Opinion issued May 23, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
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NO. 01-18-01084-CV
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IN THE INTEREST OF J.T.W.P., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 314th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2018-02100J
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This is an appeal from the trial court’s order terminating a mother’s parental
rights to her son. The trial court found that termination was warranted under Texas
Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(M) and was in the child’s best interest under
section 161.001(b)(2). The mother challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination was in the child’s best
interest. We conclude that legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the
finding and therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
The mother has a history of chronic drug abuse that first came to the
Department’s attention in 2013, when it found reason to believe a referral of
neglectful supervision of her infant son, observing that the “[m]other is a chronic
drug user which place[s] the children at risk along with domestic violence.”
In the Department’s investigation of a second referral in 2015, the mother
admitted to using drugs and tested positive for cocaine, marijuana, benzodiazepine,
amphetamine, and methamphetamine. The Department found that the mother’s
neglectful supervision posed an immediate danger to the child. It took the boy into
custody and instituted proceedings that resulted in the termination of the mother’s
parental rights. The 2016 termination decree recites findings that the mother engaged
in conduct which endangered the child and that she constructively abandoned him
when he came into the Department’s care.
The mother also has significant criminal history. In 2004, the mother pleaded
guilty to the offense of endangering a child, for which she served a six-month jail
sentence. She served a 180-day jail sentence in 2012 after being convicted for
forgery. She also has a 2013 conviction for marijuana possession and a 2017
conviction for theft.
2
The mother gave birth to Jacob in February 2018.1 His birth came to the
Department’s attention after a routine review of birth records identified him as the
child of a parent who had previously lost her parental rights to another child.
A Department investigator found the mother at her residence and spoke with
her outside. The mother denied having previously lost parental rights to a child,
denied any prior involvement with the Department, and denied drug use. She agreed
to submit to a drug test, which yielded a positive result for methamphetamine. The
mother, however, denied using methamphetamine and claimed that she did not know
why the test gave that result because she had used drugs only once since Jacob’s
birth and had used ecstasy, not methamphetamine.
When the investigator asked about Jacob’s whereabouts, the mother initially
responded that he was with her aunt, a response that was disproven when the
mother’s girlfriend emerged from the residence holding the child. The girlfriend
volunteered that something was wrong with the mother and she needed mental health
services. The investigator asked the mother about her mental health. The mother
responded that she suffered from depression and anxiety, but her girlfriend indicated
that the mother’s condition was more serious.
After further discussion, the mother agreed to have the investigator place
Jacob in the care of a residential program for children in Houston. A few weeks later,
1
“Jacob” is a pseudonym. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).
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the Department brought suit for temporary managing conservatorship of Jacob and
termination of the mother’s parental rights. The mother submitted to additional drug
testing after the first hearing. The urine specimen she provided tested negative, but
her hair specimen tested positive for cocaine and codeine.
The mother did not appear for the next status hearing. At that hearing, the
Department asked the trial court to find aggravated circumstances based on the
mother’s 2004 conviction for endangering a child and the termination of her parental
rights to Jacob’s older brother. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 262.2015(b)(3)(I), (b)(5).
Based on the aggravated-circumstances finding, the trial waived the requirement to
provide the parent with a service plan and the requirement to make reasonable efforts
to return the child to the parent. See id. § 262.2015(a). The trial court approved
supervised visitation between Jacob and the mother once every two weeks. The
Department offered drug testing to the mother, but the mother did not appear for it.
In June 2018, the Department placed Jacob with the same foster parents who
had adopted his biological brother. The foster mother testified that Jacob is a
cheerful, happy, and mostly healthy baby. He receives speech therapy and physical
therapy, and he is on the wait list to receive occupational therapy.
The caseworker confirmed that the mother participated in supervised visits
with Jacob according to the schedule. She observed, however, that Jacob does not
appear to have a bond with the mother; he cried continuously during the visits and
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the mother was unable to console him. The caseworker explained that if Jacob cried
while she was caring for him, she could calm him down, and observed that he did
not cry when he was with the foster family as he did during the mother’s visits. Jacob
has bonded with his brother and the foster parents, who would like to adopt him. The
caseworker told the court that the home was an optimal permanent placement for
Jacob; it was safe, loving, and stable.
