J-A25015-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
JOSEPH D. HERDER :
:
Appellant : No. 3401 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 4, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-09-CR-0002997-2014,
CP-09-CR-0003707-2014
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., DUBOW, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED MAY 14, 2019
Appellant appeals from the Judgment of Sentence imposed following
bench trials on various offenses related to stolen vehicles. He challenges the
denial of his suppression motion, averring that the evidence obtained after a
warrantless search of his cell phone was inadmissible, even under the theory
of inevitable discovery. After careful review of the record and relevant case
law, we affirm.
We glean the following facts from the evidence presented at the
suppression hearing. On December 3, 2013, Henry Lovett reported to the
Middletown Township Police Department that his 2013 ATV had been stolen
from his garage in Langhorne. Approximately an hour later, Timothy Cross
called 911 to report that two males had been riding an ATV around the Lowe’s
parking lot in Bensalem. When Bensalem Police Officer Dornisch responded,
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he did not see an ATV, but he did encounter Appellant and Andrew Cychowski.
When asked, the two men denied that they had been riding an ATV in the lot.
Officer Dornisch obtained biographical information from both men, and the
men drove out of the parking lot. Shortly thereafter, Cross approached the
Officer and told him that he had seen Appellant riding the ATV in the parking
lot, and then watched as Appellant hid the ATV in the woods behind Lowe’s.
Officer Dornisch found the stolen ATV in the woods. He then contacted
Cychowski, who informed him that Appellant had texted him asking if he
wanted to buy an ATV. Most importantly, Cychowski told the police officer
that Appellant had sent the text messages and photos from telephone #215-
303-1828. Appellant told Cychowski that he had taken the ATV from a house
near the Oxford Valley Mall.
Pursuant to an arrest warrant, Bensalem Police Officers arrested
Appellant on December 16, 2013. As part of their search incident to arrest,
officers recovered Appellant’s cell phone from Appellant’s person. Detective
Greg Jackson opened the settings on the phone to place it in airplane mode
and to identify the owner of the device. In addition, Detective Jackson
observed photographs of various ATVs and motorcycles on the phone.
Detective Jackson subsequently obtained a search warrant for the phone.
Within two weeks after Appellant’s arrest, Detective Eric Richter from
the Perkasie Borough Police Department contacted Detective Jackson because
he had heard from Appellant’s state parole officer that Appellant was in
custody on an arrest warrant from the Bensalem Police Department. Detective
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Richter was investigating a report of a stolen vehicle and, in connection with
that investigation, he had reviewed a surveillance tape from private citizen
camera images and recognized Appellant, with whom he “had previous contact
… on multiple occasions,” from the images. N.T. – Suppression, 11/17/14, at
54. Detective Richter asked Detective Jackson if Appellant had had a cell
phone on him and, if so, what the phone number was so that he could confirm
the number for purposes of obtaining a subpoena for cell tower information
pertaining to Appellant’s telephone number. Detective Jackson informed
Detective Richter that he had seen photographs in Appellant’s phone that may
be useful in Detective Richter’s case, but he was awaiting a search warrant.
On January 7, 2014, Detective Jackson obtained a search warrant for
Appellant’s cellphone. Three days later, Detective Richter received a compact
disk with the photographs from Appellant’s cell phone. See Trial Ct. Op.,
dated 3/27/18, at 5-6 (citing to N.T. - Suppression).
The Commonwealth charged Appellant in Criminal Information No.
3707-2014 pertaining to the Perkasie Borough crimes with, inter alia, two
counts of Receiving Stolen Property and two counts of Theft from a Motor
Vehicle;1 in Criminal Information No. 2997-2014, the Bensalem case, it
charged him with, inter alia, one count of Receiving Stolen Property.2
____________________________________________
1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3925(a) and 3934(a), respectively.
2 18 Pa.C.S. §3925(a).
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Appellant filed a pre-trial Motion to Suppress the evidence recovered
from his cellphone, averring that police officers obtained it as a result of an
improper warrantless search conducted at the time of his arrest. The
suppression court held a hearing on November 17, 2014, at which Detectives
Jackson and Richter testified.
After the hearing, the court made the following findings and conclusions:
. . . I adopt as the findings of fact in terms of the events that led
up to the search of the phone the facts that are asserted in the
Affidavit of Probable Cause with the addition that I also find that
Detective Jackson obtained the defendant’s phone after searching
his person . . . . He placed the cellphone on airplane mode to
prevent any of the evidence on the phone from being altered in
any way or destroyed in any way. The detective, however, looked
at images in the phone and determined the phone number of the
phone prior to obtaining a warrant. I make – he then obtained a
warrant which has been identified as [Exh.] CS-1.
