UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-4562
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
DAEWON WARREN,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at
Charleston. David C. Norton, District Judge. (2:15-cr-00516-DCN-1)
Submitted: May 1, 2019 Decided: May 17, 2019
Before NIEMEYER and DIAZ, Circuit Judges, and DUNCAN, Senior Circuit Judge.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Louis H. Lang, CALLISON TIGHE & ROBINSON, LLC, Columbia, South Carolina, for
Appellant. Sherri A. Lydon, United States Attorney, Marshall Austin, Assistant United
States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Charleston, South
Carolina, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
Daewon Warren appeals his convictions and sentence for conspiracy to transport a
minor for prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423(a), (e) (2012) (Count 1),
transporting a minor to engage in prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), (2),
(b)(1), (2012) (Count 2), transportation for prostitution, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2,
2421(a) (2012) (Count 3), transportation of a minor for sex, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§§ 2, 2423(a) (Count 4), sexual exploitation of a child, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2251(a), (e) (2012) (Count 5), possession of child pornography, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), (b)(2) (2012) (Count 6), transportation for prostitution, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2421(a) (Count 7), and obstruction of a sex trafficking of
children investigation, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 1591(d) (2012) (Count 8). Warren
contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress certain statements
made to law enforcement, that the district court abused its discretion in qualifying an
expert witness and in permitting testimony from that expert witness on certain subjects,
and that the district court plainly erred in applying a two-level enhancement for
obstruction of justice to his conviction on Count 8. For the reasons stated herein, we
affirm.
I.
Detectives Ron Metrejean and Charlie Benton arrived at a Motel 6 in response to a
tip that an African-American male with cornrows, wearing a bright shirt, and driving a
green BMW was trafficking an underage girl in room 143. Metrejean, wearing a police
vest and a visible sidearm, approached Warren, who matched the description in the tip,
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and began asking routine questions while Benton investigated room 143. This
questioning took place in an open breezeway, and at no point was Warren asked to stay
or otherwise told he could not leave the conversation.
A few minutes after Metrejean began questioning Warren, a marked patrol car
with uniformed officers pulled into the parking lot, and the officers exited their vehicle
and stood off to the side of the breezeway. A special agent with the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) was also on the scene, but he remained on the outside perimeter of the
motel, and it is undetermined whether he was visible to Warren, or even if Warren would
have known he was an FBI agent. After investigating room 143 and finding nothing,
Benton joined Warren and Metrejean. Benton also questioned Warren, asking similar
questions about Warren’s identity, where he was staying in the hotel, and whether anyone
was staying with him. Based on Warren’s response, Benton went to the room in which
Warren was staying, where he made contact with A.L., an underage female. The officers
subsequently arrested Warren. Warren moved to suppress his statements, but the district
court denied the motion.
At trial, the Government introduced testimony from Supervisory Special Agent
James Hardie of the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Unit. Hardie, who has been an FBI agent
since 2001, spent the bulk of his career investigating human trafficking, specifically sex
trafficking involving children, and has interviewed hundreds of individuals involved in
human trafficking. His work has included training law enforcement agencies to perform
human trafficking investigations, and he has published articles on the subject in various
law enforcement magazines and journals. Hardie, who acknowledged that he had no
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information regarding the facts of Warren’s case, testified generally about human
trafficking. His testimony covered a variety of topics, including: defining a variety of
terms used in the human trafficking subculture, how traffickers often recruit victims, the
various ways in which traffickers and victims interact, how victims interact with each
other, how traffickers maintain control over their victims, the rules that many traffickers
impose on their victims, the use of online advertisements, the challenges victims face in
getting away from traffickers, and the sense of loyalty a victim sometimes develops for a
trafficker.
The presentence report separated Warren’s convictions into two groups: group one
encompassed Counts 1 through 6 and Count 8, while group two included only Count 7.
