain its Manufacturing Overhead rates. The Navy explained that it appeared that

Vertex had “identified . . .rates . . . derived from an unpublished overhead expense

forecast” but “did not provide any detail to substantiate its buildup[.]” AR 135080. In

12
The RFP defined Variable Flight Hours as “those scheduled flight hours needed that exceed
the hours in the Fixed Price Flight Hour CLIN 0X01.” AR 14201-202.
13
Vertex had questioned the decision to schedule only 6,500 flight hours per month, and the
Navy confirmed that under the contract, CLIN 0X01 is scheduled for 6,500 scheduled hours and
if it required “more scheduled hours than 6500 per month” the additional hours “will be ordered
under CLIN 0X02.” AR 11784.
9
response, Vertex provided the Navy with “Pricing and Estimating Bulletin 003: Forward

Pricing Rates (FPR)” which Vertex stated substantiated “the proposed Indirect Rates.”

AR 135081. The Bulletin was signed and approved by Vertex. AR 135083. Vertex also

stated that two rates in question contained [. . .] percent “challenge[s] . . . based on the

anticipated growth of the company and associated base increase.” AR 135081. Upon

receiving the Bulletin, the Navy concluded that Vertex’s explanation of the [. . .] percent

challenge “create[d] some risk, but . . . [that] risk was not significant enough to be

identified as a weakness or significant weakness.” AR 452.

After the aforementioned discussions, the Navy sought final proposal revisions

(“FPR1”). AR 444, 8492. After receiving the FPR1, the Navy reopened discussions. AR

444, 8494. The Navy held discussions with DynCorp regarding an issue of past

performance which DynCorp had not had an opportunity to address. AR 134953-56. The

Navy did not, however, hold any further discussions with Vertex. AR 452. After

discussions with DynCorp were completed, the Navy requested that each offeror submit

their second final proposal revisions (“FPR2”). AR 452, 8495. Both Vertex and DynCorp

submitted new final proposals.

In its FPR2, Vertex included a change to several labor rates for CLIN 0X08 the

largest fixed price CLIN. The change resulted in a price reduction of $[. . .] for CLIN

0X08. AR 138652 (CLIN 0X08 price of $[. . .] in FPR1); AR 138871 (CLIN 0X08 price

of $[. . .] in FPR2). In FPR2, Vertex’s aircraft maintenance rate (“MMRO rate”) for

CLIN 0X08 dropped from [. . .] to [. . .] and G&A dropped from [. . .] to [. . .]. AR 8402,

5009. Vertex included a section in its FPR2 entitled “Indirect Rate Substantiation.” Id. In

10
the rate substantiation section of Vertex’s FPR2, Vertex explained that “G&A Rates will

be combined for Vertex as a whole, thereby converting Crestview Aerospace’s value-

based G&A rate to a total cost input (TCI) rate” which “significantly lowers the overall

rate by allocating costs across material and a much larger company-wide pool.” Id.

Vertex further stated that “performing all [Aircraft Conditions Inspections] at Crestview

will contribute to an increased aircraft maintenance labor base, which will allow

segregation of aircraft maintenance (MMRO) and manufacturing overheads.” Id. Vertex

continued by stating that “an MMRO Overhead Rate has been established using existing

costs and historical modification trends for purposes of a basis of estimate on segregated

costs and base pool[.]” Id. Based on the foregoing, Vertex concluded that the “[. . .]

manufacturing rate that was utilized in the proposal included additional challenges . . . on

indirect expenses when compared to the MMRO rates shown in the chart below.” AR

5009-5010. The FPR2 included a chart titled “Crestview Aerospace 2019-2023

Forecasted Manufacturing Rates” that separated Manufacturing and MMRO rates. AR

5010. The chart showed forecasted MMRO rates from 2019 through 2023 ranging from [.

. .] to [. . .]. Id.

The Navy noted the change in MMRO and G&A rates in Vertex’s FPR2. AR

8402. The Navy reopened discussions to provide Vertex an opportunity to further address

the large rate decrease. In the EN sent to Vertex, EN l3-CP-030 (“EN-30”), the Navy

explained that it was concerned that Vertex had not substantiated the lower indirect rates

it was proposing for CLIN 0X08. Id. The Navy stated that the FPR2 “update did not

provide detailed substantiation for” the decrease in MMRO and G&A rates. Id. The EN

11
stated that “the Price narrative references future rates as of January 1, 2019, as provided

in Exhibit 3, but the proposal does not include any substantiating document to support the

buildup of those rates as required by the RFP. As such, this may be assessed a weakness.”

Id. The Navy requested that Vertex submit “any documents, such as an FPRA, FPRR, or

FPRP, used as substantiation for [Vertex’s FPR2] proposal.” Id.

Vertex provided a response to the Navy. AR 8471. In its response, Vertex repeated

much of the same information as it had included in FPR2. Id. Additionally, Vertex

acknowledged that its [. . .] MMRO rate was based on “additional challenges (i.e., proven

continuous process improvement efforts),” which modified its rates of [. . .] in 2019, [. . .]

in 2020, [. . .] in 2021, [. . .] in 2022, and [. . .] in 2023 to a [. . .] each year. AR 8471.

Vertex linked its proposed rates to its “Strategic Plan,” which Vertex stated does “not

represent a formal Forward Pricing Rate Proposal.” AR 8471-72. Vertex stated that

“[t]hese rates represent the most current, complete and accurate rates available based on

information at that time.” Id. Further, the “rates were submitted to the [Defense

Administrating Contract Officer (“DACO”)] for information purposes only, but do not

represent a formal Forward Pricing Rate Proposal (FPRP).” Id. Vertex wrote that the

“cost models used to support the planning rates are available to the DACO or DCAA for

purposes of determining adequacy or reasonableness” but “these cost models reflect

preliminary estimates based on the most current available information.” Id. Vertex was

working to “complete an updated Disclosure Statement and auditable FPRP submittal,”

but had not yet done so. Id. “Once the Strategic Plan has been completed and approved

12
by management, those rates will form the supporting basis of our formal FPRP

submission.” Id.

In reference to Vertex’s submission, the government “spoke with the DACO and

he confirmed that [Vertex] had requested certification of the Strategic Plan Rates;

however, the DACO has not reviewed these rates nor has he received a formal FRP from

[Vertex].” AR 137908.

After receiving Vertex’s response to EN-30, the Navy requested a third set of final

proposal revisions (“FPR3”). AR 8499. Vertex submitted a letter stating that its

discussion and responses constituted its FPR3. AR 8557. Vertex did not change its

proposal price for CLIN 0X08 in its FPR3. Id.

C. The Navy’s Concerns With Vertex’s Failure To Substantiate Its CLIN
0X08 Indirect Rates
The Navy’s first evaluation of indirect rates began with the Source Selection

Evaluation Board’s (“SSEB”) review of the two proposals. The SSEB found that

Vertex’s price proposal was “unrealistic due to the indirect rates applied in CLIN 0X08.”

The SSEB explained its finding by stating that “Crestview’s Overhead and G&A rates

were decreased in FPR2; however, an updated Estimating Bulletin was not provided and

the changes were not reflected in its Price narrative . . . the buildup is inadequate because

[Vertex] did not adequately substantiate the rates it proposed.” AR 8561. As part of its

analysis, the SSEB specifically identified Vertex’s failure “to verify the decrease in

rates,” and Vertex’s failure to “provide an updated L-9 attachment in response to [EN-

13
30].” AR 8556. The SSEB also noted that Vertex admitted that its rates were only

“preliminary estimates” and had not been approved. AR 8557.

