In re Joziah B.

May 17, 2019

Supreme Court

No. 2017-428-Appeal.
(08-520-1)

In re Joziah B. :

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in
the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Opinion
Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
Rhode Island 02903, at Tel. 222-3258 of any typographical or other
formal errors in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is
published.
 Supreme Court

No. 2017-428-Appeal.
(08-520-1)

In re Joziah B. :

Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.

OPINION

Justice Flaherty, for the Court. The respondent, Heather B., appeals from a decree

entered in the Family Court that terminated her parental rights with respect to her son, Joziah B.,

who was born on March 1, 2008. 1 This case came before the Supreme Court on February 27,

2019, pursuant to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised in

this appeal should not summarily be decided. After reviewing the parties’ memoranda, we are

satisfied that cause has not been shown, and we proceed to decide the appeal at this time without

further briefing or argument. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we vacate the decree of

the Family Court.

1
In the same petition filed against the respondent, the Rhode Island Department of Children,
Youth, and Families also sought to terminate the parental rights of Joziah’s father. His case is
not before us.

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 I

Facts and Travel

On April 30, 2015, over four years ago, the Rhode Island Department of Children, Youth,

and Families (DCYF) filed a petition in Family Court, pursuant to G.L. 1956 § 15-7-7, 2 to

terminate respondent’s parental rights with respect to Joziah. 3 The petition listed respondent’s

address as “unknown.” In its petition, DCYF alleged that Joziah had been placed in the legal

custody or care of the agency for at least twelve months. The petition further alleged that

respondent had been “offered or received services to correct the situation which led to the child

being placed,” and that, because of Joziah’s age and his need for a permanent home, there was

not a substantial probability that the young boy would be able to return safely to respondent’s

care within a reasonable period of time. On September 5, 2017, the petition was amended to

include an allegation that respondent had abandoned Joziah.

To support its petition, DCYF filed a summary of facts in which it alleged that, on

September 11, 2013, the department’s child abuse neglect hotline had received a telephone call

reporting that Joziah had been left with his maternal aunt with neither clothes nor money to

2
General Laws 1956 § 15-7-7(a) provides, in pertinent part:

“The court shall, upon a petition duly filed by a governmental child
placement agency * * * after notice to the parent and a hearing on
the petition, terminate any and all legal rights of the parent to the
child * * * if the court finds as a fact by clear and convincing
evidence that:

“* * *

“(4) The parent has abandoned or deserted the child. A lack of
communication or contact with the child for at least a six (6) month
period shall constitute prima facie evidence of abandonment or
desertion.”
3
The record reflects that respondent has another child; only Joziah is the subject of this appeal.

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provide for his care. The DCYF further alleged that respondent was homeless, was using,

presumedly, illegal drugs, and that Joziah had been present at a time that his mother was actively

engaging in acts of prostitution. Additionally, according to the summary of facts filed by the

department, respondent’s family was very concerned because respondent “was sending her pimp

to pick up [Joziah].” After a departmental investigation, Joziah was placed in a nonrelative

foster home because of respondent’s neglect. 4 The summary of facts also asserted that numerous

case plans had been provided for respondent and Joziah to address DCYF’s concerns, but that

respondent had failed to complete her treatment and had not adequately cooperated with DCYF.

For instance, it was alleged that respondent had been discharged from a family visitation

program as a result of her “ongoing use of heroin, cocaine, ‘other opiates,’ alcohol and

marijuana,” and that she had been diagnosed with “Opioid type dependence, episodic use, Major

Depressive Disorder, recurrent episode, moderate degree, Cannabis Dependence, mood Disorder,

NOS and PTSD.” The caseworker who drafted the summary of facts also represented that the

last contact she had had with respondent occurred on March 23, 2015, and that the last time

respondent had contact with Joziah was during a supervised visit that took place on February 27,

2015. 5

The summary of facts also revealed that Joziah had endured trauma throughout his life,

including being sexually abused by babysitters, witnessing domestic violence, his mother

4
The summary of facts also recounted that DCYF previously had accused respondent of neglect
at the time of Joziah’s birth because both respondent and the infant Joziah had tested positive for
marijuana.
5
As further discussed infra, at the hearing on the petition to terminate respondent’s parental
rights, the DCYF caseworker provided the court with an update on respondent’s contact with
Joziah, and represented that the last contact that respondent had had with Joziah “was around the
time she signed off on direct consent adoption to the foster parent[,]” which occurred in
November 2015. The trial justice found at that hearing that respondent’s last contact with Joziah
was “shortly after November of 2015.”