I make the following conclusions of law: the placing of the phone
on airplane mode—well, first of all, it is conceded that the search
incident to arrest itself of the defendant’s person was lawful. The
placing of the phone on airplane mode was lawful to prevent the
destruction of evidence. The search of the phone as to the
ownership of the phone as well as the search of any photographs
on the phone was not lawful. I find that, however, had the
information regarding the phone number been excised from the
warrant, there still would have been probable cause – probable
cause of the search of the phone itself, and that the discovery of
the contents of the phone was inevitable.
N.T.-Suppression, 11/17/14, at 91-92.
The court then denied Appellant’s Motion to Suppress and Appellant
proceeded to non-jury trials in both cases. The court found him guilty of the
above charges and sentenced him on March 4, 2015, to an aggregate term of
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3 to 7 years’ incarceration. Appellant did not file a Post-Sentence Motion or
seek direct review. After PCRA proceedings, the court reinstated Appellant’s
direct appeal rights nunc pro tunc.
Appellant timely appealed on October 16, 2017. The court appointed
new counsel to represent Appellant in his appeal. Both Appellant and the trial
court subsequently complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
Appellant presents the following questions for our review:
1. Did the [t]rial court err in failing to suppress the use of any of
the contents of the [Appellant’s] cellular phone that was removed
from the [Appellant’s] person by law enforcement officers at the
time of his arrest as well as suppressing all evidence gathered in
reliance of such search as the fruit of the poisonous tree[?]
Specifically, although the [t]rial [c]ourt found that the search of
the phone was unlawful, the [c]ourt also ruled that pictures,
Facebook/text messages, call data and other personal information
which was seen by law enforcement prior to obtaining a warrant
was admissible during [Appellant’s] trial in the above-captioned
matter. But for the illegal search and subsequent seizure of
[Appellant’s] phone, there was insufficient evidence to convict
[Appellant] of the crimes in either of the above-captioned cases[.]
2. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err when it accepted the
Commonwealth’s “inevitable discovery” argument that the items
on the phone would have been found regardless of the illegal
search since such argument was used to justify an illegal search
that had already occurred at the time the warrant was sought[?]
Specifically, although there were other factors contained in the
Affidavit of Probable Cause for the warrant, those factors relied
upon the fact that the arresting officer had already searched
through [Appellant’s] phone without a warrant and seen pictures
and other personal data[.]
Appellant’s Brief at 7.
Appellant argues that evidence obtained from Appellant’s phone, “both
before and after the issuance of the search warrant on January 7, 2014, . . .
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was subject to exclusion as being the fruit of the poisonous tree.” Appellant’s
Brief at 28. He avers that the inevitable discovery theory is not applicable
because the “police were clearly using information they had already obtained
from the phone to get the search warrant for the phone.” Id. at 38. We
disagree.
Both of Appellant’s issues challenge the denial of his Motion to Suppress
and we address them together. Our standard of review applicable to
suppression determinations is well-settled. “When reviewing the grant of a
suppression motion, we must determine whether the record supports the trial
court’s factual findings and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those
facts are correct.” Commonwealth v. Ennels, 167 A.3d 716, 718 (Pa.
Super. 2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted). “We may only consider
evidence presented at the suppression hearing.” Id. In addition,
Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression
court, we may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth
and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a whole.
Where the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
the record, the appellate court is bound by those findings and may
reverse only if the court's legal conclusions are erroneous. Where
... the appeal of the determination of the suppression court turns
on allegations of legal error, the suppression court’s legal
conclusions are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it
is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law
to the facts.
Commonwealth v. Jones, 121 A.3d 524, 526-27 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation
omitted).
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Both the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and
Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
protect against warrantless searches and seizures by the government where
(1) a person has a subjective expectation of privacy, and where (2) the
person's expectation is one that society recognizes as reasonable and
legitimate. Commonwealth v. Duncan, 817 A.2d 455, 463 (Pa. 2003). A
search of a cellphone involving navigating through the menus to obtain the
phone’s number and other information is considered a search that requires a
warrant. Commonwealth v. Fulton, 179 A.3d 475, 488 (Pa. 2018).
Evidence acquired in violation of a defendant’s privacy rights generally
requires that it be excluded at trial as “fruit of the poisonous tree.” Wong
Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487-88 (1963).
However, such evidence may be used against a defendant “if knowledge
of the evidence is gained from an independent source” or “the evidence in
question would inevitably have been discovered without reference to the police
error or misconduct.” Fulton, supra at 489-90 (citations omitted). See also
Commonwealth. v. Gonzalez, 979 A.2d 879, 890 (Pa. Super. 2009) (noting
that “[u]nder the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule, the
fact that challenged evidence was obtained as a result of illegal government
conduct does not end the inquiry into whether the evidence was admissible at
trial”). See, e.g., Commonwealth v Santiago, 160 A.3d 814, 829 (Pa.