In addition to its report, the SSEB also prepared a brief, which, in relevant part,

examined the risk associated with Vertex’s failure to substantiate indirect rates. In the

SSEB’s brief, the SSEB noted Vertex’s failure to substantiate its FPR3 rates, and thus the

concern that the CLIN 0X08 buildup, “may lead to underpriced labor efforts equivalent to

approximately [. . .] hours per year.” AR 8575. The SSEB stated that Vertex’s potential

under-pricing could adversely impact aircraft availability. Id.

The Navy’s Source Selection Advisory Council (“SSAC”) also reviewed and

considered Vertex’s indirect rate proposal. AR 8601. The SSAC determined that Vertex

had failed to substantiate its “rates.” AR 8599. The SSAC further noted that the Navy had

specifically notified offerors that the Navy may assess a significant weakness for

proposals that failed to adequately buildup the CLIN 0X08 composite labor rate. Id.

After receiving the SSEB’s and SSAC’s determinations, the Navy’s Source

Selection Authority (“SSA”) conducted its own “thorough and independent assessment of

the facts, findings, and analysis,” and the SSA agreed that Vertex’s CLIN 0X08 buildup

was unsubstantiated and that Vertex had “not sufficiently address[ed] the Evaluation

Notice sent requesting substantiation.” AR 8609. The SSA further noted that the Navy’s

focus was on “a low risk technical approach and confidence that the work would be

performed successfully.” Id.

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 D. The Navy’s Evaluation of Risks and Final Determination

For each proposal, the SSEB Report describes the proposed risk reducers the Navy

accepted or rejected. For DynCorp, the Navy rejected twenty-four proposed risk

reducers: twelve proposed risk reducers related to the Maintenance and Flight Line

Operations Approach; three proposed risk reducers in connection with Operational

Experience; one proposed risk reducer related to Manning; five proposed risk reducers

related to Transition Phase-In; and three proposed risk reducers related to DynCorp’s

Quality Control Program Plan. AR 137860-65. For Vertex, the Navy rejected fourteen

proposed risk reducers: four proposed risk reducers related to the Maintenance and

Flight Line Operations Approach; two proposed risk reducers related to the Operational

Experience section; three proposed risk reducers related to Manning; three proposed risk

reducers related to Transition Phase-In; and one proposed risk reducer related to Vertex’s

Quality Control Program Plan. AR 137874-79. The Navy considered Vertex’s proposed

trucks with winches as dedicated recovery resources and determined that providing

recovery resources was standard and thus was not a risk reducer. AR 8525; see AR 14216

(providing effective performance of recovery operations is a requirement in the RFP).

The Navy also considered and rejected Vertex’s proposed risk reducer for a civilian body

to certify Vertex for a quality control program because the Navy preferred to conduct its

own oversight of this standard. AR 8524-25.

The SSEB Report also identified the proposed risk reducers the Navy accepted.

For DynCorp, the SSEB Report identified eleven risk reducers that benefit the Navy and

improved the likelihood of successful performance. AR 137866-70. For Vertex, eight

15
risk reducers were identified. AR 137879-83. The SSAC expressly considered whether

any of Vertex’s accepted risk reducers would offset or mitigate the Significant Weakness

associated with Vertex’s CLIN 0X08 unsubstantiated rates and concluded that “this

significant weakness cannot be mitigated by [Vertex’s] risk reducers and may, in some

cases, neutralize some of the risk reduction benefits cited in the SSEB report.” AR

137952.

In its conclusion, the SSEB stated:

The lack of adequate substantiation for the composite labor rate for CLIN 0X08
raises the concern that [Vertex] may not be able to staff to the levels needed to
meet the required TAT [turn-around time] of 190 days. Delays in TAT would
impact aircraft availability and the Offeror’s ability to meet the DFS [daily
fielding schedule] requirements because of fewer available aircraft. The potential
underpricing of the composite labor rate by using the [. . .] aircraft maintenance
(MMRO) rate increases the risk to the program and is a significance weakness in
[Vertex’s] proposal.
AR 8757-58. Thereafter, the SSAC reviewed the evaluation record and concluded:
A comparison between the Offerors reveals that [DynCorp] has an advantage over
[Vertex] in Technical, the most important factor. With respect to Past
Performance, [Vertex] has an advantage over [DynCorp] based upon its positive
past performance on the current TH-57 CLS [contractor logistics support] effort
with no notable adverse past performance without demonstrated systemic
improvement.

When all factors are considered in accordance with the evaluation criteria set forth
in the RFP, [DynCorp] has the advantage. [Vertex’s] only advantage is in the
second most important factor and the benefits derived from that aspect of
[Vertex’s] proposal are not sufficient to overcome [DynCorp’s] advantages in the
other factors. [DynCorp] holds an advantage in the Technical factor which is of
greater importance than the Past Performance factor. . . . [DynCorp’s] TEP [total
evaluated price] is slightly lower than [Vertex’s] TEP. Further, [Vertex’s] price
may be low considering the unsubstantiated underpriced rate associated with
CLIN 0X08, and, as a result [Vertex] was assessed a significant weakness in the
Technical factor because the unsubstantiated price appreciably increases the risk
that DFS [daily fielding schedule] requirements may not be met by [Vertex]. In the

16
 SSAC’s opinion . . . [DynCorp’s] proposal provides the best value to the
Government.
AR 8758. Finally, the SSA reviewed the record and performed an independent
assessment. The SSA stated:
Given the nature of high operational tempo (OPTEMPO) for the TH-57 aircraft
that conduct Training operations, the Government decided that it would place
emphasis on having a low risk technical approach and confidence that the work
would be performed successfully. . . . As a result, according to the [solicitiation]
criteria, the Government emphasized the risk associated with an acceptable
technical approach as being the most important consideration in the best value
decision.
AR 8758-59. The SSA concluded:
Based on my independent assessment, I agree with the SSAC’s comparative
analysis and recommendation that, in accordance with the evaluation criteria, the
[DynCorp] proposal provided the best value, all factors considered. Therefore, in
accordance with the evaluation criteria, I select [DynCorp] for award of the TH-57
CLS contract.
AR 8759.
The SSA, after reviewing all relevant information and evaluations, determined that

DynCorp offered the superior technical approach. The SSA stated with regard to Vertex’s

proposal:

While on its face, the five additional mechanics appear to provide risk reduction
benefits, the significant weakness associated with the unsubstantiated rate on
CLIN 0X08 may negate this benefit because if there are not enough aircraft to
support the DFS there will be fewer maintenance action; therefore, the
Government may not benefit from having additional mechanics.
AR 137863. The SSA then compared DynCorp and Vertex’s proposal:

Overall, [DynCorp] has an advantage over [Vertex] in the Technical Factor
considering the risk associated with [Vertex’s] potentially underpriced CLIN
0X08 work that increases the risk to meeting the TAT requirement for depot
conditional work and also the DFS requirement. Further, while [Vertex’s]
Operational Experience is directly relatable to the requirements in this solicitation,
given that it is the incumbent, [DynCorp] offers comparable operational
experience through its combined work on a few contracts. [DynCorp] is
performing work in a high OPTEMP environment on non-rotary wing aircraft and