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performing acts of prostitution, and even being kidnapped for ransom by respondent’s pimp.

According to DCYF, at the time of the filing of the petition for termination of parental rights,

Joziah was in his fourth nonrelative foster home, had “engaged in incidents of inappropriate

sexualized behavior with other foster children and his sister and struggles with symptoms of Post

Traumatic Stress Disorder, anxiety and Attention Deficit hyper Activity Disorder.”

In May 2015, an arraignment was held in Family Court, and respondent was referred to

the public defender’s office; a public defender entered his appearance on respondent’s behalf

later that month. Although a trial was planned, respondent consented to Joziah being adopted in

November 2015. Later that month, however, respondent filed an emergency motion to withdraw

her consent for the adoption. That motion was scheduled to be heard on January 5, 2016;

however, the record reflects that respondent failed to appear at that hearing and the motion was

passed. On that same day, the public defender who had been representing respondent was

permitted to withdraw from the case.

Over a year and a half later, in September 2017, the Family Court ordered that an

advertisement be placed in a local newspaper, notifying respondent that a hearing on the petition

to terminate her parental rights would be held on October 3, 2017. That advertisement was

placed in The Providence Journal on September 22, 2017, and provided that respondent’s

parental rights would be terminated if she failed to appear.

The respondent was not present at the October 3, 2017 hearing. The court went forward

with the hearing, despite respondent’s absence, and received testimony from Denise Zolnierz, the

DCYF casework supervisor for Joziah’s case. Ms. Zolnierz testified that, on September 11,

2013, more than four years earlier, DCYF had received a call that respondent had left Joziah with

her sister so that respondent could be available to engage in prostitution in Connecticut, and that

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her sister was concerned for the welfare of the child. Ms. Zolnierz testified that DCYF

developed case plans for respondent that included mental health counseling, substance abuse

treatment, nonoffending parenting, and visitation. According to Ms. Zolnierz, the department

made referrals for respondent to accomplish the goals of those case plans, but, besides

participating in some of the trauma treatment for Joziah, respondent failed to complete her

substance abuse and mental health treatments. Ms. Zolnierz further testified that she did not

know where respondent was, that she believed respondent had not visited with Joziah for the past

year, and that she thought respondent’s last contact with Joziah “was around the time she signed

off on direct consent adoption to the foster parent.” She also believed that respondent had a

criminal history and “ha[d] been in and out of the [Adult Correctional Institutions] for various

crimes.” Ms. Zolnierz testified that, shortly after respondent consented to Joziah being adopted,

the child was hospitalized for mental health and trauma care, and that his foster mother “could

not adopt him based on his behaviors.” According to Ms. Zolnierz, at the time of the October 3,

2017 hearing, Joziah was not living in a new preadoptive home and had instead been living in

residential care because of his mental health needs. She informed the court that Joziah at that

point was “very stable” and was “doing the best he’s done in a long time[,]” and that DCYF was

actively seeking a preadoptive home for him.

The trial justice then made findings of fact, by clear and convincing evidence, based on

the uncontradicted testimony of Ms. Zolnierz and the DCYF summary of facts that had been

marked as a full exhibit. The trial justice found as a fact that the case opened to DCYF in

September 2013, and noted the allegation that respondent had left Joziah with her sister, who

was the foster mother at some point, so that she could engage in prostitution in Connecticut. The

trial justice further mentioned the allegation that respondent had not returned for Joziah for a

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period of three months, and also found that Joziah had been removed from his mother’s care.

