IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
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No. 17-0385
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RUBEN ALEMAN, M.D., PETITIONER,
v.
TEXAS MEDICAL BOARD, RESPONDENT
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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JUSTICE BOYD, dissenting.
In 2007, the legislature passed a statute requiring medical professionals to certify their
patients’ death certificates electronically instead of on paper. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
§ 193.005(h). To allow physicians ample time to register for and transition to this new system, the
Medical Board declined to enforce the requirement for four-and-a-half years. The Board sent mass
mailings notifying physicians of the new requirement and then notified them again when the grace
period expired. Despite the statute and the notices, Dr. Ruben Aleman never registered to use the
electronic-certification system during the extended grace period. One month after the grace period
ended, he certified a patient’s death certificate on paper. In response, the Board initiated a
disciplinary action against Dr. Aleman for violating the law in connection with the practice of
medicine.
It was a slam-dunk case. Dr. Aleman does not dispute that he certified the death certificate
on paper rather than electronically. Predictably, the administrative law judge found that Dr.
Aleman’s failure to electronically certify the death certificate was a prohibited practice for which
he was subject to discipline. The Board, the trial court, and the court of appeals unanimously
agreed. Aleman v. Tex. Med. Bd., 565 S.W.3d 26, 28 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017).
But this Court does not. Purporting to “consider the context and framework of the entire
statute” and “construe it as a whole” to “discern legislative intent,” ante at __ (quoting Cadena
Comercial USA Corp. v. Tex. Alcoholic Beverage Comm’n, 518 S.W.3d 318, 325 (Tex. 2017)),
the Court holds that the Board may discipline a doctor who commits an illegal act connected with
the practice of medicine “only if the act is connected with the practice of medicine in a manner
that makes it likely to deceive or defraud the public.” Ante at __.
Instead of “construing” the statute to divine some fictional “legislative intent,”1 I would
just apply the statute’s plain and unambiguous language. The statute says the Board may discipline
a doctor who “commits an act prohibited under Section 164.052.” TEX. OCC. CODE § 164.051(a)(1)
(emphasis added). Under section 164.052, a physician commits a prohibited act if the person
“commits unprofessional or dishonorable conduct that is likely to deceive or defraud the public,
as provided by Section 164.053.” Id. § 164.052(a)(5) (emphasis added). And section 164.053
“provides” that, for “purposes of Section 164.052(a)(5), unprofessional or dishonorable conduct
1
See, e.g., Lawson v. FMR LLC, 571 U.S. 429, 460 (2014) (Scalia, J., concurring) (“Since congressional
‘intent’ apart from enacted text is fiction to begin with, courts understandably allow themselves a good deal of poetic
license in defining it.”); Bank One Chicago, N.A. v. Midwest Bank & Tr. Co., 516 U.S. 264, 279 (1996) (Scalia, J.,
concurring) (“The law is what the law says, and we should content ourselves with reading it rather than
psychoanalyzing those who enacted it.”); Sherman v. United States, 356 U.S. 369, 381 (1958) (Frankfurter, J.,
concurring) (referring to “wholly fictitious congressional intent”); Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety v. LaFleur, 32 S.W.3d
911, 915 n.7 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.) (“Legislative intent is, in a sense, a legal fiction because it requires
the courts to ascertain the intent of all of the voting members of the legislative body. There is no way to know what
all members of the Legislature believed any given bill might mean.”); Frank H. Easterbrook, Text, History, and
Structure in Statutory Interpretation, 17 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL’Y 61, 68 (1994) (“Intent is elusive for a natural
person, fictive for a collective body.”).
2
likely to deceive or defraud the public includes conduct in which a physician . . . commits an act
that violates any state or federal law if the act is connected with the physician’s practice of
medicine.” Id. § 164.053(a)(1) (emphases added).
At the risk of proving F. Scott Fitzgerald’s point,2 I (at least keeping good company with
the administrative law judge, the Board, the trial court, and the unanimous court of appeals) find
all this pretty simple:
the Board can discipline a doctor who commits unprofessional or dishonorable
conduct that is likely to deceive or defraud the public;
such conduct “includes” an illegal act connected with the practice of medicine;
and
Dr. Aleman committed an illegal act connected with the practice of medicine;
so
the Board can discipline Dr. Aleman.
When the statute expressly classifies particular conduct as “unprofessional or dishonorable
conduct likely to deceive or defraud the public,” the Court’s disagreement with that classification
is irrelevant. As we have said time and again, “when a statute provides a definition for or uses a
word or phrase in a particular manner, then courts must apply that definition or manner of use
when interpreting the statute.” PlainsCapital Bank v. Martin, 459 S.W.3d 550, 556 (Tex. 2015)
(emphasis added).3
2
F. SCOTT FITZGERALD, THE GREAT GATSBY 79 (Wordsworth Editions Ltd. 1993) (“There is no confusion
like the confusion of a simple mind.”).