Super. 2017) (applying the independent source theory—where the testifying
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officer had both interacted with the appellant prior to illegally searching the
appellant’s cell phone to identify him, and identified the appellant in court—
by concluding that the out-of-court identification was properly suppressed but
reversing the suppression of the officer’s in-court identification because the
officer had interacted with the appellant prior to making his out-of-court
identification from the illegal search of his cellphone).
There is no dispute here that Detective Jackson lawfully removed the
cell phone from Appellant upon his arrest. There is likewise no dispute that
Detective Jackson initially conducted an unlawful search of Appellant’s cell
phone when he opened the settings to determine the cell phone number and
then reviewed stored photographs. Thus, our review in this case is limited to
whether the suppression court erred in applying the inevitable discovery rule
to the evidence.
In Gonzalez, supra, this Court concluded that the exclusionary rule did
not apply because once facts established that the police officer had probable
cause to arrest the appellant on drug charges, the officer had facts supporting
“the issuance of a warrant to search Appellant's apartment, whereby he
inevitably would have discovered the other items of contraband in Appellant's
room.” Id. at 891.
In the case before us, the suppression court observed “that despite
Detective Jackson’s initially unlawful search, the Commonwealth would have
inevitably discovered the contents of Appellant’s cellphone pursuant to a valid
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search warrant” based on his interview with Andrew Cychowski, who
“confirmed that Appellant had sent text and picture messages via cellphone
to facilitate the sale of an ATV. This conversation and the facts already known
to Detective Jackson prior to December 16, 2013, provided a sufficient factual
basis to support his search warrant.” Trial Ct. Op., dated 3/27/18, at 12. The
court also noted that, “[w]ith the exception of Appellant’s phone number,
Detective Jackson confirmed that he did not rely on any evidence observed
during his initial preview of the cell phone[, conducted immediately after
Appellant’s arrest,] to write the search warrant’s probable cause affidavit.”
Id. The suppression court, thus, found “that there was probable cause to
support the search warrant absent any information that Detective Jackson
may have gleaned during his initial preview,” and “that probable cause was
established even if the phone number was excised from the warrant.
Appellant conceded these factual findings on the record.” Id. at 13 (citations
to N.T.-Suppression omitted). The court further noted:
Finally, regarding Criminal Information No. 3707-2014, the
suppression record reveals that Detective Richter did not examine
the cellphone’s contents until January 10, 2014, three days after
the search warrant’s lawful execution. As a result, the derivative
evidence and statements obtained in Detective Richter’s
investigation are not subject to suppression as fruit of the
poisonous tree.
Id. at 12-13 (citations to N.T.-Suppression omitted).
The suppression court further concluded that “this evidence would have
been inevitably discovered pursuant to a lawful search warrant, which was in
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fact obtained. Therefore, the contents of Appellant’s cellphone are not subject
to the exclusionary rule, and the Motion to Suppress was denied.” Id. at 13.
The record supports the court’s factual findings and we agree with the
suppression court’s legal conclusion. Although the search warrant contained
Appellant’s cell phone number which the police unlawfully obtained when
police arrested Appellant, Cychowski had already provided Appellant’s cell
phone number to the investigators before the police applied for the search
warrant. Also, the search warrant identified the cell phone as one police
officers found on Appellant’s person when they arrested him.
Moreover, the search warrant contained sufficient evidence that
Appellant had committed a crime: (1) Andrew Cychowski’s identification of
Appellant by name; his showing investigating officers the texts and pictures
Appellant had sent him in seeking to sell the ATV, which Appellant told
Cychowski he had taken from a house; and his providing the investigators
with Appellant’s cell phone number that was used to send the texts and photos
to Cychowski; (2) Cross’s description of Appellant and Appellant’s actions in
hiding the ATV; and (3) the investigators’ subsequent discovery of the stolen
ATV in the woods which matched the description provided by the victim of the
crime, Cross, and Cychowski’s cell phone photos.
Thus, similar to Gonzalez, supra, the cell phone number and the
photos of the stolen items that police officers saw on the cell phone prior to
the issuance of the search warrant would have been inevitably discovered in
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the cell phone that had been lawfully removed from Appellant’s person upon
his arrest.
Accordingly, we conclude the suppression court properly applied the law
to the facts in denying the suppression of the evidence obtained from
Appellant’s cell phone. We, thus, affirm.
Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 5/14/19
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