Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
April 30, 2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 50990-3-II
Respondent,
v.
CRYSTAL ELAINE CURTIS, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
LEE, A.C.J. — Crystal E. Curtis appeals her conviction for third degree assault of a law
enforcement officer. She argues that her conviction rests on insufficient evidence because her
touching of the officer was not harmful or offensive and the officer did not sustain any physical
injuries as a result of her contact. We affirm.
FACTS
In February 2017, Deputy Robin Ternus of the Clark County Sheriff’s Office responded to
a report of domestic violence involving Crystal Curtis and Curtis’s daughter. Deputy Ternus
arrived on scene and directed Curtis to a bedroom in the back of the house to discuss the incident.
Curtis initially cooperated, but then decided to leave the room. As she walked toward the door,
Curtis approached Deputy Ternus and shoved him in the chest with both of her hands. Deputy
Ternus arrested Curtis for assault. The State charged Curtis with third degree assault of a law
enforcement officer based on her contact with Deputy Ternus.1
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The State also charged Curtis with fourth degree assault with a domestic violence designation
based on her contact with her daughter. However, the fourth degree assault conviction is not at
issue in this appeal.
No. 50990-3-II
At trial, Deputy Ternus testified to the facts discussed above. On cross-examination,
Deputy Ternus admitted that he did not lose his balance or sustain any injuries as a result of Curtis’s
contact with him.
Curtis also testified at trial and denied shoving Deputy Ternus with both hands. Curtis
claimed that she placed three fingers on Deputy Ternus’s chest and politely asked him to move out
of her way.
The jury instructions defined assault in part as “an intentional touching or striking of
another person, with unlawful force, that is harmful or offensive regardless of whether any physical
injury is done to the person.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 17. The jury was further instructed that “[a]
touching or striking is offensive if the touching or striking would offend an ordinary person who
is not unduly sensitive.” CP at 17. The jury found Curtis guilty as charged.
Curtis appeals.
ANALYSIS
Curtis argues that the State presented insufficient evidence to support her third degree
assault conviction because the touching was not harmful or offensive and Deputy Ternus did not
suffer any physical injuries when Curtis shoved him in the chest. We disagree.
We review a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. State v. Berg, 181 Wn.2d
857, 867, 337 P.3d 310 (2014). “The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is
whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, any rational trier of
fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201,
829 P.2d 1068 (1992). An insufficiency claim admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all
reasonable inferences that can be drawn from that evidence. Id. All such inferences “must be
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No. 50990-3-II
drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against the defendant.” Id. Direct and
circumstantial evidence are equally reliable. State v. Farnsworth, 185 Wn.2d 768, 775, 374 P.3d
1152 (2016). And we defer to the trier of fact on issues of conflicting testimony, witness
credibility, and the persuasiveness of evidence. State v. Ague-Masters, 138 Wn. App. 86, 102, 156
P.3d 265 (2007).
A person commits third degree assault if he or she “[a]ssaults a law enforcement officer or
other employee of a law enforcement agency who was performing his or her official duties at the
time of the assault.” RCW 9A.36.031(1)(g). “Assault is an intentional touching or striking of
another person that is harmful or offensive, regardless of whether it results in physical injury.”
State v. Tyler, 138 Wn. App. 120, 130, 155 P.3d 1002 (2007). A touching is “ ‘offensive’ ” if it
would offend an ordinary person who is not unduly sensitive. State v. Villanueva-Gonzalez, 180
Wn.2d 975, 982, 329 P.3d 78 (2014).
Curtis argues that there is insufficient evidence to support her conviction because her
touching Deputy Ternus was not harmful or offensive. She argues that the State presented no
evidence that the contact was offensive because Deputy Ternus was not injured, did not lose his
balance, and was not touched in a sensitive or intimate body part. However, Curtis provides no
support for her argument that an offensive contact must include any of these qualities. The
applicable test is whether an ordinary person would find the touching offensive. Villanueva-
Gonzalez, 180 Wn.2d at 982. A rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that an
ordinary person would be offended at being purposefully pushed in the chest with two hands in
the manner described in Deputy Ternus’s testimony.
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No. 50990-3-II
Curtis also argues that there is insufficient evidence to support her conviction because she
did not shove Deputy Ternus “hard enough” for him to lose his balance or suffer any resulting
injuries. Br. of Appellant at 10. However, as explained above, a touch may be offensive even if
it does not result in physical injury. Here, Deputy Ternus testified that Curtis shoved his chest
with both of her hands. Viewing this testimony and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light
most favorable to the State, a rational fact finder could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that
Curtis’s act of shoving Deputy Ternus in the chest with both of her hands was an offensive
intentional touching. Accordingly, Curtis’s sufficiency argument fails.
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Lee, A.C.J.
We concur:
Worswick, J.
Glasgow, J.
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