3
See also Adams v. Starside Custom Builders, LLC, 547 S.W.3d 890, 894 (Tex. 2018) (“[W]e must adhere
to statutory definitions.”) (citing TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 439 (Tex. 2011) (“If a
statute uses a term with a particular meaning or assigns a particular meaning to a term, we are bound by the statutory
usage.”)); Youngkin v. Hines, 546 S.W.3d 675, 680 (Tex. 2018) (“Courts must adhere to legislative definitions of
terms when they are supplied.”) (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.001(b)); Melden & Hunt, Inc. v. E. Rio Hondo Water
Supply Corp., 520 S.W.3d 887, 893 (Tex. 2017) (“We also typically give statutory terms their ordinary or common
meaning unless . . . a supplied definition indicates that a different meaning was intended.”) (citing Greene v. Farmers
Ins. Exch., 446 S.W.3d 761, 765 (Tex. 2014) (“We rely on the plain meaning of the text as expressing legislative intent
3
Purporting to construe the statute “as a whole” instead of “favoring microscopic
examination of isolated words,” the Court concludes that the statute simply cannot mean what it
expressly says. Ante at __. Specifically, the Court concludes that conduct that qualifies as conduct
“likely to deceive or defraud the public” does not in fact “include” the conduct the statute says it
includes, but instead includes such conduct only if it is in fact likely to deceive or defraud the
public. Ante at __. But it “is very rare that a defined meaning can be replaced with another
permissible meaning of the word on the basis of other textual indications; the definition is virtually
conclusive.” ANTONIN SCALIA & BRYAN A. GARNER, READING LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF
LEGAL TEXTS 228 (2012) [hereinafter READING LAW]. And we need not microscopically examine
any isolated words to conclude that conduct for which the Board may discipline a doctor “includes”
illegal conduct connected with the practice of medicine. Because the statute expressly says it does,
the Court’s contrary conclusion is simply “disloyal to [the] enacted text.” Youngkin, 546 S.W.3d
at 681.
As additional support for its holding, the Court asserts that the “finite list of acts” under
section 164.053(a) narrows the scope of conduct that qualifies as “unprofessional or dishonorable
unless a different meaning is supplied by legislative definition . . . .”)); Abutahoun v. Dow Chem. Co., 463 S.W.3d 42,
46 (Tex. 2015) (“[W]e initially limit our statutory review to the plain meaning of the text as the sole expression of
legislative intent . . . unless the Legislature has supplied a different meaning by definition . . . .”) (internal citations
omitted); Ross v. St. Luke’s Episcopal Hosp., 462 S.W.3d 496, 501 (Tex. 2015) (“We construe a statute’s words
according to their plain and common meaning unless they are statutorily defined otherwise . . . .”); In re Ford Motor
Co., 442 S.W.3d 265, 271 (Tex. 2014) (orig. proceeding) (“We presume that a definition of a common word accords
with and does not conflict with the ordinary meaning unless the language clearly indicates otherwise.”); Combs v.
Roark Amusement & Vending, L.P., 422 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tex. 2013) (“If a term is expressly defined by statute we
must follow that definition.”) (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.001(b)); City of Waco v. Kelley, 309 S.W.3d 536, 542
(Tex. 2010) (“If the Legislature provides definitions for words it uses in statutes, then we use those definitions in our
task.”); Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex. 2002) (“[I]f a statute defines a term, a court is
bound to construe that term by its statutory definition only.”); Tijerina v. City of Tyler, 846 S.W.2d 825, 827 (Tex.
1992) (“Statutory definitions must be given effect; ordinary meanings should be applied only to undefined terms.”)
(emphasis added).
4
conduct likely to deceive or defraud the public” under section 164.052(a)(5). Ante at __. It reasons
that the Board’s reading of section 164.053(a)(1) “broadens that scope” and thus “ignores the
Legislature’s choice to categorize the conduct in the first instance.” Ante at __. This reasoning fails
for two independent reasons.
First, it misapplies the noscitur a sociis canon on which it relies sub silentio. This canon
“directs that similar terms be interpreted in a similar manner.” TGS-NOPEC, 340 S.W.3d at 441.
More specifically, when words “are associated in a context suggesting that the words have
something in common, they should be assigned a permissible meaning that makes them similar.”
READING LAW at 195. Specific items within a list may limit the meaning of a more general term
within the same list “to a subset of all the things or actions that [the more general term] covers—
but only according to its ordinary meaning.” Id. at 196.
The Court concludes that the statute’s reference to illegal acts connected with the practice
of medicine must refer only to such acts that are connected with the practice of medicine “in a
manner that makes [them] likely” deceptive or fraudulent, because all the other items in the list fit
that description. Ante at __. To begin with, that characterization simply isn’t true: failing to
adequately supervise a subordinate is not necessarily likely to deceive or defraud the public, see
TEX. OCC. CODE § 164.053(a)(8), nor is writing a prescription for a known narcotic abuser or
prescribing a nontherapeutic treatment, see id. §§ 164.053(a)(3), (5). Under the Court’s
construction, the Board could discipline a doctor for engaging in any of the listed conduct only if
the Board demonstrates that the doctor’s particular actions were likely to deceive or defraud the
public. The statute, however, imposes no such requirement.
