IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
January 2019 Term
_______________ FILED
May 30, 2019
No. 17-0978 released at 3:00 p.m.
_______________ EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent
v.
TRAVIS R. NORWOOD,
Defendant Below, Petitioner
____________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Greenbrier County
The Honorable Robert E. Richardson, Judge
Criminal Case No. 16-F-136
AFFIRMED
____________________________________________________________
Submitted: February 5, 2019
Filed: May 30, 2019
Robert P. Dunlap, Esq. Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Sarah F. Smith, Esq. Attorney General
Robert Dunlap & Associates Benjamin F. Yancey, III, Esq.
Beckley, WV Assistant Attorney General
Counsel for the Petitioner Charleston, WV
Counsel for the Respondent
JUSTICE ARMSTEAD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
CHIEF JUSTICE WALKER concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
JUSTICE WORKMAN concurs, in part, dissents, in part and reserves the right to file a
separate opinion.
ii
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “The function of an appellate court when reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial
to determine whether such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a reasonable
person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the relevant inquiry is
whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proved beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Syllabus Point 1, State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163
(1995).
2. “A criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to
support a conviction takes on a heavy burden. An appellate court must review all the
evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the prosecution
and must credit all inferences and credibility assessments that the jury might have drawn
in favor of the prosecution. The evidence need not be inconsistent with every conclusion
save that of guilt so long as the jury can find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Credibility
determinations are for a jury and not an appellate court. Finally, a jury verdict should be
set aside only when the record contains no evidence, regardless of how it is weighed, from
which the jury could find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. To the extent that our prior cases
are inconsistent, they are expressly overruled.” Syllabus Point 3, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.
Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995).
i
3. “When a criminal defendant undertakes a sufficiency challenge, all
the evidence, direct and circumstantial, must be viewed from the prosecutor’s coign of
vantage, and the viewer must accept all reasonable inferences from it that are consistent
with the verdict. This rule requires the trial court judge to resolve all evidentiary conflicts
and credibility questions in the prosecution’s favor; moreover, as among competing
inferences of which two or more are plausible, the judge must choose the inference that
best fits the prosecution’s theory of guilt.” Syllabus Point 2, State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va.
294, 470 S.E.2d 613 (1996).
4. “[A] circuit court has no jurisdiction to impose an enhanced sentence
under the [recidivist] statute where the State fails to prove beyond a reasonable doubt “that
each penitentiary offense, including the principal penitentiary offense, was committed
subsequent to each preceding conviction and sentence.” Syllabus, in part, State v.
McMannis, 161 W. Va. 437, 242 S.E.2d 571 (1978).
5. “The primary purpose of our recidivist statutes, W. Va. Code, 61-11-
18 (1943), and W. Va. Code, 61-11-19 (1943), is to deter felony offenders, meaning
persons who have been convicted and sentenced previously on a penitentiary offense, from
committing subsequent felony offenses. The statute is directed at persons who persist in
criminality after having been convicted and sentenced once or twice, as the case may be,
on a penitentiary offense.” Syllabus Point 3, State v. Jones, 187 W. Va. 600, 420 S.E.2d
736 (1992).
6. A criminal defendant who has been twice convicted and sentenced for
crimes punishable by confinement in a penitentiary, but has not discharged such prior
ii
penitentiary sentences, and is subsequently convicted of a third crime punishable by
confinement in a penitentiary, is subject to an enhanced sentence under our recidivist
statute, West Virginia Code §§ 61-11-18 (2000) and 61-11-19 (1943).
7. “In determining whether a given sentence violates the proportionality
principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, consideration is
given to the nature of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment, a
comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a
comparison with other offenses within the same jurisdiction.” Syllabus Point 5, Wanstreet
v. Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981).