17
 also has experience performing on rotary wing aircraft at a lower OPTEMP and
this combined experience gives the Government confidence that [Dyncorp] will
successfully be able to perform the work. [Dyncorp] offered eleven risk reducers,
including [. . .] as examples, which are likely to improve its ability to meet the
DFS.
AR 137963. The SSA ultimately concluded that DynCorp represented the best overall

value to the Government:

In the final analysis, I had to bear in mind the Section M criteria which named
technical as the most important factor. Given my concern that the [Vertex]
significant weakness may negate some of the potential risk reducers offered by
[Vertex], I stand firm in my assessment that [DynCorp] has an advantage over
[Vertex] in the technical factor. While [Vertex] has Operational Experience
performing essentially the same requirements as those required by the TH-57 CLS
solicitation and two other contracts, [DynCorp] also has comparable Operational
Experience through its work across three contracts and this experience, when
combined, is indicative that [DynCorp] will be able to meet the requirement of the
TH-57 contract. Additionally, [DynCorp’s] proposal offers risk reduction in
several areas, as compared to [Vertex’s], that may provide day-to-day benefit in
the maintenance operations to ensure that it can meet the DFS requirements.
Further, while [Veretx] has a slight advantage in Past Performance, as
demonstrated by a Substantial Confidence Assessment rating, my assessment is
that it falls toward the lower end of the Substantial range given that it does have
some adverse PPI which remains or has shown only partial systemic improvement.
On the other hand, [DynCorp’s] past performance falls toward the high end of the
Satisfactory range and the remaining instances of adverse PPI described in the
SSEB report also document that systemic improvement measures have been
implemented, though not yet fully demonstrated. These remaining instances of
adverse PPI are not so egregious that it would lessen the confidence of the
Government that [DynCorp] could successfully perform the work for the TH-57
contract. Moreover, [DynCorp] offers the lowest priced proposal and does not
contain any realism concerns as documented in the SSEB Report. As a result,
[Vertex’s] only advantage is in the second most important factor and the
associated benefits are not sufficient to overcome [DynCorp’s] advantages in the
other factors, especially in light of the overall order of importance.
AR 137964-65. The Navy made its award to DynCorp on October 12, 2018. AR 137967.
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Following the award to DynCorp, Vertex filed a protest before the Government

Accountability Office (“GAO”). In that protest, Vertex complained that the Navy had
18
erred in assigning a Moderate Technical Risk Rating to Vertex’s proposal. AR 8759.

Vertex also challenged the Navy’s evaluation of its proposal as compared to the Navy’s

evaluation of DynCorp’s proposal. Vertex claimed that the Navy had reviewed its

proposal too harshly and had not reviewed DynCorp’s proposal harshly enough. Id. The

GAO denied the protest on February 5, 2019. The GAO found it “clear” that the Navy

had structured the solicitation “to put offerors on notice regarding the importance of

technical risk and the agency’s concerns regarding unsubstantiated price proposals –

particularly with regard to the composite labor rate proposed for CLIN 0X08” and that

there was no basis to “question either the procedures employed in connection with, or the

substance of, the agency’s determination that Vertex’s FPR2 rates were inadequately

substantiated.” AR 8760-61. The GAO also found “no basis to question the agency’s

conclusion that Vertex’s response to the agency’s discussion questions failed to provide

any meaningful substantiation, and actually presented additional indications that the rates

were unreliable.” AR 8761. The GAO found Vertex’s remaining contentions to be

without merit. AR 8759, 8761.

Vertex initially filed its action in this Court on February 7, 2019. (ECF No. 1). On

February 19, 2019, Vertex filed an amended complaint. (ECF No. 34). In its amended

complaint, Vertex added a new claim alleging that, on February 12, 2019, it “became

aware” that the Navy “intends to modify the contract” to increase its expectation of

monthly flight hours. Am. Compl. ¶ 69. Vertex supported these allegations with a

19
declaration from one of its employees. Id. at Ex. 13. Based on this, Vertex alleged that

the Navy knew that the RFP inaccurately represented the Navy’s needs pre-award.

The government and intervenor, DynCorp, filed motions to dismiss Count IV of

the amended complaint on February 21, 2019. Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss; DynCorp’s Mot. to

Dismiss. The government included a declaration from the contracting officer for the

DynCorp contract in which she affirmed that she had not modified nor had made any

decision to modify DynCorp’s contract. The Contracting Officer also stated that the Navy

had addressed all of its work needs prior to the contract award through eight amendments

to the solicitation and thus did not anticipate changes. Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at Ex. 1 ¶¶

3-4. In response, Vertex filed a motion to supplement the Administrative Record with a

screenshot of a portion of an email that Vertex asserts proves the Navy’s intent to modify

DynCorp’s contract. Mot. to Supp. At Ex. A.

The parties also filed cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record.

Vertex Mot. for J. on the Admin. Rec. (“Vertex’s MJAR”); Def. Cross-Mot. for J. on the

Admin. Rec. (“Def’s MJAR”); DynCorp Cross-Mot. for J. on the Admin. Rec.

(DynCorp’s MJAR”). Briefing was completed on March 11, 2019. Oral argument was

held on March 22, 2019.

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Motion For Judgment On The Administrative Record

This court exercises jurisdiction over a post-award bid protest under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1491(b). In a bid protest, the court applies the standards set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 706, and

20
may set aside an award only if the agency’s action was “‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse

of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” Palladian Partners, Inc. v.

United States, 783 F.3d 1243, 1252 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (quoting Savantage Fin. Servs. v.

United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1285 (Fed. Cir. 2010)). An agency’s decision is arbitrary

and capricious where the agency “‘entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the

problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before

the agency, or [the decision] is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference

in view or the product of agency expertise.’” Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc. v. United States,

586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm

Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)).

“This standard is ‘highly deferential.’” Sims v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 119,

129-30, (2016), aff’d, 655 F. App’x 826 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting Advanced Data

Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). “The court’s task

is to determine whether ‘(1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or

(2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.’”

Palladian Partners, Inc., 783 F.3d at 1252 (quoting Savantage, 595 F.3d at 1285-86).

“[W]hen such decisions have a rational basis and are supported by the record, they will

be upheld.” NCL Logistics Co. v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 596, 610 (2013) (quoting

Bender Shipbuilding & Repair Co. v. United States, 297 F.3d 1358, 1362 (Fed. Cir.

2002)). Moreover, the court must “uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if the

agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.” Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best

Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974) (citation omitted). Furthermore, “‘[i]f the

21
court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court should stay its hand even

though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a different conclusion as to the

proper administration and application of the procurement regulations.’” Honeywell, Inc.

v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v.

Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C. Cir. 1971)).

In short, the “‘disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of showing that the award

decision had no rational basis.’” Colonial Press. Intern., Inc. v. United States, 788 F.3d

1350, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029,

1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009)). Thus, in procurement decisions, a protestor can prevail only

“when it is clear that the agency’s determinations are irrational and unreasonable.” Orion

Tech., Inc. v. United States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing R & W

Flammann GmbH v. United States, 339 F.3d 1320, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2003)).

B. Motion To Dismiss Due To Subject Matter Jurisdiction

The standards upon which motions to dismiss for lack of subject matter

jurisdiction can be granted are well-settled. McKuhn v. United States, No. 18-107C, 2018

WL 2126909, at *2 (Fed. Cl. May 9, 2018). The plaintiff has to establish the court’s

subject matter jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. Fid. & Guard. Ins.

