FILED
MAY 16, 2019
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36031-8-III
)
)
Respondent,
)
)
v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
JOLENE S. MENEGAS, )
)
Appellant. )
LAWRENCE-BERREY, C.J. — Jolene Menegas appeals her Spokane County
conviction for third degree assault—domestic violence against her ex-husband, Michael
Menegas. She contends the trial court erred by giving a faulty to-convict instruction that
omitted the State’s burden to disprove self-defense and that her trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to object to the erroneous instruction. She also asks this court to
strike the $200 criminal filing fee based on her indigency. We accept the State’s
concession as to the striking of the filing fee, but reject Ms. Menegas’s remaining
challenges and affirm.
No. 36031-8-III
State v. Menegas
FACTS
The State charged Ms. Menegas with third degree assault—domestic violence
against Michael Menegas, her ex-husband, following an altercation that occurred when
Mr. Menegas attempted to pick up his two children for a court-authorized visit in
March 2017.
At trial, the ex-spouses disagreed as to whether Mr. Menegas showed up on time
for the visitation and who was responsible for escalating the altercation. According to
Mr. Menegas, no one answered his initial knock so he went to get something to eat and,
on his return, Ms. Menegas told him that he could not have visitation because he was late.
Ms. Menegas then shouted at him to leave, slammed the door in his face, and yelled
obscenities at him. When Mr. Menegas told his ex-wife that he would involve law
enforcement if she did not cooperate, she opened the door and sprayed Mr. Menegas with
pepper spray. Although the spray irritated Mr. Menegas’s skin and lungs, his eyes were
unaffected because he was wearing sunglasses. He returned to his vehicle and called law
enforcement.
Ms. Menegas claimed she acted in self-defense. She testified that Mr. Menegas
failed to follow the family court judge’s oral instructions to arrive within one hour of
visitation time and that the children did not want to go with Mr. Menegas. After she told
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State v. Menegas
her ex-husband that he had given up visitation by being late and he needed to leave, he
began pounding on the door, causing her to feel threatened. She presented testimony
from herself and her counselor that she had been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). She also testified that she felt anxious and backed into a corner when
Mr. Menegas continued to knock on the door, she warned him multiple times that she
would pepper spray him if he did not leave, she feared for her safety and the safety of her
children, and she sprayed Mr. Menegas when he put his hand near the door handle
because she feared he would force his way into the house.
The trial court gave the following instruction defining self-defense:
It is a defense to a charge of Assault 3rd Degree that the force used
was lawful as defined in this instruction.
The use of force upon or toward the person of another is lawful
when used by a person who reasonably believes that she is about to be
injured, and when the force is not more than is necessary.
The person using the force may employ such force and means as a
reasonably prudent person would use under the same or similar conditions
as they appeared to the person, taking into consideration all of the facts and
circumstances known to the person at the time of and prior to the incident.
The State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that
the force used by the defendant was not lawful. If you find that the State has
not proved the absence of this defense beyond a reasonable doubt, it will be
your duty to return a verdict of not guilty.
A person is entitled to act on appearances in defending herself, if she
believes in good faith and on reasonable grounds that she is in actual danger
of injury, although it afterwards might develop that the person was mistaken
as to the extent of the danger. Actual danger is not necessary for the use of
force to be lawful.
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State v. Menegas
Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 34 (instruction 10).
The court also provided the following “to-convict” instruction:
To convict the defendant of the crime of assault in the third degree,
each of the following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a
reasonable doubt:
(1) That on or about March 31, 2017, the defendant caused bodily
harm to Michael N. Menegas;
(2) That the bodily harm was accompanied by substantial pain that
extended for a period of time sufficient to cause considerable suffering;
(3) That the defendant acted with criminal negligence; and
(4) That this act occurred in the State of Washington.
If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has been
proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to return a
verdict of guilty.
On the other hand, if, after weighing all of the evidence, you have a
reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be your duty
to return a verdict of not guilty.
CP at 37 (instruction 13). The court further instructed the jury to consider the jury
instructions as a whole. CP at 25 (instruction 1). Defense counsel objected to the
instructions as given, challenging the court’s combination of the self-defense instruction
with the “actual danger not necessary” instruction and the omission of a “no duty to
retreat” instruction. Report of Proceedings at 265-68. However, defense counsel did not
object to the “to-convict” instruction or the giving of a separate self-defense instruction.