8. “The appropriateness of a life recidivist sentence under our
constitutional proportionality provision found in Article III, Section 5 [of the West Virginia
Constitution], will be analyzed as follows: We give initial emphasis to the nature of the
final offense which triggers the recidivist life sentence, although consideration is also given
to other underlying convictions. The primary analysis of these offenses is to determine if
they involve actual or threatened violence to the person since crimes of this nature have
traditionally carried the more serious penalties and therefore justify application of the
recidivist statute.” Syllabus Point 7, State v. Beck, 167 W.Va. 830, 286 S.E.2d 234 (1981).
iii
Armstead, Justice:
Petitioner in the instant action and the defendant below, Travis Ray
Norwood, (hereinafter, “Defendant Norwood”), was convicted by a jury of his peers on
one count of delivery of a controlled substance – heroin – in violation of West Virginia
Code § 60A-4-401(a)(2011). Following that conviction, pursuant to the provisions of West
Virginia Code §§ 61-11-18 (2000) and 61-11-19 (1943), (hereinafter, collectively,
“recidivist statute”),1 the State filed an “Information Regarding Sentencing,” which alleged
that Defendant Norwood had previously been convicted and sentenced, on two separate
occasions, of felony offenses that were punishable by incarceration in a penitentiary.
A trial was then conducted pursuant to the procedures contained in West
Virginia Code § 61-11-19 (1943), and Defendant Norwood was found by that jury to be
the same person who was previously convicted of two prior felony offenses. Based upon
that verdict, and the plain language of the recidivist statute, the circuit court sentenced
Defendant Norwood to “imprisonment in the penitentiary of this State for the rest of his
natural life,”2 on the predicate delivery of heroin charge.
In this appeal, Defendant Norwood raises three issues. First, he alleges the
evidence was insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict on the delivery of heroin charge.
Second, he argues that because he was on probation for his two prior felony convictions
1
Our previous case law has, at times, referred to the recidivist statute as “The
Habitual Criminal Act.”
2
Parole eligibility for Defendant Norwood will be determined by the Parole
Board pursuant to the provisions of West Virginia Code § 62-12-13(c) (2015).
1
and he had not discharged either of those sentences, the circuit court’s sentence was illegal.
Finally, Defendant Norwood alleges the sentence of life in prison, on the charge of delivery
of heroin, violates the proportionality clause contained in Article III, Section 5 of the West
Virginia Constitution.
Having considered the parties’ briefs and oral arguments, the submitted
appendix record, and the pertinent authorities, we find no error. Accordingly, for the
reasons set forth below, Defendant Norwood’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The facts adduced at trial, and necessary to sustain a conviction for delivery
of a controlled substance, show that on June 1, 2016, Defendant Norwood sold heroin to a
confidential informant, (hereinafter, “C.I.”) cooperating with the Greenbrier Valley Drug
and Violent Crime Task Force (hereinafter, “Task Force”). On that date, the C.I. contacted
Defendant Norwood and made arrangements to purchase an eight-ball (3½ grams) of
cocaine. After that conversation, the C.I. called Task Force member Sergeant Brian Baker
of the Greenbrier County Sheriff’s Department. During this call, the C.I. informed
Sergeant Baker that arrangements could be made to purchase cocaine from Defendant
Norwood. Sergeant Baker advised the C.I. to set up the cocaine purchase. Following
protocol established by the Task Force, the C.I. met with Sergeant Baker who searched
both the C.I. and her car. Neither the C.I. had drugs or money on her person, nor did her
car contain drugs or money.
2
At that time, Sergeant Baker provided to the C.I. $280 and placed clandestine
audio and video recording devices in two locations in the C.I.’s car. After all was ready,
the C.I. contacted Defendant Norwood to set up a meeting at the Pizza Hut in White
Sulphur Springs to buy cocaine. Upon making these arrangements, the C.I. drove her car
to the Pizza Hut, with Sergeant Baker following in his own vehicle. Sergeant Baker, parked
at a distance, observed the C.I. pull into a parking spot located near the Pizza Hut.
Once the C.I. parked her car, Defendant Norwood exited the Pizza Hut and
got into the C.I.’s car. For the first time, Defendant Norwood informed the C.I. he did not
have any “powder,” but he did have some “dog food.” Defendant Norwood got out of the
C.I.’s car and went back into the Pizza Hut. Once Defendant Norwood exited the C.I.’s
car, the C.I. called Sergeant Baker and recounted her conversation with Defendant
Norwood. Sergeant Baker testified the term “powder” is slang for cocaine, and the term
“dog food” is slang for heroin. Sergeant Baker advised the C.I. to purchase the heroin.