The trial court held a bench trial in October 2018. The mother did not appear
for trial. After hearing testimony from the Department’s caseworker and the foster
mother, the trial court found the mother’s parental rights as to another child had been
involuntarily terminated based on an endangerment finding and that termination of
her rights was in Jacob’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(M),
161.001(b)(2). Based on those findings, the trial court entered judgment terminating
the mother’s parental rights.
DISCUSSION
The mother concedes that the evidence is sufficient to support the predicate
finding for terminating her parental rights under § 161.001(b)(1)(M). She argues that
the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the finding that
termination of her parental rights is in Jacob’s best interest.
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A. Standards of Review and Applicable Law
Parents’ rights to the “companionship, care, custody, and management” of
their child is a constitutional interest “far more precious than any property right.”
Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59 (1982); accord In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d
534, 547 (Tex. 2003). We therefore strictly scrutinize termination proceedings and
strictly construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of the parent. Holick v.
Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). Parental rights, however, are not absolute and
“[t]he rights of parenthood are accorded only to those fit to accept the accompanying
responsibilities.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003). Recognizing that
parents may forfeit their parental rights by their acts or omissions, the primary focus
of a termination suit is protection of the child’s best interest. Id.
In a case to terminate parental rights under section 161.001 of the Family
Code, the Department must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that (1) the
parent committed one or more of the enumerated acts or omissions justifying
termination and, (2) termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE
§ 161.001(b). Clear and convincing evidence is “the measure or degree of proof that
will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth
of the allegations sought to be established.” Id. § 101.007; see In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002). “‘Only one predicate finding’ under section
161.001(b)(1) ‘is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there is also
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a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest.’” In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d
573, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (quoting A.V., 113
S.W.3d at 362).
In a legal-sufficiency review in a parental-rights termination case, we look at
all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a
reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding
was true. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We assume that the factfinder resolved disputed
facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so, disregarding all
evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved or found incredible. Id.
In a factual-sufficiency review in a parental-rights termination case, we
determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a
firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department’s allegations. In re C.H.,
89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). By focusing on whether a reasonable factfinder could
form a firm conviction or belief, the appellate court maintains the required deference
for the factfinder’s role. Id. at 26. “An appellate court’s review must not be so
rigorous that the only factfindings that could withstand review are those established
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. We should consider whether disputed evidence is
such that a reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that disputed evidence in
favor of its finding. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “If, in light of the entire record, the
disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the
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finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm
belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id.
The scope of our evidentiary-sufficiency review includes all the evidence
admitted at trial, as well as any other documents that the trial court properly could
have considered through judicial notice. In re B.D.A., 546 S.W.3d 346, 363–64 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (en banc). We presume that the trial court
took judicial notice of its own records in a case even in the absence of a request,
because “[a] trial judge judicially knows what has previously taken place in the case
on trial.” Asplundh Tree Expert Co. v. Abshire, 517 S.W.3d 320, 344 n.13 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2017, no pet), quoted in In re B.D.A., 546 S.W.3d at 364.
B. Best Interest of the Child
The mother contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to
support the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights was in Jacob’s
best interest. Appellate courts examine the entire record to decide what is in the
child’s best interest. In re E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d 239, 250 (Tex. 2013).
A best-interest analysis centers on the child’s well-being, safety, and
development. In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 631 (Tex. 2018). A strong presumption
exists that a child’s best interest is served by preserving the parent-child relationship.
In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). In considering whether
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termination is in a child’s best interest, courts consider the following nonexclusive
factors identified by the Texas Supreme Court in Holley v. Adams:
(a) the desires of the child,
(b) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and in the future,
(c) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future,
(d) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody,
(e) the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best
interest of the child,
(f) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking
custody,
(g) the stability of the home or proposed placement,
(h) the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate the existing parent-
child relationship is not a proper one, and
(i) any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions.
544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976). Evidence establishing one of the predicate acts
under section 161.001(b)(1) may be relevant to determining the child’s best interest,
including endangerment of the child. A.M., 495 S.W.3d at 581. The Department need
not prove all of the best-interest factors as a condition precedent to parental
termination, “particularly if the evidence were undisputed that the parental
relationship endangered the safety of the child.” C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27.
