NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FILED
JUN 19 2019
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 17-10512
Plaintiff-Appellee, D.C. No. 1:16-cr-00513-HG-1
v.
MEMORANDUM*
THOMAS M. VASCONCELLOS,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Hawaii
Helen W. Gillmor, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted June 14, 2019**
Honolulu, Hawaii
Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and CALLAHAN and CHRISTEN, Circuit
Judges.
Defendant-Appellant Thomas Vasconcellos forged and obtained
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
unauthorized prescriptions of oxycodone at various pharmacies.1 Vasconcellos
appeals his conviction, following a guilty plea, for conspiracy to distribute and
possess with intent to distribute oxycodone under 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.
1. Vasconcellos argues that his guilty plea was involuntary because it
was a byproduct of judicial coercion.2 He asserts that the court’s order remanding
him into custody gave him no choice but to plead guilty. Because Vasconcellos
did not object to his entry of guilty plea, we review for plain error. See United
States v. Carter, 795 F.3d 947, 950 (9th Cir. 2015).
On August 25, 2017, the district court held a change of plea hearing. In
open court, the district court addressed Vasconcellos personally and engaged in the
required colloquy to ascertain whether Vasconcellos understood his right to plea,
his right to a jury trial, and his waiver of these rights by entering a plea of guilty.
1
The facts herein are obtained only from public documents in the
record. No sealed document is referenced herein.
2
The government requests that we dismiss the appeal because
Vasconcellos entered into an unconditional guilty plea. An unconditional guilty
plea waives all nonjurisdictional, antecedent defects and some constitutional
claims. Class v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 798, 805 (2018); United States v.
Jackson, 697 F.3d 1141, 1144 (9th Cir. 2012) (per curiam). Because Vasconcellos
challenges “whether the underlying plea was both counseled and voluntary,”
United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 569 (1989), the appeal is not dismissed.
2
See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(A)–(O). Nothing in the record suggests that the
district court coerced Vasconcellos into entering a guilty plea “by mental coercion
overbearing the will of the defendant.” Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742, 750
(1970); cf. United States v. Bruce, 976 F.2d 552, 558 (9th Cir. 1992) (judge
violated Rule 11 by encouraging defendants to take the plea bargain rather than go
to trial), abrogated on other grounds by United States v. Davila, 569 U.S. 597
(2013). Vasconcellos did not show that his guilty plea was not “the product of a
free and deliberate choice rather than coercion or improper inducement.” Comer v.
Stewart, 215 F.3d 910, 917 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Doe, 155 F.3d
1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 1998)).
2. Vasconcellos also argues that the district court deprived him of a
Sixth Amendment right to counsel of his choice by denying (actually or
constructively) his request for retained counsel. Vasconcellos argues that he had
obtained an employment contract that would have enabled him to earn money to be
able to retain counsel but the court’s remand order prevented him from working
and thus paying for retained counsel. We reject Vasconcellos’s arguments. First,
Vasconcellos never actually moved to retain private counsel, and thus there was no
denial by the court. Second, although the Sixth Amendment guarantees a criminal
defendant the right to adequate representation, “a defendant may not insist on
representation by an attorney he cannot afford[.]” See Wheat v. United States, 486
3
U.S. 153, 159 (1988). Third, under the three factors of Miller v. Blacketter, 525
F.3d 890, 896 (9th Cir. 2008), Vasconcellos cannot show that the court’s findings
at the May 30, 2017 hearing were “an unreasonable exercise of its discretion to
balance [defendant’s] right to his chosen counsel against concerns of fairness and
scheduling.” The district court did not violate Vasconcellos’s Sixth Amendment
right to counsel.
AFFIRMED.
4
United States v. Thomas Vasconcellos
Combined Opinion