She found that DCYF attempted to assist respondent with multiple case plans and that numerous

referrals had been made, but found that respondent “did not comply with any of the referrals or

the case plan.” She found that the last time respondent had been in contact with Joziah “was

shortly after November of 2015[,]” that the child had been hospitalized, was being treated for

trauma, and was, at the time of the hearing on the petition for termination of parental rights,

living in residential care, where he had been for over six months. The trial justice further said

that Joziah was registered with Adoption Rhode Island and appeared to be stable, but that he had

“some serious mental health needs and trauma treatment.” For these reasons, the trial justice

determined that respondent had abandoned Joziah as a result of her failure to have contact with

him for over six months, that DCYF had attempted to work with respondent for a substantial

period of time, and that it was unlikely that Joziah could be returned to his mother’s care within a

reasonable period of time, “considering the child’s age and the child’s need for a permanent

home.” The trial justice also found that it was in the best interest of the child to be adopted and

that respondent did not cooperate with DCYF services to strive toward reunification. For all of

those reasons, the trial justice determined that respondent was unfit to parent; she ordered that

respondent’s parental rights be terminated and that DCYF, as the guardian of the child “for all

purposes[,]” would have “the exclusive right to place [Joziah] for adoption and be the sole party

to give or withhold consent.” Shortly thereafter, a decree mirroring the trial justice’s findings

was entered. The respondent timely appealed the decree.

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 II

Standard of Review

“Natural parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and

management of their children.” In re Malachii O., 152 A.3d 1153, 1157 (R.I. 2017) (quoting In

re Amiah P., 54 A.3d 446, 451 (R.I. 2012)). As a result, the findings of a trial justice in a

proceeding concerning the termination of parental rights “must be supported by clear and

convincing evidence.” In re Izabella G., 196 A.3d 736, 741 (R.I. 2018).

“On appeal from a decree terminating parental rights, ‘this Court applies a deferential

standard.’” In re Lauren B., 78 A.3d 752, 759 (R.I. 2013) (quoting In re Julian D., 18 A.3d 477,

481 (R.I. 2011)). “[T]his Court reviews termination of parental rights rulings by examining the

record to establish whether the Family Court justice’s findings are supported by legal and

competent evidence.” In re Izabella G., 196 A.3d at 740 (brackets omitted) (quoting In re Amiah

P., 54 A.3d at 451). “These findings are entitled to great weight, and this Court will not disturb

them unless they are clearly wrong or the trial justice overlooked or misconceived material

evidence.” Id. at 740-41 (quoting In re Amiah P., 54 A.3d at 451).

III

Discussion

On appeal, respondent, while providing the Court with a written update of her condition

and status, also contends that she was not “aware of the court date on October 3, 2017 or else I

would have been there.” 6 In response, Joziah’s guardian ad litem argues that respondent has

6
We note that respondent also failed to appear before this Court for oral argument. At that time,
DCYF represented to this Court that it had tried and failed to contact respondent, that respondent
currently is staying in a shelter, and that respondent is actively involved in a domestic violence
dispute with the same individual she was living with at the time her appeal was filed and who she

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alluded only to the fact that she was not aware of the court date, but she “does not question the

sufficiency of notice by publication.” The DCYF also argues that the hearing date was

appropriately advertised in The Providence Journal in advance of the termination of parental

rights hearing. 7

Our examination of the record, however, reveals a fatal flaw in this case which constrains

us to vacate the termination decree. Section 15-7-7 sets forth the procedures and findings that

are necessary to terminate parental rights. However, specifically relevant to this case is § 15-7-9,

which provides the following:

“(a) When a petition concerning the adoption or termination of
parental rights is filed which sets forth that the whereabouts of the
parent or parents of the child are unknown, that fact shall be sworn
to by the petitioners by affidavit which shall set forth the last
contacts with the absent parent and any other information
considered pertinent in determining the absent parent’s
whereabouts.

“(b) The court shall review the affidavit and, if it is determined that
personal service cannot be effectuated, an order of notice shall be
entered directing that notice be given to the parent by publication
in any newspaper of general circulation that the court directs;
which notice shall be published once and this notice may be
combined and placed with other names that the court is attempting
to notify.” (Emphasis added.)

