NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted May 30, 2019*
Decided May 30, 2019
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge
No. 18‐2664
EMPEROR A. ELDER, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff‐Appellant, Court for the Northern District of Illinois,
Eastern Division.
v. No. 15‐cv‐11883
NANCY A. BERRYHILL, Andrea R. Wood,
Acting Commissioner of Social Security, Judge.
Defendant‐Appellee.
ORDER
Emperor Elder appeals the district court’s decision to uphold an Administrative
Law Judge’s denial of his application for Disability Insurance Benefits and
Supplemental Security Income. Elder argues principally that the ALJ’s factual
determinations and adverse credibility finding are not supported by the record.
Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s decision, however, so we affirm the judgment.
* We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs
and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would
not significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 18‐2664 Page 2
Elder sustained significant injuries from a 2007 car accident, which he says were
exacerbated by another accident in 2012. He applied for disability benefits in
December 2012, claiming that he had been unable to work since January 15, 2010,
because of the following conditions: nerve damage in his left arm; chronic seizures,
spasms, and pain; limited or restrictive nerve messaging on his body’s left side;
blackouts and losses of consciousness; migraines; and dizziness. The Social Security
Administration denied Elder’s claims on initial review and on reconsideration.
Elder then had a hearing before an ALJ. He testified that he cannot work because
his injuries require constant care. He stated that the Illinois Department of Human
Services deemed him disabled and provided him with a home‐care assistant. Elder
further testified that he suffered from partial and convulsive seizures daily, but his
medications help when he takes them. When the ALJ inquired why he sometimes does
not take his medications, he replied that he was unable to take them while in
law‐enforcement custody. Elder went on to testify about pain along the entire left side
of his body, including his abdomen, neck, shoulder, spine, and pelvis. He said that he
also suffers migraines twice per week with associated chest pain (for which he takes
medication) and memory problems. Because he has “excessive pain” and takes
“prescription pills all day,” Elder testified, he is not able to “keep a frame of mind
without some type of assistance.” The ALJ asked Elder if he used marijuana or other
drugs, and he said he did not.
In terms of his limitations, Elder testified that he cannot sit for very long because
of his back and hip injuries; standing is worse, and he prefers to lie down. He said that
he cannot lift anything “even minor.” His personal care assistant helps with all of his
hygiene needs, including bathing and grooming, and all of his housework. He stated
that he cannot drive and must be accompanied by another adult any time he is with his
young daughter because he could have a seizure. He responded to the ALJ that he
“definitely” has trouble keeping his thoughts on track, concentrating, and sticking to
the task at hand.
A vocational expert also testified. The ALJ asked the expert a series of questions
based on a hypothetical claimant, adding progressively more restrictions each time. She
first asked him to consider a hypothetical person with a residual functional capacity to
do light work with the following restrictions: no more than occasional balancing,
stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling, and climbing of ramps or stairs; never climbing
ladders, ropes, or scaffolds; never working around hazards; able to frequently use the
non‐dominant upper extremity for reaching, fingering, handling, and feeling; able to
perform simple, routine tasks and make simple work‐related decisions; never working
No. 18‐2664 Page 3
with the general public; occasional contact with coworkers and supervisors; and never
working in loud‐noise environments. The expert replied that such a person could work
as a sorter, assembler, or packer. Next, the expert testified that even if the individual
was limited to sedentary, sit‐down work and required occasional use of a cane, the
same jobs were available. But, if the individual could only occasionally finger, feel, and
reach overhead with the non‐dominant left arm, the expert opined that no jobs would
be available at either the light or sedentary level. Nor would work be available if
someone were off task 15 to 20 percent of the workday due to distraction or pain.
In her decision, the ALJ applied the required five‐step analysis, see 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4), and concluded that Elder was not disabled. At step one,
she observed that Elder had not worked since his alleged onset date of January 15, 2010.
At step two, she determined that Elder suffered from several severe impairments:
left‐hand mild degenerative joint disease, left upper‐extremity brachial plexus
neuropathy, lumbar and cervical degenerative disc disease, seizure disorder with
post‐traumatic encephalopathy, right sensorineural hearing loss, mixed anxiety and
depression, and personality disorder. But at step three, the ALJ found that Elder’s
impairments did not meet or equal a listed impairment.