Underwriters, Inc. v. United States, 805 F.3d 1082, 1087 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citing Brandt

v. United States, 710 F.3d 1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2013)). “In deciding a motion to dismiss

for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, the court accepts as true all uncontroverted factual

allegations in the complaint, and construes them in the light most favorable to the

plaintiff.” Estes Exp. Lines v. United States, 739 F.3d 689, 692 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

22
Additionally, the court can “look beyond the pleadings and ‘inquire into jurisdictional

facts’ to determine whether jurisdiction exists.” BRC Lease Co. v. United States, 93 Fed.

Cl. 67, 71 (2010) (quoting Rocovich v. United States, 933 F.2d 991, 993 (Fed. Cir.

1991)). Here, the court must decide whether Count IV of Vertex’s amended complaint is

timely. A plaintiff that “has the opportunity to object to the terms of a government solicitation

containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of the bidding process waives its

ability to raise the same objection subsequently in a bid protest action in the Court of Federal

Claims.” Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

Further, if an offeror “does not claim to have been unaware of the alleged defect” prior to

contract award, the offeror cannot protest the solicitation terms after award. Comint Systems

Corp. v United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1382 (Fed Cir. 2012).

IV. DISCUSSION

The court will address the motions briefed in the following order. The court begins

by considering the arguments associated with the cross-motions for judgment on the

administrative record with regard to Counts I, II, and II. The court will then turn to

Vertex’s motion to supplement the administrative record in support of Count IV of its

amended complaint and the governments and DynCorp’s motions to dismiss Count IV.

A. The Navy’s Assignment Of A Moderate Risk Rating To Vertex Was
Not Arbitrary, Capricious, Nor An Abuse Of Discretion
Vertex alleges that (1) the Navy’s determination that Vertex failed “to adequately

support its MMRO Overhead rate” and G&A rate was irrational, that (2) even if the

determination was rational, it was irrational for the Navy to “assign Vertex a significant

weakness on this basis,” and (3) that even if Vertex’s failure to substantiate its rates

23
warranted an assignment of a significant risk, it was irrational to give Vertex’s proposal a

Moderate Technical Risk Rating. Amend. Compl. ¶¶ 77-79, 91-92.

1. The Navy’s Conclusion That Vertex Failed to Substantiate
Vertex’s MMRO and G&A Rate Was Rational
Vertex argues that the Navy’s conclusion that Vertex’s MMRO and G&A rates for

fixed price CLIN 0X08 (the largest portion of the work to be contracted) was irrational

because according to Vertex its submission “met the [RFP’s] requirement to ‘include

how [its] burden rates are calculated or built up,’” and because Vertex “provided

substantiating data in exactly the same format and level of detail the Agency had

previously found adequate.” Vertex’s MJAR at 9-10 (emphasis removed) (citations

omitted). The government and DynCorp respond that the Navy’s finding that Vertex had

not adequately substantiated its rates was rational because the narrative provided by

Vertex indicated “why Vertex believed it was entitled to reduce its indirect rates, but

provided no support . . . [for determining whether] the specific reductions it took were

accurate.” Def.’s MJAR at 12; see DynCorp’s MJAR at 21. Indeed, the government

argues, that Vertex’s response to EN-30 only caused more concern by referencing

“preliminary estimates” that had not yet been “completed and approved by management.”

Def.’s MJAR at 12-13 (quoting AR 8471-72); see DynCorp’s MJAR at 22.

Under the RFP, the Navy put offerors on notice that “for CLIN 0X08, the

adequacy of the buildup of the composite labor rate may be assessed a significant

weakness under the Technical Factor evaluation.” AR 942. The RFP stated that the

“Offeror shall identify the indirect rates . . . used in the proposal.” AR 934. The RFP

24
further stated that the offeror must “identify whether the indirect rates proposed are

FPRAs, FPRRs, FRPPs, CBAs, AWDs, ACO/DCAA recommended rates, or Offeror

proposed rates.” AR 934-35. Under the RFP, “[i]f indirect rate proposals are from other

than FPRAs, CBAs, AWDs, ACO/DCMA recommended rates or Offeror proposed rates

then the Offeror shall clearly identify the source of the indirect rates and substantiate their

buildup.” AR 935. The RFP required the offeror to provide any “FPRA, FPRR, FPRP

documents used” and “include how the burden rates are calculated or built up.” Id.

The Navy’s concern about Vertex’s indirect rates for MMRO and G&A arose

when Vertex significantly decreased it rates from its FPR1 to its FPR2 price proposal.

The changes are as follows: Vertex’s MMRO rate for CLIN 0X08 dropped from [. . .] to

[. . .] and G&A rate dropped from [. . .] to [. . .]. AR 8402, 5009. In its second proposal,

FPR2, Vertex explained that the MMRO rates had decreased because of a change at the

Crestview site that allowed Vertex to separate the MMRO and manufacturing overheads;

Vertex stated that it relied on “existing costs and historical modification trends” to

estimate the separated MMRO rates. AR 5009. In support of the change, Vertex included

a chart entitled “Crestview Aerospace 2019-2023 Forecasted Manufacturing Rates”

which showed separated MMRO rates forecasted for future years which ranged from [. .

.] to [. . .]. AR 5010. The [. . .] rate Vertex proposed “included additional challenges (i.e.

proven continuous process improvement efforts)[.]” Id. Regarding the G&A rates,

Vertex explained that it had decreased the G&A rates because “G&A rates will be

combined for Vertex as a whole” which “lowers the overall rate by allocating costs across

. . . a much larger company-wide pool.” AR 5008.

25
 In response to Vertex’s FPR2, the Navy asked Vertex to further substantiate the

decreased MMRO and G&A rates Vertex was proposing. See AR 8402 (EN-30). In sum,

the Navy identified three problems in EN-30. First, the Navy identified the large decrease

in MMRO rates from FPR1. Id. Second, the Navy identified the change in Vertex’s

proposed challenges from a [. . .] challenge to a [. . .] challenge. Id. Third, the Navy

identified the decrease in G&A rates. Id. The Navy stated that “the proposal does not

include any substantiating document to support the buildup of those rates as required by

the RFP.” Id. The Navy requested that Vertex submit “any documents, such as an FPRA,

FPRR, or FPRP, used as substantiation for [Vertex’s FPR2] proposal.” Id.

In Vertex’s response to EN-30, Vertex largely repeated what it had said about the

MMRO rates in its FPR2, but added that it was working to “complete an updated

Disclosure Statement and auditable FPRP submittal.” AR 8472. Vertex explained that its

G&A rates had changed because of a business merger and that the FPR2 submission

contained the planning rates based on cost models that reflect “preliminary estimates

based on the most current information.” Id. Vertex did not however include an FPRA,

FPRR, or FPRP.

When Vertex submitted its third FPR, FPR3, it increased its total evaluated price

but did not change the MMRO or G&A rates applicable to CLIN 0X08. Thereafter, the

SSEB assigned Vertex a “Moderate” technical rating noting Vertex’s failure to provide

meaningful substantiation for the proposed indirect rates used to calculated the CLIN

0X08 labor rate. The SSEB found that the change was not substantiated because “an

updated Estimating Bulletin was not provided and the changes were not reflected in

26
[Vertex’s] Price narrative[.]” AR 8651. Additionally, SSEB concluded that the rates were

not substantiated because Vertex stated that its rates were “preliminary estimates.” AR

8557.14 Finally, the SSEB stated that Vertex “did not provide any documentation to

verify the decrease in rates other than a screen shot of the PAMM and G&A rates from

the Strategic Plan.” AR 137907. However, when the government “contacted DCMA to

verify the change in rates[,] DCMA indicated that it had conversations with [Vertex] and

that [Vertex] indicated that the rates proposed in FPR2 are internal rates and should not

be used in proposals.” Id.

