MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be May 31 2019, 9:07 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Darren Bedwell Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Marion County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana Tyler G. Banks
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
CassAndrea Jones, May 31, 2019
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-2678
v. Appeal from the Marion Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Peggy R. Hart,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge Pro Tempore
Trial Court Cause No.
49G10-1710-CM-40126
Brown, Judge.
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[1] CassAndrea Jones 1 appeals her conviction for battery as a class A
misdemeanor. She raises one issue which we revise and restate as whether the
trial court abused its discretion in not admitting certain evidence. We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] Jones and Breana Caldwell worked at a mail processing facility in Camby,
Indiana, and they had some conflicts while they were working. On July 7,
2017, Caldwell was with one of her friends at a bar in Marion County and saw
Jones walk past and into the restroom. Jones was in the restroom for a few
minutes, Caldwell was dancing with her friend, “and then that’s when [Jones]
came out of no-where and she hit [Caldwell] in the face a couple of times.”
Transcript Volume II at 5. Caldwell sustained a slash near her eye, and it
became swollen.
[3] On October 18, 2017, the State charged Jones with battery resulting in bodily
injury as a class A misdemeanor. At a bench trial, Caldwell testified that,
before Jones attacked her on the night of July 7, 2017, she had not been arguing
with Jones, had not spoken to her, and had no kind of contact with her. Jones
testified that, as she was walking to the restroom at the bar, she heard Caldwell
calling her name and that, in the restroom, she told her friend “hey that’s the
girl that I was telling you about that has been harassing me at work.” Id. at 16.
When asked what happened after she exited the restroom, she testified “when
1
In her brief, Jones notes that her first name is spelled CassAndrea as she testified at trial. The sentencing
order spells her name “CASSANDRA JONES.” Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 9.
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we came out all I seen was her hand coming to me and ripped my hair off,”
“it’s called like a quick weave—so the whole cap came off with my hair,” and
“at that moment we were both fighting in a brawl, because her friend jumped in
and tried to fight me too.” Id. at 17. She testified that the security guards
separated them and that one of the guards threw her to the ground and she slid
across the floor. She testified that, as she was about to get up, Caldwell charged
at her, “so, that’s when I kicked her,” “I’m on the ground, she’s running
towards me like—trying to get on top of me. So, all I did was kick her,” and
“to my knowledge that’s where the cut came from on her eye.” Id. Jones
indicated that Caldwell later tried to contact her using social media and that,
“one (1) night when I was leaving work [], she was following me; and I did
record her.” Id. at 18. When asked to generally describe what the videos
showed, Jones stated: “her pulling up next to my car asking me to get out
now—it’s after work.” Id.
[4] Jones’s counsel moved “to admit these videos as Exhibits A and B” and argued
they were relevant “under 404-B section, under 404. Uh, 404, uh A(2)B,”
“[s]he’s an aggressor,” and “she is taunting and starting these confrontations.”
Id. at 19. Jones indicated that she had sent her counsel two different files, but
they were the same incident, and they were recorded on August 25, 2017.
Jones indicated that she recorded the incident through Snapchat, it only records
a certain amount of time, and that was why there were two videos. The
prosecutor objected to the admission of the recordings and argued they were not
relevant and “[i]t’s over a month after the fact.” Id. at 23. Jones’s counsel
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argued “it is relevant under the exception of Rule 404. It shows her pertinent
trait which Defense—it may admit.” Id. at 23-24. The court stated “I don’t
think you’ve established it, so, sustained. And you just haven’t established it.
You haven’t established that that’s a trait” and “I would say I sustain it on
relevancy purposes as well.” Id. at 24. Jones’s counsel then asked her if, based
on her knowledge of Caldwell in the workplace, she believed she is an
aggressive person, and Jones responded affirmatively. When asked if Caldwell
“behaved hostile to you in the past—[] prior to this incident,” Jones again
responded affirmatively. Id. When asked “[t]hough initially not fearful of Ms.
Caldwell, did you become fearful of her over time,” Jones answered “Yes.” Id.
at 25. When asked if she was fearful when she saw Caldwell at the bar, Jones
replied “Yes.” Id. at 26. The court found Jones guilty and sentenced her to 365
days suspended except for time served and ordered that she complete sixty
hours of community service.
Discussion
[5] The issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in not admitting the
video recordings. The admission and exclusion of evidence is a matter within
the sound discretion of the trial court. Wilson v. State, 765 N.E.2d 1265, 1272
(Ind. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs where the trial court’s ruling is
clearly against the logic, facts, and circumstances presented. Oatts v. State, 899
N.E.2d 714, 719 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Errors in the admission of evidence are
to be disregarded as harmless error unless they affect the substantial rights of the
party. Lewis v. State, 34 N.E.3d 240, 248 (Ind. 2015). To determine whether an
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error in the introduction of evidence affected the party’s substantial rights, we
assess the probable impact of that evidence upon the trier of fact. See id.