See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3D1.1 (2016). The PSR recommended that all
seven offenses in group one had adjusted offense levels of 44, and the offense in group
two had an adjusted offense level of 40. The offense level calculation for the group one
offenses included a two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice under USSG
§ 3C1.1. After grouping the offenses and determining their adjusted offense levels under
USSG § 3D1.3(a), the PSR recommended adding two offense levels as set out in USSG
§ 3D1.4. This established a recommended combined adjusted offense level of 46, which
the PSR recommended reducing to 43. See USSG ch. 5, pt. A, cmt. n.2. At Warren’s
sentencing hearing, Warren did not object to this calculation or to the two-level
enhancement for obstruction of justice under USSG § 3C1.1. Thus, the district court
adopted the PSR’s findings, determining that Warren’s total offense level was 43 and
placing him in criminal history category I. Warren’s Sentencing Guidelines range was,
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therefore, life imprisonment. The district court then sentenced Warren to 360 months’
imprisonment and a lifetime term of supervised release.
II.
We first address Warren’s contention that the district court erred in denying his
motion to suppress statements he made to Detectives Metrejean and Benton at the motel.
“In reviewing a district court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, [we] review[] conclusions
of law de novo and underlying factual findings for clear error.” United States v. Clarke,
842 F.3d 288, 293 (4th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Because the
district court denied [Warren’s] motion to suppress, we construe the evidence in the light
most favorable to the government.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
“The Fifth Amendment provides that [n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself.” United States v. Azua-Rinconada, 914
F.3d 319, 325 (4th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he Supreme Court
has mandated the use of procedural measures to ensure that defendants, when subjected
to custodial interrogations, are advised of their Fifth Amendment rights.” Id. (internal
quotation marks omitted). “Thus, unless a defendant is advised of his Fifth Amendment
rights pursuant to Miranda [v. Arizona, 389 U.S. 436 (1966)] and voluntarily waives
those rights, statements he makes during a custodial interrogation must be suppressed.”
Id. “When determining whether an interrogation is custodial for purposes of Miranda, a
court asks whether, under the totality of the circumstances, a suspect’s freedom of action
was curtailed to a degree associated with formal arrest.” Id. at 325-26 (internal quotation
marks omitted). “This inquiry is an objective one, and asks whether a reasonable person
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would have felt he or she was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.” Id.
at 326 (internal ellipses and quotation marks omitted).
We conclude that Warren was not subjected to a custodial interrogation that
necessitated advisement of his Fifth Amendment rights prior to questioning. The primary
argument put forward by Warren is that the number of officers, combined with Metrejean
being visibly armed, created a police-dominated atmosphere such that a reasonable
person in Warren’s position would have believed he was not free to leave. In this case, it
appears that there were no more than five law enforcement officers at the motel, one of
whom may not have been visible to Warren. At no point was Warren told he was not free
to leave or even asked to stay in the breezeway, which was itself an open area in front of
the motel office, and Warren was physically free to walk away from the detectives.
Given the totality of these circumstances, we find no error in the district court’s denial of
Warren’s motion to suppress his statements to the officers.
III.
Next, we turn to Warren’s claim that the district court abused its discretion by
qualifying Hardie as an expert in human trafficking and in admitting Hardie’s testimony
that Warren alleges went beyond the facts of his case. “We review a district court’s
decision to qualify an expert witness, as well as the admission of such testimony, for
abuse of discretion.” United States v. Garcia, 752 F.3d 382, 390 (4th Cir. 2014). “A
court abuses its discretion if its decision is guided by erroneous legal principles or rests
upon a clearly erroneous factual finding.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Under Fed. R. Evid. 702:
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A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of
the case.
A district court must ensure “that an expert’s testimony both rests on a reliable
foundation and is relevant to the task at hand.” Belville v. Ford Motor Co., 919 F.3d 229,
232 (4th Cir. 2019). “[A]n expert’s testimony is relevant if it has a valid scientific
connection to the pertinent inquiry,” and it is reliable if it is “based on scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge and not on belief or speculation, and inferences
must be derived using scientific or other valid methods.” Id. (internal emphasis and
quotation marks omitted).