Defendant Norwood reentered the C.I.’s car and was told by the C.I. that she
wanted to buy the previously offered heroin. As Defendant Norwood did not have the
heroin with him, the C.I. drove Defendant Norwood to his home in downtown White
Sulphur Springs, where the C.I. gave $230 to Defendant Norwood. Defendant Norwood
got out of the car and returned a short time later with a large bag of a substance believed
by the C.I. to be heroin. Once in the C.I.’s car, Defendant Norwood poured some of that
substance into a Pizza Hut receipt in the presence of the C.I. Defendant Norwood then
3
gave the receipt containing the substance to the C.I., returned $9 of the $230 that had been
given to him, and exited the car, taking the remainder of the large bag with him.
Following the purchase, the C.I. was debriefed by Sergeant Baker and,
pursuant to protocol, Sergeant Baker again searched the C.I.’s car and person for other
drugs and money. Finding none, Sergeant Baker retrieved the clandestine audio and video
recording devices from the C.I.’s car, the substance that was purchased by the C.I., and $59
of the $280 that was given to the C.I. for the transaction.
After debriefing, the C.I. and Sergeant Baker parted ways. Sergeant Baker
went to his office, where he field-tested the substance purchased by the C.I., and
determined it to be heroin. Sergeant Baker processed the heroin into evidence and secured
it in the locked, temporary evidence locker at the station. On June 13, 2016, Corporal
Nathan Hersman of the West Virginia State Police removed the heroin from its temporary
location, logged it into evidence, and placed it in the main evidence locker at the station.
On June 16, 2016, Corporal Hersman removed the heroin out of the evidence locker and
delivered it to the West Virginia State Police Forensics Lab in South Charleston, where it
was further tested and confirmed to be heroin.
Defendant Norwood was indicted on October 4, 2016, on one count of
delivery of heroin. On May 4, 2017, following a two-day trial, Defendant Norwood was
convicted of that crime. During the trial, Defendant Norwood extensively cross-examined
all prosecution witnesses – two police officers and the C.I.. During closing argument,
4
Defendant Norwood argued the police failed to establish the chain of custody and the
evidence as a whole was insufficient to support his conviction.
Following Defendant Norwood’s conviction, the State filed its recidivist
information on May 19, 2017, and, on September 25, 2017, Defendant Norwood was found
by a jury to be the same person as had previously been convicted of two prior felonies.
During the recidivist trial, Sergeant Baker testified Defendant Norwood was the same
person who was twice previously sentenced to a penitentiary. The first prior conviction
and sentence was for the felony offense of eluding police in Chesterfield County, Virginia,
on October 28, 2008. The second prior conviction and sentence was for the felony offense
of selling, giving, distributing, or possessing with the intent to sell, give, or distribute more
than one-half ounce, but not more than five pounds of marijuana, in Alleghany County,
Virginia, on February 1, 2016. The circuit court instructed the jury that the prior Virginia
convictions constituted felonies “for which a penitentiary sentence could be imposed under
the laws of the State of West Virginia.” Having heard the evidence, the jury returned its
verdict that Defendant Norwood was the same person who was previously convicted of
two felony offenses.
After the jury’s verdict, the matter proceeded to the sentencing phase. There,
the circuit court inquired of Defendant Norwood and his counsel if there was any argument
regarding proportionality to be made. Hearing none, the circuit court found both the
delivery of heroin conviction, as well as the prior felony conviction of eluding police, to
5
be crimes of potential violence, and pursuant to the plain language of West Virginia Code
§ 61-11-18 (2000), sentenced Defendant Norwood to a term of life in the penitentiary.
Following entry of the circuit court’s sentencing order, Defendant Norwood
filed this appeal.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Each assignment of error has a different standard of review. For sufficiency
of the evidence, the standard is:
The function of an appellate court when reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is
to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether
such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a
reasonable person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
....
A criminal defendant challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a conviction takes on a heavy burden. An
appellate court must review all the evidence, whether direct or
circumstantial, in the light most favorable to the prosecution
and must credit all inferences and credibility assessments that
the jury might have drawn in favor of the prosecution. The
evidence need not be inconsistent with every conclusion save
that of guilt so long as the jury can find guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. Credibility determinations are for a jury and
not an appellate court. Finally, a jury verdict should be set aside
only when the record contains no evidence, regardless of how
it is weighed, from which the jury could find guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. To the extent that our prior cases are
inconsistent, they are expressly overruled.