C. Analysis
The mother complains that the evidence adduced by the Department is thin
and conclusory, only referencing the mother’s history without specific evidence of
the mother’s endangering history. The record shows that during trial, the court noted
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the want of evidence specifically addressing this issue, which led the Department to
recall its witnesses and present additional evidence.2 We agree that, given the
constitutional interests at stake, the strength of the presumption that maintaining the
parent-child relationship is in the child’s best interest, and the finality of severing
that relationship, the Department should have taken more care to develop the
evidence that termination of the mother’s parental rights is in Jacob’s best interest.
That said, after reviewing the entire record, we conclude that it contains
legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that
termination of the mother’s parental rights is in Jacob’s best interest. The mother’s
older child was removed from her care because she admitted using drugs; tested
positive for cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamine, benzodiazepine, and
methamphetamine; lacked stable housing; and had a prior history of abuse and
neglect. During her testimony, the foster mother, who reviewed the Department’s
records of that proceeding in connection with the adoption, agreed that the mother
has a substantial history of drug abuse that “goes back years.” The evidence before
2
To the extent the Department seeks to rely on the predicate finding for termination
under section 161.001(a)(M) to provide support for a best-interest finding, appellate
review would be greatly aided by including pertinent excerpts from the prior
termination case in the record of this case. We note that the trial court in this case
also presided over the prior termination case, but the Department did not ask it to
take judicial notice of the record in that case or seek to include any part of the record
for our review.
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the trial court also included the mother’s criminal record, including her 2004
conviction for endangering a child.
The mother did not appear for trial and, because of the aggravated-
circumstances finding, she did not participate in any of the Department’s services.
When the Department took Jacob into custody, the mother told the investigator that
she intended to participate in a drug rehabilitation program, but no evidence at trial
showed that she had, and she did not act on the Department’s offer to provide drug
testing during that period. The record wholly lacks evidence showing any significant
change in the mother’s circumstances since Jacob was placed in the Department’s
care.
Based on the mother’s long history of substance abuse, the prior
endangerment findings—both criminal and civil—and without evidence of any
significant change in her behavior, the trial court could reasonably infer that the
mother was likely to continue using drugs in the future. See In re J.S.-A, No. 01-17-
00491-CV, 2018 WL 891236, at *8 (Tex. App—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 15, 2018,
pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also In re J.H.G., No. 01-16-01006-CV, 2017 WL
2378141, at *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 1, 2017, pet. denied) (mem.
op.) (explaining that in making best-interest determination, factfinder may consider
evidence of a parent’s past behavior that endangered child’s well-being and infer
that the conduct may recur in the future if child is returned to parent). Her failure to
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appear for drug testing or demonstrate any attempt at rehabilitation also support that
inference.
A parent’s drug use suggests instability in the home because it exposes the
children to the possibility that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned. See In re
A.M., 495 S.W.3d 573, 579 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied); P.W.
v. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 403 S.W.3d 471, 479 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2013, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). “Without stability,” a parent cannot “provide
for the child’s emotional and physical needs.” In re C.A.J., 122 S.W.3d 888, 894
(Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2003, no pet.).
The trial court also could consider evidence of Jacob’s behavior with the
mother in contrast to his behavior with the foster family. We note that the mother
fully participated in supervised visitation with Jacob. The caseworker testified,
however, that Jacob showed significant distress throughout those visits, and the
mother apparently lacked the ability to soothe him. The caseworker testified that
Jacob did not cry with her or the foster mother like he did in the mother’s presence.
Although Jacob was too young to testify at trial, the evidence shows that Jacob
is doing well in the foster parents’ residence. He has bonded with the foster parents
and his biological sibling, whom the foster parents have already adopted. The foster
parents, who wish to adopt Jacob, provide a safe and stable home, and they make
sure that Jacob receives the services he needs to stay developmentally on track.
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Considering the evidence in a light favorable to the trial court’s judgment, we
conclude that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction
that termination of the mother’s parental rights was in Jacob’s best interest. We
further conclude that, in light of the entire record, factually sufficient evidence
supports the court’s firm conviction and belief that termination of the mother’s
parental rights was in Jacob’s best interest.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Gordon Goodman
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Goodman, and Kelly.
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in the Interest of J.T.W.P., a Child v. Department of Family and Protective Services
Combined Opinion