The jury found Ms. Menegas guilty as charged, and the sentencing court imposed 4
days of jail, with credit for time served, 12 months of community custody, and ordered
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State v. Menegas
Ms. Menegas to attend anger management class. The court also imposed $800 in legal
financial obligations (LFOs), including a $200 criminal filing fee.
ANALYSIS
On appeal, Ms. Menegas claims that the court erroneously failed to include the
State’s burden to prove the absence of self-defense in the “to-convict” instruction and that
her trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the erroneous instruction. She
also challenges imposition of the criminal filing fee.
Since trial counsel did not object to the “to-convict” instruction, our review of the
alleged instructional error turns on whether Ms. Menegas can demonstrate manifest
constitutional error. See RAP 2.5(a)(3). Ms. Menegas contends she is entitled to review
because the alleged error reduced the State’s burden of proof and involved inconsistent
jury instructions arising out of a misstatement of the law, and the Supreme Court has
recognized that these type of instructional errors are constitutional and presumed
prejudicial.
An unpreserved, erroneous self-defense jury instruction must be analyzed for
reviewability pursuant to RAP 2.5(a)(3) on a case-by-case basis. State v. O’Hara, 167
Wn.2d 91, 104, 217 P.3d 756 (2009) (overruling cases holding that an error in a self-
defense instruction is always a manifest constitutional error and is always subject to
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State v. Menegas
review). After determining that an asserted error implicates a constitutional interest, the
reviewing court must determine whether the error was manifest. “‘Manifest’ in
RAP 2.5(a)(3) requires a showing of actual prejudice.” State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918,
935, 155 P.3d 125 (2007). To demonstrate actual prejudice, there must be a “‘plausible
showing by the [appellant] that the asserted error had practical and identifiable
consequences in the trial of the case.’” State v. WWJ Corp., 138 Wn.2d 595, 603, 980
P.2d 1257 (1999) (quoting State v. Lynn, 67 Wn. App. 339, 345, 835 P.2d 215 (1992)).
This court reviews jury instructions de novo. State v. Clausing, 147 Wn.2d 620,
626-27, 56 P.3d 550 (2002). Jury instructions are sufficient “‘if they are supported by
substantial evidence, allow the parties to argue their theories of the case, and when read
as a whole properly inform the jury of the applicable law.’” State v. Rodriguez, 121 Wn.
App. 180, 184-85, 87 P.3d 1201 (2004) (quoting State v. Irons, 101 Wn. App. 544, 549, 4
P.3d 174 (2000)). However, a jury instruction on self-defense must “‘more than
adequately convey the law.’” Id. at 185 (quoting State v. Walden, 131 Wn.2d 469, 473,
932 P.2d 1237 (1997)). Read as a whole, the jury instructions must make the relevant
legal standard manifestly apparent to the average juror. State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856,
864, 215 P.3d 177 (2009). “The jury should be informed in some unambiguous way that
the State must prove absence of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Acosta,
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State v. Menegas
101 Wn.2d 612, 621, 683 P.2d 1069 (1984), abrogated on other grounds by State v.
Camara, 113 Wn.2d 631, 781 P.2d 483 (1989).
The Washington Supreme Court has expressly rejected Ms. Menegas’s argument,
holding that where a separate instruction informs the jury of the State’s obligation to
prove the absence of self-defense, omitting similar language from the to-convict
instruction is not reversible error. State v. Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d 51, 109, 804 P.2d 577
(1991). In Hoffman, the defendants argued that the trial court erred by failing to include
self-defense elements in the “to-convict” instruction setting forth the elements of first
degree murder and instead giving a separate self-defense instruction. The court disagreed
and found no instructional error, noting that (i) the jury was instructed to consider the
instructions as a whole, (ii) no prejudicial error occurs when the instructions taken as a
whole properly instruct the jury on the applicable law, and (iii) the self-defense
instructions properly informed the jury that the State bore the burden of proving the
absence of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. 116 Wn.2d at 109. Hoffman has
never been overruled and, thus, remains binding on this court.1
1
Multiple unpublished Court of Appeals decisions have recognized the continuing
validity of Hoffman and rejected the notion that it is error not to include self-defense
elements in the “to-convict instruction” where a separate self-defense instruction is given.
See e.g., State v. Thomas, No. 70438-9-1, (Wash. Ct. App. June 22, 2015) (unpublished),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/index.cfm?fa=opinions.showOpinion&filename=704389MAJ;
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State v. Menegas
Similar to Hoffman, here the trial court properly instructed the jury as to the
elements of third degree assault, the elements of self-defense, and the State’s burden of
proof with respect to each. The court also instructed the jury to consider the jury
instructions as a whole. The instructions, when considered together, allowed Ms.