In making these determinations, the ALJ credited the medical evidence in the
record over Elder’s testimony, which she found not credible because his “[m]edical
records do not reflect the alleged severity of [his] impairments.” Regarding Elder’s
left‐arm and left‐side injuries, the ALJ observed that medical imaging documented
unremarkable or mild findings, and examinations showed a mostly normal range of
motion and sensory abilities. For instance, a March 2013 consultative examination
report noted “no limitations” in Elder’s range of motion and gait. As to Elder’s seizures,
the ALJ explained that Elder visited the emergency room several times for treatment or
to refill his seizure medication but each time, she observed, doctors found no focal
neurological deficits, and electroencephalograms were either normal or mildly
abnormal. The ALJ also emphasized that Elder had a history of non‐compliance with
seizure medication, even though Elder and his primary care physician, Dr. Chantal
Tinfang, reported that he responded well to his seizure treatment.
The ALJ also found that Elder’s inconsistent statements as well as record
evidence of “possible malingering” and “drug seeking behavior” detracted from his
overall credibility. For instance, at the hearing, Elder denied using marijuana or any
other drugs, but various medical records show that Elder reported using marijuana
“on and off” or “daily.” The ALJ observed that a consulting psychiatrist found Elder’s
responses to his questions “somewhat manipulative.” A consulting physician said that
No. 18‐2664 Page 4
Elder “gave inconsistent and sometimes vague medical history.” The ALJ also noted
that emergency room staff once observed Elder using his left arm after reporting that he
was unable to move it, and she cited a physician’s assistant’s statement that Elder’s
“current state does not reflect the history just given” when he showed up to an
emergency room in 2012 reporting to have been hit by a car two days earlier and
requested hydrocodone (a painkiller) despite negative x‐rays and no signs of distress.
Elder also made inconsistent statements about whether his injured left arm was his
dominant arm.
At step four, the ALJ ruled that Elder had the residual functional capacity to
perform light work subject to the restrictions in her first (least restrictive) hypothetical
question to the vocational expert. Finally, at step five, she credited the expert’s
testimony that there were jobs that Elder could perform in the national economy and
ruled that he is not disabled.
The Appeals Council denied Elder’s request to review the ALJ’s decision, making
it the final decision of the Commissioner. Elder then sought review in the district court,
which concluded that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s decision. Elder appeals
that judgment. We review an ALJ’s final decision deferentially, inquiring whether
substantial evidence supports it. Burmester v. Berryhill, 920 F.3d 507, 510 (7th Cir. 2019).
Substantial evidence, though “more than a mere scintilla,” means only “such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. N.L.R.B.,
305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). We will not “reweigh evidence, resolve conflicts, decide
questions of credibility, or substitute [our] judgment for that of the Commissioner.”
Burmester, 920 F.3d at 510 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Because Elder’s testimony was his only evidence of functional limitations beyond
those that the ALJ included in the residual functional capacity, we begin with Elder’s
argument that the ALJ improperly discredited him. The ALJ is best positioned to
determine a witness’s credibility, so we will overturn her determination only if it is
“patently wrong.” Stepp v. Colvin, 795 F.3d 711, 720 (7th Cir. 2015). In all, the
inconsistencies between Elder’s testimony and the record evidence—including his drug
use, handedness, medication noncompliance, and possible malingering and drug‐
seeking behavior—substantially support the ALJ’s finding that Elder was not credible.
Elder contends that the ALJ should not have used his seizure‐medication
noncompliance to detract from his credibility because it was due to memory problems,
incarceration, financial, and transportation issues. But the ALJ need only consider
Elder’s explanations for not following treatment; she does not have to accept them as
No. 18‐2664 Page 5
true. See Craft v. Astrue, 539 F.3d 668, 679 (7th Cir. 2008). In any event, Elder did not say
precisely when he was incarcerated, but the medical records are enough to demonstrate
that incarceration could not account for all his admitted noncompliance over many
years. That was the only reason Elder gave the ALJ; he did not cite memory, financial,
or transportation restraints as reasons for not taking his medications, so we cannot say
now that the ALJ erroneously failed to consider those reasons. See Skarbek v. Barnhart,
390 F.3d 500, 505 (7th Cir. 2004) (arguments raised first on appeal are waived).
Regarding the various medical professionals’ noted concerns about malingering,
inconsistencies, and drug seeking, Elder argues that the providers were either biased
against him or mistaken. (For example, he says that the emergency‐room nurse saw his
arm spasm involuntarily.) But he offers no reason why all these providers would be
biased, and speculation that they were biased or mistaken does not show that the ALJ
was patently wrong. See McHenry v. Berryhill, 911 F.3d 866, 874 (7th Cir. 2018).