6
Syllabus Points 1 and 3, State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995). We
have further stated:
When a criminal defendant undertakes a sufficiency
challenge, all the evidence, direct and circumstantial, must be
viewed from the prosecutor’s coign of vantage, and the viewer
must accept all reasonable inferences from it that are consistent
with the verdict. This rule requires the trial court judge to
resolve all evidentiary conflicts and credibility questions in the
prosecution’s favor; moreover, as among competing inferences
of which two or more are plausible, the judge must choose the
inference that best fits the prosecution’s theory of guilt.
Syllabus Point 2, State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613 (1996).
Sentencing orders are reviewed “under a deferential abuse of discretion
standard, unless the order violates statutory or constitutional commands. Syllabus Point 1,
in part, State v. Lucas, 201 W.Va. 271, 496 S.E.2d 221 (1997).” Syllabus Point 1, State v.
James, 227 W.Va. 407, 710 S.E.2d 98 (2011); Syllabus Point 1, State v. Kilmer, 240 W.
Va. 185, 808 S.E.2d 867 (2017).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Defendant Norwood makes two arguments challenging the sufficiency of the
evidence. The first tests the method by which the Task Force stored the heroin in its
evidence locker, calling into question the chain of custody. The second relates to the
sufficiency of the evidence as a whole, which Defendant Norwood alleges was not
sufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. As discussed below, the evidence
7
adduced at trial demonstrates Defendant Norwood cannot meet the heavy burden set forth
in Syllabus Points 1 & 3, State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995), on
either issue.
i. Sufficiency of the Chain of Custody
Defendant Norwood asserts that there was a break in the chain of custody
because the heroin was left unattended in the Task Force’s temporary evidence locker for
13 days, and that evidence was insufficient to sustain his conviction. This argument has
no merit. As a practical matter, police officers cannot be expected to sit in an evidence
locker 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year. What they can do – and what they
did here – is place the evidence in a secure temporary locker, until such time as the evidence
can be transferred to the main evidence locker.
Defendant Norwood argued this very issue to the jury, and the jury was
unpersuaded, and neither are we. The credibility of this evidence was for the jury to weigh,
and they properly did. There is nothing in the record that demonstrates Defendant
Norwood has overcome his substantial burden to prevail on a sufficiency of the evidence
challenge on this issue.
8
ii. Sufficiency of the Evidence As A Whole
On his other sufficiency challenge, the collective evidence presented during
his trial likewise demonstrates Defendant Norwood cannot meet this heavy burden.
Upon reviewing the record, the officers establishing the chain of custody and
the C.I. were subject to cross-examination and Defendant Norwood raised the issues
regarding the chain of custody and the C.I.’s credibility in closing argument. As the State
had the burden to prove Defendant Norwood (1) delivered (2) a controlled substance, and
taking “all inferences and credibility assessments that the jury might have drawn in favor
of the prosecution,” Syllabus Point 3, in part, Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163
(1995), we find there was ample proof to sustain the charge. These credibility
determinations were solely for the jury to ascertain.
B. Legality of Recidivist Sentence
Defendant Norwood’s second assignment of error is that he cannot be
sentenced to life imprisonment under our recidivist statute, when his prior felony
convictions have not been discharged. West Virginia Code § 61-11-18 (2000) provides, in
pertinent part:
(c) When it is determined, as provided in section
nineteen of this article, that such person shall have been twice
before convicted in the United States of a crime punishable by
confinement in a penitentiary, the person shall be sentenced to
be confined in the state correctional facility for life.
9
This Court has previously held that “a circuit court has no jurisdiction to impose an
enhanced sentence under the [recidivist] statute where the State fails to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that each penitentiary offense, including the principal penitentiary
offense, was committed subsequent to each preceding conviction and sentence.” Syllabus,
in part, State v. McMannis, 161 W. Va. 437, 242 S.E.2d 571 (1978)(emphasis added). In
other words, to sustain a conviction in a recidivist action, the prosecution must prove that
each offense is committed subsequent to each preceding conviction and subsequent to each
preceding sentence.