The SSEB further analyzed Vertex’s response to EN-30. The SSEB stated that

Vertex “included an updated Price narrative that described the Crestview Aerospace

2019-2023 Forecasted Manufacturing Rates” but that Vertex “proposed an aircraft

maintenance (MMRO) overhead rate for Crestivew that is not an established rate within

the currently approved and signed pricing and Estimating Bulletin.” Id. “Further, on top

of these unapproved MMRO rates, [Vertex] proposed that it will take additional

challenges to reach a [. . .] MMRO rate” by engaging “in continuous process

improvement efforts[.]” Id. Yet, the SSEB stated, Vertex “did not provide any

explanation of the specific process improvement efforts and did not substantiate how the

14
Vertex submitted calculations to support its “preliminary estimates” in this proceeding. The
court will not consider post hoc calculations provided by Vertex in Exhibits A and C to its
MJAR that were not before the Navy. These declarations were made after the Navy’s award
decision. The court’s review is limited to the record before the Navy at the time it made its
decision. PlanetSpace, Inc. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 1, 6 (2009) (striking a declaration that
re-argues the merits of an award decision). Vertex has never moved to supplement the record
with Exhibits A and C.
27
implementation of the process improvement efforts would be realized to warrant the

reduction of the rate.” Id.

In its conclusion, the SSEB stated:

The lack of adequate substantiation for the composite labor rate for CLIN 0X08
raises the concern that [Vertex] may not be able to staff to the levels needed to
meet the required TAT [turn-around time] of 190 days. Delays in TAT would
impact aircraft availability and the Offeror’s ability to meet the DFS [daily
fielding schedule] requirements because of fewer available aircraft. The potential
underpricing of the composite labor rate by using the [. . .] aircraft maintenance
(MMRO) rate increases the risk to the program and is a significant weakness in
[Vertex’s] proposal.
AR 8757-58.

Following its review, SSAC agreed “with the SSEB’s assessment that the

unsubstantiated rates, do not adequately support the buildup of the composite labor rate

for CLIN 0X08 that led the price realism concern for CLIN 0X08.” AR 137950.

Thereafter, the SSA concluded that Vertex “submitted a proposal that contained an

unsubstantiated overhead rate change associated with CLIN 0X08, Depot Conditional

Maintenance Work, and did not sufficiently address the Evaluation Notice sent requesting

substantiation.” AR 137962.

Given the substantial explanations of the SSEB, the SSAC and SSA, the court

cannot conclude that it was irrational for the Navy to have determined that Vertex’s

CLIN 0X08 buildup was unsubstantiated. The Navy clearly explained in EN-30 why it

was “unable to verify” the MMRO and G&A rates in Vertex’s FPR2 and asked Vertex to

provide “any documents, such as an FPRA, FPRR, or FPRP, used as substantiation[.] AR

8402. The record shows that the Navy fully considered the information provided by

28
Vertex in response and that the Navy rationally requested additional substantiating

information. Moreover, the Navy’s request was consistent with the RFP because the RFP

required the use of FPRA, FPRR, or FPRP or additional information for substantiation

where applicable. See AR 934. Vertex was unable to include documents such as an FPRA

because the rates were preliminary. When Vertex directed the Navy to the DACO to

confirm Vertex’s rates, DACO’s communications confirmed that Vertex’s rates were

preliminary and not to be used for proposal purposes.

The court finds, in view of the foregoing, that Vertex’s claim that the Navy’s

decision was arbitrary and capricious because the Navy previously accepted the same

amount of substantiation in FPR1 is without merit. In response to the Navy’s request for

additional substantiation for Vertex’s FPR1, Vertex provided Bulletin 003: Forward

Pricing Rates. This Bulletin was signed and approved of by Vertex management and

effectively substantiated Vertex’s proposed rates. AR 135081. It provided historical data

substantiating the Manufacturing rate back to 2015 consistent with the Manufacturing

rate Vertex forecasted in FPR1. In contrast, Vertex provided no updated Bulletin that

reflected MMRO costs separated from other manufacturing rates.15 Indeed, Vertex

conceded that it had not presented final rates. Therefore, it was not arbitrary, capricious,

nor an abuse of discretion for the Navy to determine that Vertex had failed to substantiate

its indirect rates for CLIN 0X08 as required by the RFP.

15
As noted by DynCorp, the actual data used to substantiate the new MMRO in the Forecasted
Manufacturing Rates Chart was inconsistent with Vertex’s Bulletin 003: Forward Pricing Rates
chart. DynCorp’s MJAR at 22. Thus, to the extent that Vertex argues the same Bulletin should
have provided enough substantiation to verify the rates, Vertex’s argument is unpersuasive.
29
 2. The Navy’s Assignment of a Significant Weakness to Vertex’s
Proposal for Failing to Substantiate the MMRO and G&A Rates
Under CLIN 0X08 Was Rational
Having determined that the Navy was not irrational in concluding that Vertex had

failed to substantiate its indirect rates for CLIN 0X08, the court now turns to Vertex’s

argument that even if Vertex failed to substantiate its indirect rates, the Navy was

arbitrary, capricious, and abused its discretion when it assigned Vertex’s proposal a

significant weakness based on that failure. Vertex argues that when quantified, the

financial and thus performance risk associated with the unsubstantiated rates is “de

minimis.” Vertex’s MJAR at 16. The government and DynCorp argue, in response, that

the language of the RFP indicated that Navy did not need to quantity the risk in order to

find that a proposal posed a significant risk and therefore the Navy had the discretion,

consistent with the RFP, to find Vertex’s proposal had a significant weakness without

quantifying that risk. Def.’s MJAR at 17-19; DynCorp’s MJAR at 25-26. In addition, the

government argues that when the Navy endeavored to quantify the impact of Vertex’s

failure, the Navy found it was significant. Def.’s MJAR at 16. For the reasons that follow,

the court agrees with the government and DynCorp.

Whether a price realism finding is rational depends on whether it was consistent

with the evaluation criteria set forth in the RFP. Rotech Healthcare, Inc. v. United States,

121 Fed. Cl. 387, 404 (2015) (citation omitted). Here, the RFP stated that the purpose of

the price realism analysis was to determine whether proposal prices are “realistic for the

work to be performed,” “[r]eflect a clear understanding of the requirements,” and “[a]re

consistent with the various elements of the Offeror’s technical proposal.” AR 945. The

30
RFP did not call for a quantification of risk. In addition, the RFP expressly provided that

the Navy could assign a significant weakness to a proposal if the offeror failed to

adequately substantiate proposed rates for CLIN 0X08. AR 942. Indeed, the Navy

warned Vertex in EN-30 that its failure to substantiate the indirect rates “may be assessed

as a significant weakness.” AR 8470.

The court agrees with the government and DynCorp that the RFP clearly indicated

that failure to substantiate proposed rates for CLIN 0X08 could lead to a significant

weakness assignment regardless of the dollar value of the unsubstantiated rates.