[6] Jones claims that her video exhibits of Caldwell threatening her several weeks
later were relevant to a trait of Caldwell and would have supported the self-
defense claim. She argues that excluding her video exhibits of Caldwell’s
threatening behavior denied her a fair trial on the central question of self-
defense and that this Court should reverse her conviction and remand for a new
trial. According to the State, in one of the videos Jones is recording another
person in a vehicle and saying the person followed her home from work, and
the other video is taken while Jones is driving and depicts a white SUV driving
next to her, both videos are dark, and the person in the other vehicle can barely
be seen. It argues the recordings were not relevant because they show no
aggressive conduct from Caldwell and the driver of the SUV is not identifiable
on the videos and that, even if Caldwell followed Jones, it would have
happened a month and a half after the battery. It also argues that, even if the
videos depict Caldwell engaging in aggressive behavior, the video evidence of
that character trait was cumulative, that Jones testified that she had been fearful
of Caldwell, and both Jones and Caldwell stated they had been in conflicts
previously at work which sufficiently showed that there was discord between
them.
[7] Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1 provides that a person who knowingly or intentionally
touches another person in a rude, insolent, or angry manner commits battery
and that the offense is a class A misdemeanor if it results in bodily injury to any
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other person. Ind. Code § 35-41-3-2 provides that a person is justified in using
reasonable force against any other person to protect the person from what the
person reasonably believes to be the imminent use of unlawful force.
[8] Ind. Evidence Rule 401 provides that evidence is relevant if it has any tendency
to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence and
the fact is of consequence in determining the action. Evidence Rule 403
provides that the court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is
substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair
prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly
presenting cumulative evidence. Evidence Rule 404 provides in part:
(a) Character Evidence.
(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of a person’s character or
character trait is not admissible to prove that on a
particular occasion the person acted in accordance with
the character or trait.
(2) Exceptions for a Defendant or Victim in a Criminal Case.
The following exceptions apply in a criminal case:
*****
(B) subject to the limitations in Rule 412,[2] a
defendant may offer evidence of an alleged victim’s
pertinent trait, and if the evidence is admitted, the
prosecutor may offer evidence to rebut it; . . . .
2
Evidence Rule 412 relates to proceedings involving alleged sexual misconduct.
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[9] Self-defense requires reasonable apprehension of harm by the defendant. Brand
v. State, 766 N.E.2d 772, 780 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), reh’g denied, trans. denied.
When a defendant claims that he acted in self-defense, evidence legitimately
tending to support his theory is admissible. Id. Evidence of the victim’s
character may be admitted to show that the victim had a violent character
giving the defendant reason to fear him. Id. (citing Holder v. State, 571 N.E.2d
1250, 1254 (Ind. 1991)). “Evidence of the victim’s character may be admitted
for either of two distinct purposes: to show that the victim had a violent
character giving the defendant reason to fear him or to show that the victim was
the initial aggressor.” Holder, 571 N.E.2d at 1254. “Evidence of specific bad
acts is admissible to prove that the victim had a violent character which
frightened the defendant.” Id. “However, only general reputation evidence of
the victim’s violent nature is admissible to prove that the victim was the initial
aggressor.” Id. “If the defendant wishes to introduce either type of character
evidence, she must first introduce appreciable evidence of the victim’s
aggression to substantiate the self-defense claim.” Id. “When offering specific
bad acts evidence to prove the victim’s violent character frightened her, the
defendant must also provide a foundation showing that she knew about the
specific bad acts in question before she killed the defendant.” Id. “Although
the victim’s threats or violence need not be directed toward the defendant, the
defendant must have knowledge of these matters at the time of the fatal
confrontation between the victim and the defendant.” Brand, 766 N.E.2d at 780
(citing Holder, 571 N.E.2d at 1254; Feliciano v. State, 477 N.E.2d 86, 88 (Ind.
1985)).
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[10] The video recordings which Jones wished for the trial court to admit into
evidence were taken on August 25, 2017, which was well after the July 7, 2017
incident. Caldwell testified that, on July 7, 2017, she observed Jones enter a
restroom at a bar and that, after a few minutes, Jones “came out of no-where
and she hit me in the face a couple of times.” Transcript Volume II at 5. The
court was able to consider Jones’s testimony that Caldwell attacked her first,
that there had been conflicts at work, that she believed Caldwell is an aggressive
person, that Caldwell behaved with hostility toward her prior to this incident,
and that she became fearful of Caldwell over time and was fearful of her at the
bar. Based upon the record as a whole, and in light of all of the evidence, we
cannot conclude the court abused its discretion in not admitting the recordings,
that the recordings were likely to have a significant impact upon the court as the
trier of fact, or that the exclusion of the recordings affected Jones’s substantial
rights.
[11] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Jones’s conviction.
[12] Affirmed.
May, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
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