During the recidivist trial, Sergeant Baker testified that both prior felony
convictions in Virginia – eluding police and distribution of marijuana – were crimes
punishable by confinement in a penitentiary. His testimony establishes Defendant
Norwood’s first felony conviction and sentence was prior to Defendant Norwood’s second
felony conviction and sentence. His testimony further established Defendant Norwood’s
predicate felony conviction — that is, the “principal penitentiary offense” – was committed
after his conviction and sentence for the second felony offense. Id.
Defendant Norwood argues he was still on probation for both of his prior
felony convictions at the time he was convicted and sentenced on the third felony. Because
of this fact, Defendant Norwood claims his life sentence under our recidivist statute was
illegal. We believe this issue to be one of first impression, and if this Court were to adopt
Defendant Norwood’s argument, we believe it would further dilute the clear and
10
unambiguous meaning of our recidivist statute. See State v. Lane, ___ W. Va. ___, 826
S.E.2d 657 (2019)(Armstead, J., dissenting).
To demonstrate why this argument is meritless, let us hypothetically explore
a potential situation: A person is convicted of the felony of armed robbery, and is sentenced
to the penitentiary for a determinate term of not less than ten years. See W. Va. Code § 61-
2-12(a)(1) (2000). This person, while still in the penitentiary serving his sentence, commits
the felony of first degree sexual assault. See W. Va. Code § 61-8B-3 (2006). He is then
convicted of that first degree sexual assault and sentenced to the penitentiary for an
indeterminate term of not less than fifteen nor more than thirty-five years, while still
serving the sentence for armed robbery. Id. Finally, this person commits the felony of
malicious wounding, while still in the penitentiary, and while still serving time for the two
prior felonies. See W. Va. Code 61-2-9(a) (2017). Under Defendant Norwood’s theory, a
recidivist life sentence flowing from the third violent felony would be improper because
that person had not discharged either of his two prior sentences.
We believe this result is not what the Legislature intended in enacting the
recidivist statute:
The primary purpose of our recidivist statutes, W. Va.
Code, 61-11-18 (1943), and W. Va. Code, 61-11-19 (1943), is
to deter felony offenders, meaning persons who have been
convicted and sentenced previously on a penitentiary offense,
from committing subsequent felony offenses. The statute is
directed at persons who persist in criminality after having been
convicted and sentenced once or twice, as the case may be, on
a penitentiary offense.
11
Syllabus Point 3, State v. Jones, 187 W. Va. 600, 420 S.E.2d 736 (1992). In the
hypothetical factual scenario above, there is no doubt that the three-time felon would be
deterred from committing future crimes and should remain in a penitentiary for life.
We therefore hold that a criminal defendant who has been twice convicted
and sentenced for crimes punishable by confinement in a penitentiary, but has not
discharged such prior penitentiary sentences, and is subsequently convicted of a third crime
punishable by confinement in a penitentiary, is subject to an enhanced sentence under our
recidivist statute, West Virginia Code §§ 61-11-18 (2000) and 61-11-19 (1943).
C. Constitutionality of Recidivist Sentence - Proportionality
The sentencing provisions of our recidivist statute, contained in West
Virginia Code § 61-11-18 (2000) are “free from ambiguity [and] its plain meaning is to be
accepted and applied without resort to interpretation.” Syllabus Point 2, Crockett v.
Andrews, 153 W.Va. 714, 172 S.E.2d 384 (1970). This procedure provides:
Where an accused is convicted of an offense punishable by
confinement in the penitentiary and, after conviction but before
sentencing, an information is filed against him setting forth one
or more previous felony convictions, if the jury find or, after
being duly cautioned, the accused acknowledges in open court
that he is the same person named in the conviction or
convictions set forth in the information, the court is without
authority to impose any sentence other than as prescribed in
Code, 61–11–18, as amended.
Syllabus Point 3, State ex rel. Cobb v. Boles, 149 W.Va. 365, 141 S.E.2d 59 (1965);
Syllabus Point 3, State ex rel. Daye v. McBride, 222 W. Va. 17, 22, 658 S.E.2d 547, 552
12
(2007). Here, the evidence adduced at the recidivist trial conducted under the provisions
of West Virginia Code § 61-11-19 (1943), clearly established that Defendant Norwood was
previously convicted of two prior felonies. The circuit court, in applying the plain meaning
of West Virginia Code § 61-11-18 (2000), correctly sentenced Defendant Norwood to life
in the penitentiary.