5
But beyond that, the Court misapplies the noscitur a sociis canon by focusing on the
narrowest possible commonality among the listed items. When the canon applies, the “common
quality” among the items listed “should be its most general quality—the least common
denominator, so to speak—relevant to the context.” READING LAW at 196 (emphases added). To
use the Court’s example, see ante at __, the canon might justify construing the statute’s reference
to illegal acts “connected with the practice of medicine” to not include a doctor’s speeding on the
way to the hospital, because the types of acts listed share the “general quality” of improper acts
performed as a physician, not as a driver. But whether that’s true or not, no one disputes that Dr.
Aleman’s failure to certify the death certificate electronically was improper and connected with
the practice of medicine and, in that sense, it fits squarely within the “general quality” the other
listed items share.
Second, and more concerning, the Court’s reasoning ignores—and effectively deletes—the
statute’s unambiguous language. According to the Court, the statute’s reference to illegal acts
connected with the practice of medicine must refer only to such acts that are “connected with the
practice of medicine in a manner that makes [them] likely to deceive or defraud the public”
because, “otherwise, categorizing the conduct at all serves no purpose.” Ante at __. To the contrary,
by “categorizing” actionable conduct as all unprofessional or dishonorable acts likely to deceive
or defraud the public, and then defining that category to include a non-exclusive list of specific
types of conduct, the statute confirms that the category includes both the listed conduct and all
other unspecified conduct that fits within the broad category. In other words, by stating that the
generally described conduct “includes” the listed conduct, the statute does not create a “finite list
of acts” at all. See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.005(13) (“‘Includes’ and ‘including’ are terms of
6
enlargement and not of limitation or exclusive enumeration, and use of the terms does not create a
presumption that components not expressed are excluded.”).
That one listed item does not seem to us to fit neatly within the general category’s
description does not grant us license to remove or revise that item. We have no authority “to rewrite
the statute so that it covers only what we think is necessary to achieve what we think [the
legislature] really intended.” Lewis v. City of Chicago, 560 U.S. 205, 215 (2010) (emphases
added); see also Badaracco v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 464 U.S. 386, 398 (1984) (“Courts
are not authorized to rewrite a statute because they might deem its effects susceptible of
improvement.”). The Court does not think that all illegal conduct connected with the practice of
medicine constitutes “unprofessional or dishonorable conduct likely to deceive or defraud the
public,” so it rewrites the statute to include only those illegal acts that it thinks fit that description.
But it ignores the statute’s express statement that the general category “includes” illegal conduct
connected with the practice of medicine, whether we think it should or not.
And there’s more. If, as the Court concludes, the statute allows the Board to discipline
doctors only for conduct that is “likely to deceive or defraud the public,” there’d be no reason for
the list of “included” conduct at all. Under the Court’s approach, every act that clearly fits that
description is actionable, every act that does not clearly fit that description is not actionable, and
the list of acts that the statute says are “included” within the description is simply meaningless.
But by providing the list of “included” conduct, the statute provides that all such “included”
conduct is actionable even if we think it doesn’t clearly fit the description.
Contrary to the Court’s reasoning, the correct approach is to recognize that, by describing
a general category and then listing specific conduct “included” within that category, the statute
7
makes “doubly sure that the broad (and intended-to-be-broad) general term is taken to include the
specifics.” READING LAW at 204 (noting that some statutes, like the one at issue here, “provide this
belt-and-suspenders function by introducing the specifics with a term such as including or even
including without limitation”). The statute expressly provides that the category of prohibited
conduct for which a physician may be disciplined—however that category may be described—
“includes” illegal conduct connected with the practice of medicine. Because Dr. Aleman’s failure
to comply with the electronic-certification statute amounts to such conduct, the statute authorizes
the Board to discipline him.
Because the statute expressly grants the Board authority to discipline Dr. Aleman for
violating the electronic-certification statute, I respectfully dissent.4 Like the unanimous court of
appeals, the trial court, the Board, and the administrative law judge, I would hold that the Board
acted within its authority, Dr. Aleman cannot rely on an impossibility defense, and the Board did
not abuse its discretion. I would affirm.
_____________________
Jeffrey S. Boyd
Justice
Opinion delivered: May 24, 2019
4
Dr. Aleman alternatively argues that it was “impossible” for him to electronically certify the death
certificate, given that he had not yet registered to use the system, and that the Board abused its discretion by imposing
arbitrary and capricious penalties. For the reasons the court of appeals explained, I would reject both arguments. Dr.
Aleman cannot rely on an impossibility “of his own making—his failure to register with the [electronic system] until
August 2011.” 565 S.W.3d at 35. And the Board’s penalties fell well below the maximum its rules allowed for
contested cases. See 22 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 190.14(4) (“The maximum sanction in all cases is revocation of the
licensee’s license, which may be accompanied by an administrative penalty of up to $5,000 per violation.”). I do not
disagree with the Court’s holding that the Board’s complaint against Dr. Aleman met all statutory requirements and
that Dr. Aleman was not entitled to attorney’s fees in the administrative proceedings. See ante at __, __.
8