Elder also argues that the ALJ erred in discrediting his testimony about his
subjective pain and the frequency of his seizures. But an ALJ may discount an
applicant’s testimony if, as in this case, other evidence in the record provides a basis for
doing so. Stepp, 795 F.3d at 720. Here, the ALJ cited specific medical evidence conflicting
with Elder’s testimony, and “discrepancies between the objective evidence and
self‐reports may suggest symptom exaggeration.” Jones v. Astrue, 623 F.3d 1155, 1161
(7th Cir. 2010); Schmidt v. Barnhart, 395 F.3d 737, 746–47 (7th Cir. 2005). Further, the ALJ
did not discount the complaints of pain for being “subjective,” which is not allowed.
See Carradine v. Barnhart, 360 F.3d 751, 753 (7th Cir. 2004). And despite finding Elder not
credible, the ALJ still granted him several limitations to his residual functional
capacity—for example: occasional balancing, stooping, kneeling, crouching, crawling,
and climbing ramps or stairs and no climbing of ladders, ropes, or scaffolding—that
account for pain and seizures.
Because we conclude that the ALJ’s credibility determination was not patently
wrong, Elder would need other evidence that he has functional limitations that
preclude him from performing any work. And although the record substantiates that he
has severe impairments, as the ALJ concluded, Elder is unable to point to any objective
evidence that he cannot sit or stand, walk more than minimally, use his left arm, or
maintain focus. On the other hand, as summarized above, the ALJ pointed to specific
medical evidence to support her conclusion that Elder maintains the functional capacity
to perform light work with various restrictions.
None of Elder’s arguments undermine the sufficiency of the evidence supporting
the ALJ’s conclusion. First, he argues that the ALJ ignored the determination of
No. 18‐2664 Page 6
Dr. Tinfang, his primary care physician, that he could not work. But the ALJ did not
“ignore” the report—she cited Dr. Tinfang’s finding that Elder had a “[g]ood response
to treatment” for his seizure disorder. Further, Dr. Tinfang did not opine that Elder
could not work; she listed “not able to work due to recurrent seizure, spasm, chronic
left arm spasm, radiating to the left knee” as one of Elder’s chief complaints.
Second, Elder argues that the ALJ failed to consider his testimony that the Illinois
Department of Human Services deemed him disabled and provided him with a
home‐care assistant. But his assertion is not fully supported. The record includes a
one‐page document completed by an unidentified case manager showing that Elder
received funding for 32.5 hours of personal assistance per week from November 2014
through May 2015. But the document does not state that Elder is disabled or contain
any diagnoses or descriptions of limitations Elder was found to have.1 It might have
been prudent for the ALJ to develop the record about Elder’s home services because he
had no lawyer, see Nelms v. Astrue, 553 F.3d 1093, 1099 (7th Cir. 2009), but Elder does not
argue that she failed to do so or explain why he could not support his claim that the
state found him disabled. Moreover, the ALJ noted Elder’s testimony about his care
assistant in her decision, and we cannot say that she erred in relying on the other
evidence in the record that substantially supports her conclusions.
Third, Elder argues that the ALJ was wrong to set aside third‐party statements
from his mother‐in‐law, his wife, his grandmother, and his homecare assistant attesting
to his seizure disorder simply because the statements came from family members. But
the ALJ permissibly discounted those statements because they were inconsistent with
the objective medical evidence, not because the third parties were related to him.
See Books v. Chater, 91 F.3d 972, 980 (7th Cir. 1996). In any event, the ALJ did include
Elder’s seizure disorder on the list of “severe” impairments—but, under the law, it was
not disabling because she concluded that it was controllable with medication.
See Prochaska v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 731, 737 (7th Cir. 2006).
Elder also points out various problems he sees with the evidence credited by the
ALJ. For instance, he faults some doctors for not performing the right tests and again
1 The document is silent as to what entity it originates from, but it likely comes
from the Home Services Program, provided by the Illinois Department of Human
Services’ Disability & Rehabilitation Services. This is not the same office within IDHS as
the Bureau of Disability Determination Services, often referred to in Social Security
cases as “the state agency,” which employs the medical consultants and provides the
federally funded benefits to Illinois residents determined to be disabled.
No. 18‐2664 Page 7
accuses them of bias. But “[t]he claimant bears the burden of producing medical
evidence that supports h[is] claims of disability.” Eichstadt v. Astrue, 534 F.3d 663, 668
(7th Cir. 2008). Impeaching the evidence is not enough to meet that burden.
Finally, Elder contends that November 16, 2007 (the date of his initial accident),
is the proper onset date, and not January 15, 2010 (the date he indicated on his
application). Because we uphold the ALJ’s decision that he is not disabled, however, we
need not address the argument.
AFFIRMED