According to § 15-7-9, because DCYF indicated in its petition and later informed the

Family Court that respondent’s whereabouts were unknown, DCYF faced a statutory

requirement to file an affidavit stating that respondent could not be found and to “set forth the

last contacts with the absent parent and any other information considered pertinent in

had alleged, in her memorandum to this Court, was “a great support system to [herself]” and
would be a “great role model” for Joziah.
7
We are of the opinion that, by contending that she was not aware of the court date and that, had
she been aware of the hearing she would have been present, respondent is challenging the
sufficiency of the notice that the hearing date was scheduled for October 3, 2017. We therefore
disagree with the guardian ad litem’s narrow interpretation of respondent’s argument.

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determining the absent parent’s whereabouts.” Section 15-7-9(a). That affidavit must be filed in

advance of a Family Court order of notice “by publication in any newspaper of general

circulation that the court directs[.]” Section 15-7-9(b). After scouring the record, it is clear that

no such affidavit was filed with the court as required under § 15-7-9, and, therefore, the Family

Court’s order of advertisement in The Providence Journal to alert respondent that her parental

rights might be terminated if she failed to appear does not pass statutory muster. For this reason,

notice of the October 3, 2017 hearing date was improper as a matter of law.

We previously have acknowledged that parents have “no absolute right to be physically

present at the termination hearing.” In re Ariel N., 892 A.2d 80, 84 (R.I. 2006) (quoting In re

Brandon A., 769 A.2d 586, 590 (R.I. 2001)). Nonetheless, “although the termination of parental

rights is a civil, not a criminal proceeding, the termination of parental rights is a significant event

in which a parent’s due process rights reasonably should be protected.” Id. (brackets and deletion

omitted) (quoting In re Ginger G., 775 A.2d 255, 258 (R.I. 2001)).

This Court previously has expressed concern for a natural parent’s rights when a parent is

absent from a hearing on termination of parental rights. In In re Ginger G., we vacated a Family

Court decree terminating a pro se respondent’s parental rights where the respondent failed to

appear and no attorney, not even the court-appointed guardian ad litem who was present at the

hearing, represented her interests. In re Ginger G., 775 A.2d at 258. We held that, “[a]t a

minimum, a Family Court justice should inquire about the status or position of the parent and the

reason for his or her absence to ascertain whether the non-appearance was voluntary or non-

voluntary.” Id. at 258-59. We remanded that case for a hearing to give the respondent an

opportunity to present evidence and cross-examine witnesses. Id. at 259.

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 Although the facts in this case are slightly different because respondent’s whereabouts

have been unknown since early in the proceedings, it is nonetheless clear that “the termination of

parental rights is a significant event in which a parent’s due process rights reasonably should be

protected” when the parent fails to appear at the hearing. In re Ginger G., 775 A.2d at 258. We

recognize that this case has been ongoing for several years and that all parties, including and

especially Joziah, deserve stability and finality. However, “[t]his Court has long acknowledged

that ‘parents are entitled to procedural due process before the termination of their parental

rights.’” In re Ariel N., 892 A.2d at 84 (quoting In re Brandon A., 769 A.2d at 590); see also In

re Lauren B., 78 A.3d at 759 (“[T]he termination of a parent’s rights is a ‘grave, drastic, and

irreversible action.’”) (quoting In re Gabrielle D., 39 A.3d 655, 665 (R.I. 2012)). Therefore, the

decree in this matter must be vacated and the matter remanded to the Family Court for a hearing

with appropriate notice in accordance with § 15-7-9. We direct that respondent be represented

by counsel at that hearing.

IV

Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the decree of the Family Court and remand to that

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS

SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE

OPINION COVER SHEET

Title of Case In re Joziah B.
No. 2017-428-Appeal.
Case Number
(08-520-1)
Date Opinion Filed May 17, 2019
Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and
Justices
Indeglia, JJ.
Written By Associate Justice Francis X. Flaherty

Source of Appeal Providence County Family Court

Judicial Officer From Lower Court Associate Justice Laureen A. D’Ambra
For Petitioner:

Karen A. Clark
Department of Children Youth and Families
Attorney(s) on Appeal
Susan M. Fink, Esq.
Guardian Ad Litem

For Respondent:

Heather Bessette, Pro Se

SU‐CMS‐02A (revised June 2016)