The district court did not abuse its discretion by qualifying Hardie as an expert
witness. Hardie had extensive experience investigating human trafficking, particularly
sex trafficking involving children, and through his work he interviewed hundreds of
individuals involved in sex trafficking. He instructs other law enforcement agencies on
how to perform sex trafficking investigations, and he has published articles in law
enforcement periodicals. While Hardie may lack the academic prestige or clinical
experience of some experts, he was nonetheless qualified to discuss the typical manner in
which human trafficking operates.
Further, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s allowing Hardie to
testify broadly about the typical human trafficking experiences of its victims and the
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common behaviors of traffickers. Earlier in the trial, the Government called one of
Warren’s victims to testify. Her testimony discussed how she was recruited against her
will, how she was taught, her experiences with another of Warren’s victims, her
relationship and interactions with Warren and the other victim, the violence she
encountered while working for Warren, and Warren’s expectations and requirements.
Hardie’s testimony was not introduced simply to tell the jury about the horrors of human
trafficking, but to give context to the victim’s testimony. Much of Hardie’s testimony
related directly to aspects of the victim’s testimony and aided the jury in better
understanding some of the concepts and events described by the victim and in assessing
the victim’s credibility. Without Hardie’s testimony, the jury would have had no way of
determining whether the victim’s experiences were common, unique, or implausible.
Hardie’s testimony also explained why others might have chosen to not testify against
Warren.
IV.
Finally, Warren asserts that the district court plainly erred by applying a two-level
enhancement to his offense level for obstruction of justice under USSG § 3C1.1.
Specifically, Warren argues that the enhancement should not have been applied because
Count 8 charged him with obstruction of justice, and the commentary to USSG § 3C1.1
precludes the application of the enhancement to an obstruction of justice offense.
Generally, when reviewing a district court’s application of the Guidelines, we
review the district court’s legal conclusions de novo and factual conclusions for clear
error. United States v. Allen, 909 F.3d 671, 677 (4th Cir. 2018). Here, however, because
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Warren did not object to the Guidelines calculations before the district court, the issue is
reviewed for plain error. United States v. Webb, 738 F.3d 638, 640-41 (4th Cir. 2013).
To establish plain error, Warren must show “(1) that the district court erred, (2) that the
error is clear or obvious, and (3) that the error affected his substantial rights, meaning that
it affected the outcome of the district court proceedings.” Id. at 640-41(internal quotation
marks omitted). On plain error review, “the defendant bears the burden of satisfying each
of the elements of the . . . standard.” United States v. Massenberg, 564 F.3d 337, 343
(4th Cir. 2009) (emphasis omitted).
We need not reach the issue of whether the district court erred in applying the
enhancement. Even if the district court did err, Warren does not meet his burden to show
that the error affected his substantial rights because his total offense level would remain
at 43 and his Guidelines range calculation would not change.
To determine his offense level, the district court placed Warren’s offenses into two
groups, as it is instructed to do by USSG § 3D1.1. The district court determined that
Warren’s adjusted offense level for group one was 44 and his adjusted offense level for
group two was 40. Even if we assume that the district court erred in applying the
obstruction of justice enhancement, Warren’s adjusted offense level for group one would
only drop to 42. Warren would still have received two additional points to his offense
level under USSG § 3D1.4, which would have placed his combined adjusted offense
level at 44. The Guidelines instruct that when an adjusted offense level is above 43, it
should be reduced to 43 for the purpose of determining the sentencing range. USSG ch.
5, pt. A, cmt. n.2. Therefore, Warren’s total offense level would be 43 and his Guidelines
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range would have been life imprisonment, which is what the district court calculated
during sentencing. Thus, we conclude that the district court did not plainly err in
applying the two-level enhancement for obstruction of justice.
V.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court. We dispense with oral
argument because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the
materials before this court and argument would not aid the decisional process.
AFFIRMED
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