Furthermore, the court finds that the Navy rationally concluded that Vertex’s failure to

substantiate proposed rates for CLIN 0X08 warranted a significant risk assignment. The

SSEB stated that “inadequate substantiation for the indirect rates used in the buildup of

the price for CLIN 0X08 is described as a Significant Weakness in the Technical

Evaluation.” AR 137912. Moreover, with regard to quantification, the SSEB, in reaching

its conclusion that Vertex had a significant weakness, examined the impact of Vertex’s

failure to substantiate; the SSEB calculated that the change in price resulted in [. . .]

unaccounted labor hours and that Vertex may have underpriced the effort by [. . .]. AR

8575, 137912.

The SSAC also considered whether Vertex’s failure to substantiate “would

constitute a weakness” or “a significant weakness.” AR 137950. The SSAC “noted that

the Government purposely and explicitly informed offerors in the solicitation how

important it considered the pricing of this CLIN.” Id. The SSAC concluded that because

of “the unexpected and inadequately explained drop in [Vertex’s] pricing of CLIN

31
0[X]08, and Vertex’s failure to provide adequate substantiation when given the

opportunity through subsequent discussions, the SSAC agrees with the SSEB’s judgment

that this flaw in [Vertex’s] proposal appreciably increases the risk of unsuccessful

performance.” AR 137951. The SSA, in her final decision, determined that a significant

weakness determination is justified “because it seems unlikely that [Vertex] will be able

to staff the depot conditional maintenance work according to its proposed plan and may

experience issues meeting the Turn-Around Time (TAT) requirements.” AR 137962.

In this connection, the court rejects Vertex’s argument that the significant risk

assignment was irrational because the Navy’s risk assessment was unrelated to Vertex’s

G&A rates. See Oral Arg. 10:45:00-10:51:00. The court agrees with the government and

DynCorp that the record shows that the Navy’s assignment of a significant risk was based

on Vertex’s failure to substantiate its indirect rates generally, not just the MMRO rate.

The record is clear that when the Navy initially reached out to Vertex in EN-30 the Navy

requested substantiation for both MMRO and G&A rates. See AR 135408. The record

further shows that the SSEB concluded that “Crestview’s Overhead and G&A rates were

decreased in FPR2; however, an updated Estimating Bulletin was not provided and the

changes were not reflected in its Price narrative” and that “the buildup is inadequate

because [Vertex] did not adequately substantiate the rates it proposed.” AR 137912; see

also AR 137950 (“The SSAC agrees with the SSEB’s assessment that the unsubstantiated

rates, do not adequately support the buildup of the composite labor rate for CLIN 0X08

that led to the price realism concern for CLIN 0X08”); AR 137962 (The SSA stating that

she concurs “based on the details in the SSAC’s PAR and those within the SSEB report,

32
that a significant weakness was justified” for Vertex’s proposal). Whereas here, the RFP

specifically states that failure to substantiate CLIN 0X08’s indirect rates could lead to a

significant risk assignment and Vertex failed to substantiate its indirect rates for CLIN

0X08 after the Navy requested a better explanation of its significant rate drop, the Navy

was not arbitrary, capricious, and did not abuse its discretion in assessing a significant

weakness because it concluded the unsubstantiated rates increased the risk of

unsuccessful performance.

3. The Navy’s Assignment of a Moderate Risk Rating for Vertex’s
Proposal Was Rational
Vertex next argues that the Navy’s assignment of an overall Moderate Technical

Risk Rating to Vertex was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion because the

Navy did not properly evaluate the risk reducers submitted by Vertex. See Vertex’s

MJAR at 24-34. In this connection, Vertex argues that the Navy erred in failing to find

that Vertex’s risk reducers outweighed the significant weakness it received for failing to

substantiate its CLIN 0X08 rates. Id. at 23. Vertex argues that the Navy’s assessment of

Vertex’s eight risk reducers that the Navy accepted is not supported by the record.

Vertex’s MJAR at 24. In particular, Vertex challenges the Navy’s conclusion that

Vertex’s “Moderate Risk Rating . . .was not mitigated by its eight risk reducers.” AR

137962. Vertex separately argues that the Navy unreasonably rejected two additional risk

reducers that Vertex had proposed. Vertex’s MJAR at 27.

In evaluating Vertex’s argument, the court “‘may not substitute its judgment for

that of the agency’ if the agency’s decision is reasonable.” Software Eng’g Servs., Corp.

33
v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 547, 552 (2009) (quoting Benchmade Knife Co., Inc. v.

United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 731, 735 (2007)) (further citation omitted). “‘Agency technical

evaluations, in particular, should be afforded a greater deference by the reviewing

court.’” Id. (further citations omitted).

Here, the administrative record shows that the Navy engaged in a detailed analysis

of each risk reducer Vertex proposed. AR 8528-32. Each level of review considered

Vertex’s proposed risk reducers and the Navy found that the risk reducers did not offset

Vertex’s significant weakness in failing to substantiate the indirect rates for CLIN 0X08.

AR 8532, 8601, 8609. In this connection, the Navy’s SSA stated:

While on its face, the five additional mechanics appear to provide risk reduction
benefits, the significant weakness associated with the unsubstantiated rate on
CLIN 0X08 may negate this benefit because if there are not enough aircraft to
support the DFS there will be fewer maintenance action; therefore, the
Government may not benefit from having additional mechanics.
AR 137863.
In view of the foregoing, the court cannot find that the Navy’s conclusion that

Vertex made an acceptable technical proposal, but one in which there was “moderate”

risk, based on the failure to substantiate the CLIN 0X08 rates is not supported. See, e.g.,

AR 8532, 8562.

Further, the administrative record shows that the Navy’s rejection of two of

Vertex’s proposed risk reducers was supported. Contrary to Vertex’s contention, the

Navy considered Vertex’s proposed trucks with winches as dedicated recovery resources

but determined that providing recovery resources was standard and thus was not a risk

reducer. AR 8525; see AR 14216 (providing effective performance of recovery

34
operations is a requirement in the RFP). The Navy also considered and rationally rejected

Vertex’s proposed risk reducer regarding Vertex’s proposed quality control program on

the grounds that the Navy wanted to conduct its own oversight. AR 8524-25.

For all of these reasons, Vertex’s contention that the Navy was irrational in failing

to find that Vertex’s significant weakness was neutralized by Vertex’s risk reducers is

without merit. The record supports a finding that Vertex’s significant weakness was

greater than the benefit associated with Vertex’s risk reducers and that the Navy

rationally rejected two of Vertex’s proposed risk reducers.

B. The Navy’s Evaluation Of The Technical Risk In DynCorp’s Proposal
Was Not Arbitrary, Capricious, Nor An Abuse of Discretion

Vertex next argues that the Navy’s evaluation of DynCorp’s risks is not supported

by the record. Vertex claims that the Navy, “turned a blind eye to significant risks in

DynCorp’s proposal” by failing “to address DynCorp’s lack of required facilities,

required staffing, and relevant experience.” Vertex’s MJAR at 28. Vertex argues that

because the RFP required the Navy to consider “potential disruption of schedule,

increased cost, degradation of performance, the need to increase Government oversight,

[and] the likelihood of unsuccessful contract performance[,]” AR 15794, the Navy’s

failure to consider the aforementioned aspects of DynCorp’s proposal was arbitrary,

capricious, and an abuse of discretion. Vertex’s MJAR at 29.