Further, consistent with the precedents of this Court, Defendant Norwood’s
life sentence does not violate proportionality principles. Under the provisions of Article
III, Section 5, of the West Virginia Constitution, “[p]enalties shall be proportioned to the
character and degree of the offence.” W. Va. CONST. art. III, § 5. As this Court explained,
“Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, which contains the cruel and
unusual punishment counterpart to the Eighth Amendment of the United States
Constitution, has an express statement of the proportionality principle. . . .” Syllabus Point
8, in part, State v. Vance, 164 W. Va. 216, 262 S.E.2d 423 (1980).” This Court has
previously held:
In determining whether a given sentence violates the
proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the
West Virginia Constitution, consideration is given to the nature
of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment,
a comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted
in other jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses
within the same jurisdiction.
Syllabus Point 5, Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981).
This Court has also held:
The appropriateness of a life recidivist sentence under
our constitutional proportionality provision found in Article
13
III, Section 5 [of the West Virginia Constitution], will be
analyzed as follows: We give initial emphasis to the nature of
the final offense which triggers the recidivist life sentence,
although consideration is also given to other underlying
convictions. The primary analysis of these offenses is to
determine if they involve actual or threatened violence to the
person since crimes of this nature have traditionally carried the
more serious penalties and therefore justify application of the
recidivist statute.
Syllabus Point 7, State v. Beck, 167 W.Va. 830, 286 S.E.2d 234 (1981).
Applying the Beck standard to this case, we first look at the final felony
offense, delivery of a controlled substance - heroin. The drug transaction itself did not
directly result in actual violence. However, due to the nature of the drug transaction, and
the drug that was the subject of the transaction, this Court concludes that there was an
inherent threat of violence. As for the transaction’s nature, Defendant Norwood sold heroin
to a C.I., while Defendant Norwood was alone with the C.I. in the C.I.’s car, which
contained clandestine audio and video recording devices. Had those recording devices
been discovered, or the fact that the C.I. was cooperating with the Task Force been
revealed, there would have been a substantial risk of violence to the C.I..
We acknowledge that a majority in this Court’s recent opinion in Lane, ___
W. Va. ___, 826 S.E.2d 657 (2019), declined to impose a life sentence on proportionality
grounds under the recidivist statute where the predicate felony convictions flowed from
two counts of delivery of a controlled substance – a total of four Oxycodone pills. In this
matter, however, due to the nature of heroin itself, heroin trafficking clearly warrants
application of the recidivist statute.
14
The delivery and ultimate use of heroin carries with it an inherent risk of
violence to a person. From the moment of its clandestine creation, heroin is illegal, and is
a silent scourge that has saturated our State. The West Virginia Department of Health and
Human Resources documents that between 2010 and 2017, 1,086 West Virginians died
from heroin overdoses. See West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources,
Bureau for Public Health, Health Statistics Center, FAST STATS – Heroin (Fall, 2018),
http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/hsc/pubs/other/Heroin_Fast_Facts_2017/Heroin_Fast_Stats_
2017.pdf. In fact, in the year 2017 alone – 236 deaths – accounting for 25% of all overdose
deaths in the State, were attributed to the abuse of heroin. Id.
On the issue of whether heroin carries with it a potential for violence, the
circuit court found:
[The] [c]ourt would also note the inherent danger in the
distribution of drugs, and while the [c]ourt was unable to
identify any specific cases that have been decided by the
Supreme Court of Appeals of this state, finding that
distribution of narcotics has a potential for violence, it certainly
has a potential for risk of injury and death to persons involved
in consuming that product that Mr. Norwood has been
convicted of peddling.
This potential for violence has been acknowledged by this Court when it held
that those who deliver controlled substances and cause a death can be convicted of felony
murder:
Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 61–2–1 (1991), death
resulting from an overdose of a controlled substance as defined
in W. Va. Code § 60A–4–401 et seq. and occurring in the
commission of or attempt to commit a felony offense of
manufacturing or delivering such controlled substance,
15
subjects the manufacturer or deliverer of the controlled
substance to the felony murder rule.