Menegas to argue her theory of the case and did not relieve the State of its duty to prove
that Ms. Menegas’s use of force was unlawful. Our Supreme Court’s express approval of
the giving of separate “to-convict” and self-defense instructions requires this court to
reject Ms. Menegas’s argument that the instructions given were erroneous. Accordingly,
in light of Hoffman, Ms. Menegas has failed to demonstrate manifest error justifying
review pursuant to RAP 2.5(a)(3).2
State v. Drahold, No. 71248-9-I; 72040-6-I, (Wash. Ct. App. July 27, 2015)
(unpublished),
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/index.cfm?fa=opinions.showOpinion&filename=712489MAJ
(trial court did not err in rejecting proposed to-convict instruction that included the State’s
obligation to disprove self-defense where court gave a separate self-defense instruction in
compliance with Hoffman, which remains binding on the Court of Appeals).
2
The State contends that even if Ms. Menegas could demonstrate error in the
instructions, she invited any such error and is therefore precluded from challenging the
instructions on appeal. However, since the appeal record does not include a copy of Ms.
Menegas’s proposed instructions (which were apparently not filed with the trial court),
this court cannot determine whether Ms. Menegas invited the instructional error by
requesting an identical “to-convict” instruction as the State. See e.g., State v. Hood, 196
Wn. App. 127, 133-34, 382 P.3d 710 (2016) (invited error doctrine did not bar review of
jury instruction where defendant did not propose his own instructions).
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No. 36031-8-III
State v. Menegas
Ms. Menegas also claims that her trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
“to-convict” instruction on the grounds that it omitted the State’s burden to disprove self-
defense as an element of third degree assault.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant carries the
burden of demonstrating (1) the attorney’s performance was deficient—that is, it fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2) the deficiency prejudiced the
accused—that is, absent the deficiency there is a reasonable probability that the result of
the proceeding would have been different. State v. Humphries, 181 Wn.2d 708, 719-20,
336 P.3d 1121 (2014). To rebut the presumption of effective assistance of counsel, the
defendant must establish the absence of any “conceivable legitimate tactic explaining
counsel’s performance.” State v. Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d 126, 130, 101 P.3d 80 (2004).
Counsel is not deficient where he proposes instructions that comported with a
“then-unquestioned WPIC [Washington Pattern Jury Instruction—Criminal].” See State
v. Studd, 137 Wn.2d 533, 551, 973 P.2d 1049 (1999). However, counsel’s reliance on a
standard WPIC may constitute deficient performance where several published cases
already established the form of the WPIC misstated the law. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d at 865-66.
As explained above, the Washington Supreme Court has recognized it is not error
to give a self-defense instruction and a “to-convict” instruction that omits the State’s
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No. 36031-8-III
State v. Menegas
burden to disprove self-defense, so long as the jury instructions as a whole properly
instruct the jury on the applicable law. Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d at 109. Unlike the
challenged instruction in Kyllo (which misstated the mental state required for self-
defense), here the “to-convict” and the self-defense instructions given comported not only
with the WPICs but also with Supreme Court precedent directly on point. Ms. Menegas
cannot demonstrate that trial counsel was deficient for failing to object to the “to-convict”
instruction and, accordingly, we do not reach the prejudice prong of the Strickland3 test.
Ms. Menegas’s final argument is that this court must strike the $200 filing fee
pursuant to the holding in State v. Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d 732, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). The
State agrees.
House Bill 1783, which became effective June 7, 2018, prohibits trial courts from
imposing discretionary legal financial obligations (LFOs) on defendants who are indigent
at the time of sentencing. LAWS OF 2018, ch. 269, § 6(3); Ramirez, 191 Wn.2d
at 738, 747. This change to the criminal filing fee statute is now codified in
RCW 36.18.020(2)(h). As held in Ramirez, these changes to the criminal filing fee
statute apply prospectively to cases pending direct appeal prior to June 7, 2018. Ramirez,
191 Wn.2d at 747. Accordingly, the change in law applies to Ms. Menegas’s case.
3
Strickland v. Washington, 46 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).
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Because Ms. Menegas is indigent, the criminal filing fee must be struck pursuant to
Ramirez.
CONCLUSION
The sentence is remanded to strike the criminal filing fee. In all other respects, the
sentence is affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
Pennell, J.
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