The court finds that the Navy reasonably evaluated DynCorp’s ability to provide

the required facilities. The RFP required a facility for “phase-in of a depot level

maintenance for Aircraft Condition Inspection[.]” AR 928. The record shows that the

35
Navy found that DynCorp’s proposal to reopen an existing facility within fifty miles of

Vertex’s, the incumbent’s, facility would be adequate to meet its operational needs. AR

8513; AR 137864; AR 137948 (“DI also proposed an acceptable maintenance

organization . . .”); Id. (“DI proposed an acceptable Transition Phase-In approach by

detailing the tasking and timelines necessary to complete the transition.”). The court

cannot conclude that the Navy acted irrationally where the Navy considered DynCorp’s

proposal and evaluated the proposal’s facilities in line with the RFP’s requirements.

The court also finds that the Navy reasonably evaluated DynCorp’s staffing plan.

Vertex argues that DynCorp’s plan to “hire a full 95 percent of Vertex’s existing

workforce” should have been evaluated as a significant risk. Vertex’s MJAR at 31. FAR

52.222-17 requires a new awardee to offer employment to the incumbent workforce.16

AR 8513; AR 882 (incorporating FAR 52.222-17 into contract). Indeed, the transition of

a workforce from a prior contractor to a new one is routine and expected. See IBM Corp.

v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 677, 685 (2014) (incumbent’s loss of workforce to new

contractor is “‘the sort[]of thing[] that any incumbent would experience upon the loss of a

successor contract’”) (quoting CRAssociates, Inc. v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 23, 26

(2012)). For these reasons, it was not irrational for the Navy to conclude that DynCorp’s

plan to hire Vertex’s workforce by itself, without more, is not a significant risk.

16
48 C.F.R. § 52.222-17(b) provides that “[t]he Contractor and its subcontractors shall, except as
otherwise provided herein, in good faith offer those service employees employed under the
predecessor contract whose employment will be terminated as a result of award of this contract
or the expiration of the contract under which the service employees were hired, a right of first
refusal of employment under this contract in positions for which the service employees are
qualified.”
36
 The Navy also rationally considered the risks involved in DynCorp’s staffing plan.

The Navy found that DynCorp’s in-house recruiting service was a risk reducer, making it

less likely that any openings would remain unfilled if members of the current workforce

chose not to work for DynCorp. AR 8518-19. The SSEB’s report plainly shows the

Navy’s awareness of both DynCorp’s intent to rehire most of the existing workforce and

its plan to re-staff if it was unable to do so. AR 8513, 8518-19. Indeed, the Navy rejected

DynCorp’s proposed risk reducer for hiring incumbent employees on the grounds that

under the RFP DynCorp is required to offer employment to incumbent workers. AR

137864. Therefore, the court concludes that the Navy’s evaluation of DynCorp’s staffing

plan was rational and in accordance with the law.

The court further finds that the Navy reasonably evaluated DynCorp’s past

experience. Vertex argues that the Navy failed to consider the technical risk arising from

DynCorp’s alleged lack of similar operational experience in a single contract and

improperly assigned DynCorp a risk reducer for its past experience. See Vertex’s MJAR

at 33. Specifically, Vertex argues that DynCorp has “no high operational tempo

experience with rotary wing-aircraft of any sort.” Id. (emphasis removed); see AR 15780

(requiring offerors to provide past experience with (1) maintenance at high operational

tempo; (2) maintenance on rotary wing aircraft; and (3) work under the Naval Aviation

Maintenance Program (“NAMP”)). The government argues that while it is true that

offerors had to demonstrate experience in maintenance at high operational tempo and

maintenance on rotary wing aircraft, the RFP did not require offerors to show a single

37
contract with maintenance of rotary wing aircrafts at high operational tempo. See Def.’s

MJAR at 26 (citing AR 927).

The court agrees with the government that DynCorp’s past experience rating did

not have to be based on DynCorp’s experience under one contract. Where a solicitation

does “‘not require that each reference have experience performing all of the required

work . . . under one contract,’” an agency may reasonably combine referenced contracts

“‘to demonstrate successful performance in individual performance areas as required by

the solicitation.’” Am. Auto Logistics, LP v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 137, 172, 212

(2014), aff’d, 599 F. App’x 958 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).

Given the RFP’s standard, the court finds that the Navy’s conclusion that

DynCorp “is likely to be able to successfully perform rotary wing operations in a high

[Operations Tempo (“OPTEMPO”)] environment,” was supported. AR at 137949. The

Navy’s conclusion was supported by the fact that DynCorp performed two contracts with

maintenance at high operational tempo and one contract with rotary wing operations. Id.

As a result, the Navy determined that DynCorp’s proposal presented a Low Technical

Risk. AR 137870. Although Vertex does not appear to argue that DynCorp does not have

sufficient experience with work under NAMP, this argument would fail because the

record shows DynCorp has performed three contracts under NAMP. AR 137949.

Similarly, Vertex’s argument that DynCorp’s past experience should not have been a risk

reducer is without merit; the Navy’s conclusion is consistent with the RFP and supported

by the facts. Where, as here, the Navy applied the standards in the RFP, evaluated the

facts before it, and provided a reasoned explanation for its conclusion, the court has no

38
basis for finding the Navy’s decision was irrational. The court will not substitute its own

judgment nor Vertex’s judgment for the Navy’s regarding experience.17 Therefore, the

government’s and DynCorp’s motions for judgment on the administrative record with

regard to Counts I and II are GRANTED and Vertex’s motion for judgment on the

administrative record with regard to Counts I and II is DENIED.

C. The Navy’s Best Value Determination Was Not Arbitrary, Capricious,
Nor an Abuse of Discretion
In Count III of its amended complaint, Vertex challenges the best value

determination made by the Navy. Vertex’s states that “the record is clear that Vertex’s

proposal was at least tied with DynCorp’s under the most important evaluation factor,

was superior to DynCorp’s under the second most important factor, and was only slightly

higher priced (the least important factor). Thus, even without correcting any of the other

evaluation errors, the SSA should have recognized that Vertex offered the best value to

the Government.” Amend. Compl. at ¶ 109.

When a contract is to be awarded based upon a best value determination, the

agency has greater discretion than if the contract were to be awarded on the basis of cost

17
Because the court concludes that the Navy’s consideration of the risks and risk reducers for
both Vertex and DynCorp was not irrational, the court finds Vertex’s argument that even given
the aforementioned conclusions, the Navy’s assignment of different Technical Risk Ratings for
Vertex and DynCorp was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion to be meritless. See
Vertex’s MJAR at 24. Under the terms of the Solicitation, given Vertex’s Significant Weakness
and the Navy had no choice but to assign Vertex a Moderate Technical Risk Rating absent a
finding that the risk reducers sufficiently reduced the relevant risk. See AR 944 (defining
Moderate Technical Risk Rating as “[p]roposal contains a significant weakness or combination
of weaknesses which may potentially cause disruption of schedule, increased cost or degradation
of performance.”). Therefore, it was not irrational for the SSA evaluate Vertex’s proposal with a
Moderate Technical Risk Rating and DynCorp’s proposal with a Low Technical Risk Rating.
39
alone. Galen Med. Assoc., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004);

E.W. Bliss Co., v. United States, 77 F.3d 445, 449 (Fed. Cir. 1996). In this context, the

relative merit of competing proposals is largely a matter of administrative

discretion. E.W. Bliss, 77 F.3d at 449 (“[p]rocurement officials have substantial

discretion to determine which proposal represents the best value for the Government”);

see also Tech Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 264 (2011) (recognizing the

discretion that is afforded to contracting officers in a best value procurement). Indeed, a

best-value determination should not be disturbed so long as the agency documents its

final award decision and includes a reason for any business judgments and tradeoffs

made. Blackwater Lodge & Training Ctr. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 488, 514 (2009).