Syllabus Point 3, State v. Rodoussakis, 204 W.Va. 58, 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998); Syllabus
Point 12, State v. Jenkins, 229 W. Va. 415, 729 S.E.2d 250 (2012). This Court has also
upheld a life sentence under our recidivist statute, when all three felony convictions were
for delivery of crack cocaine. See State ex rel. Daye v. McBride, 222 W. Va. 17, 658 S.E.2d
547 (2007). Finally, the Legislature has recently adopted a new statute, making it a felony
to provide a controlled substance to a person which causes death. See W. Va. Code § 60A-
4-416(a) (2017).
Accordingly, this Court concludes that the delivery and use of heroin carries
with it a potential for actual violence to a person.
The second part of our analysis examines the underlying convictions. One
of those convictions – evading police – clearly carries with it the risk of violence.
Defendant Norwood was convicted of this crime in the Commonwealth of Virginia3 on
3
Defendant Norwood was convicted of both prior felonies in the
Commonwealth of Virginia. This Court has previously held, “[w]hether the
conviction of a crime outside of West Virginia may be the basis for application of
the West Virginia Habitual Criminal Statute, W. Va. Code, 61-11-18, -19 (1943),
depends upon the classification of that crime in this State.” Syllabus Point 3, Justice
v. Hedrick, 177 W. Va. 53, 350 S.E.2d 565 (1986). See also State v. Lawton, 125
W. Va. 1, 5, 22 S.E.2d 643, 645 (1942)(“It is conceivable that there may be crimes
which are punishable by confinement in a penitentiary in other jurisdictions and that
the same crimes would be classed as misdemeanors under our laws. In such event,
it would seem proper that the law of this State should be considered in determining
the grade for the crimes for which there has been a former conviction.”).
16
October 28, 2008, when Defendant Norwood entered a plea of guilty. The Virginia statute
in effect on February 10, 2008, and under which Defendant Norwood was convicted,
provided:
Any person who, having received a visible or audible
signal from any law-enforcement officer to bring his motor
vehicle to a stop, drives such motor vehicle in a willful and
wanton disregard of such signal so as to interfere with or
endanger the operation of the law-enforcement vehicle or
endanger a person is guilty of a Class 6 felony.
Va. Code Ann. § 46.2-817(B) (2002). An essential element of the Virginia eluding police
statute required the Commonwealth to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Defendant
Norwood endangered the operation of a law enforcement vehicle or a person.
As the circuit court found:
[T]he [c]ourt finds that the offense for which the
defendant was previously convicted is not just a felony offense,
but it does involve a significant risk of danger to the public that
is an element of that offense. Essentially[,] the defendant could
not have been convicted of that offense if there was not an
element of endangerment either to the law enforcement officer
vehicle or to any person. Fleeing from an officer is inherently
dangerous and presents the same type of risk of violence in the
form of a collision that would be presented by an individual
under the influence of alcohol, and the Supreme Court of this
State has repeatedly found that driving under the influence of
alcohol is a sufficient risk or potential for violence as to trigger
The trial transcript shows that the circuit court discussed this exact point at
length with counsel on the record, even granting a recess which afforded counsel
the further opportunity for review. No objection was lodged, and – while the court
did not specify what West Virginia felony was analogous to the Virginia evading
police statute – the court instructed the jury that both prior Virginia convictions
would constitute felonies “for which a penitentiary sentence could be imposed under
the laws of the State of West Virginia.”
17
– or as to avoid a finding or determination that a life sentence
would be cruel or unusual.
Accordingly, based upon the clear meaning of the provisions of the Virginia statute in
question, coupled with the findings made by the circuit court, we find that Defendant
Norwood’s conviction for eluding police carried with it the potential for actual violence.
We agree with the circuit court that both the prior evading police conviction
and the predicate conviction for delivery of heroin, which, under our law, “provides the
ultimate nexus to the sentence,” carried with them the potential for actual violence.
Therefore, we conclude that the life sentence under our recidivist statute does not violate
proportionality principles.4 State v. Miller, 184 W. Va. 462, 465, 400 S.E.2d 897, 900
(1990)(quoting Wanstreet, 166 W. Va. 523, 534, 276 S.E.2d 205, 212 (1981)).
IV. CONCLUSION
Finding no error, for the reasons stated above, we affirm.
Affirmed.
4
We would also note that Defendant Norwood waived the
Constitutional challenge to his sentence below. The colloquy during the sentencing
phase, coupled with the language in the circuit court’s order of October 10, 2017,
demonstrate that waiver.
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