The SSA reviewed the record, performed an independent assessment, and stated:

Given the nature of high operational tempo (OPTEMPO) for the TH-57 aircraft
that conduct Training operations, the Government decided that it would place
emphasis on having a low risk technical approach and confidence that the work
would be performed successfully. . . . As a result, according to the [solicitiation]
criteria, the Government emphasized the risk associated with an acceptable
technical approach as being the most important consideration in the best value
decision.
AR 8758-59. The SSA concluded:
Based on my independent assessment, I agree with the SSAC’s comparative
analysis and recommendation that, in accordance with the evaluation criteria, the
[DynCorp] proposal provided the best value, all factors considered. Therefore, in
accordance with the evaluation criteria, I select [DynCorp] for award of the TH-57
CLS contract.
AR 8759.
The SSA plainly conducted a proper best value analysis consistent with the record.

She noted that the solicitation made the technical factor the most important factor and

that Vertex’s “significant weakness” negates some of its potential risk reducers, such that
40
“DynCorp has an advantage over [Vertex] in the technical factor.” AR 137964. The

SSA also noted that while Vertex had experience “performing essentially the same

requirements” as those in the new contract, that it was “toward the lower end of the

[s]ubstanial [confidence] range” because of “some adverse PPI.” AR 137964-65. By

contrary example, the SSA determined that DynCorp’s experience was sufficient to show

that “DynCorp will be able to meet the requirement” of the new contract and that its past

experience was “toward the high end of the Satisfactory range.” AR 137965. The SSA

finally considered that DynCorp offered the lowest price before concluding that

DynCorp’s advantages outweigh Vertex’s, “especially in light of the overall order of

importance.” Id. The SSA supported her decision and made determinations within the

SSA’s discretion. For these reasons, the court cannot find that the Navy’s best value

determination was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion. Therefore, the court

GRANTS the government’s and DynCorp’s motions for judgment on the administrative

record with regard to Count III and DENIES Vertex’s motion for judgment on the

administrative record for Count III.

D. Count IV of Vertex’s Amended Complaint Must Be Dismissed
In addition to challenging the Navy’s decision to award the contract to DynCorp,

Vertex also argues that the award to DynCorp must be set aside because the Navy has

indicated in an email Vertex attached to its motion to supplement the administrative

record that the Navy has certain requirements that cannot be fulfilled under the contract it

just awarded to DynCorp. Specifically, Vertex argues that a new solicitation is necessary

because the Navy inaccurately represented how many flight hours were required each
41
month in the subject RFP. See Vertex’s MJAR at 36; see also Amend. Compl. at ¶¶ 112-

14. In oral argument, Vertex made clear that it was challenging the accuracy of the

requirements in the RFP and not making a claim based on Vertex’s belief that the Navy’s

needs will change in the future or that the Navy will in the future modify DynCorp’s

contract. Oral Arg. 11:53:00-11:54:00.18

To the extent that Vertex argues that the RFP failed to accurately reflect the

Navy’s needs, the court finds that Vertex’s argument has been waived. A plaintiff that

“has the opportunity to object to the terms of a government solicitation containing a

patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of the bidding process waives its ability to

raise the same objection subsequently in a bid protest action in the Court of Federal

Claims.” Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

Further, if an offeror “does not claim to have been unaware of the alleged defect” prior to

contract award, the offeror cannot protest the terms of the solicitation after award. Comint

Sys. Corp. v United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1382 (Fed Cir. 2012). In its amended

complaint, which contains the allegations for Count IV, Vertex alleges that as incumbent,

it believed that the RFP’s requirement for 6,500 hours appeared low based upon historical

requirements and that Vertex directly questioned the Navy about the realism of the

18
Because Vertex has clarified the basis of its challenge, the court has no occasion to reach the
government and DynCorp’s alternative argument for dismissal under RCFC 12(b)(6) nor the
merits with regard to Claim IV. Indeed, any such claim would not be ripe. “[A]n agency decision
is not ripe for judicial review until the allegedly offending agency has adopted a final decision.”
NSK, Ltd. v. United States, 510 F.3d 1375 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2007). “In the bid protest context,
anticipation of a future procurement violation is not sufficient to make a claim ripe.” State of
Tex. v. United States, 134 Fed. Cl. 8, 17 (2017) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Even
if the Navy is considering a change in hours, such consideration does not amount to the
consummation of the Navy’s decision-making process.
42
requirement on November 14, 2017. Amend. Compl. ¶ 71; AR 11779, 11784. In its

response, the Navy stated that there are 6500 scheduled hours for CLIN 0X01 and that if

the Navy “requires more scheduled hours than 6500 per month, they will be ordered

under CLIN 0X02.” AR 11784. To the extent that Vertex challenges the RFP’s accuracy,

it needed to bring that challenge before the award. By not bringing a protest earlier to

raise this issue and waiting until after the contract was awarded, Vertex waived its claim

under Count IV of its amended complaint.

The post-award email Vertex relies on to show that the Navy underestimated the

hours needed in the RFP does not alter the court’s conclusion that Vertex’s claim is

untimely.19 The email states that “[f]ull performance for DynCorp would start on 01

June” and that on “01 June, the requirement would be 6,500 scheduled hours/month plus

the 1,500 additional hours/quarter.” Vertex’s Mot. to Supp., Ex. 1. The email further

states that the Navy may “increase the monthly hours to 8,000/month.” Id. The court

agrees with DynCorp that the email does not show that the RFP inaccurately reflected the

Navy’s requirements. Oral Arg. 11:58:50-11:59:10. To the contrary, the email is

consistent with the RFP because the RFP permits the Navy, through CLIN 0X02, to add

up to 1,500 flight hours quarterly. See DynCorp’s MJAR at 6; AR 12127 (special

ordering procedures). Because the RFP identifies a potential need for additional hours

19
The court has considered the email submitted by Vertex in its motion to supplement the
administrative record in order to determine whether the court has jurisdiction over Count IV of
Vertex’s amended complaint. See Cedars Sinai Med. Ctr. v. Watkins, 11 F.3d 1573, 1584 (Fed.
Cir. 1993) (“In establishing the predicate jurisdictional facts, the court . . . may review evidence
extrinsic to the pleadings.”)
43
and explicitly grants the Navy the option to add additional flight hours to meet that need,

the email is consistent with the RFP. Thus, the email provides no grounds to make

Vertex’s claim timely and Count IV is therefore DISMISSED for lack of jurisdiction.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the government’s and DynCorp’s cross-motions for

judgment on the administrative record with regard to Counts I, II, and III are

GRANTED, and the Vertex’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record for

Counts I, II, and III is DENIED. The government and DynCorp’s motions to dismiss

Claim IV under RCFC 12(b)(1) are GRANTED, and Vertex’s cross-motion for judgment

on the administrative record for Count IV is DENIED. Finally, Vertex’s motions to

supplement the administrative record is DENIED AS MOOT. Each party shall bear its

own costs. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/Nancy B. Firestone
NANCY B. FIRESTONE
Senior Judge

44