Case: 18-50530 Document: 00515002346 Page: 1 Date Filed: 06/19/2019
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
No. 18-50530 FILED
June 19, 2019
Lyle W. Cayce
TODD A. ENGLISH, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
SONNY PERDUE, Secretary, USDA,
Defendant - Appellee
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 6:16-CV-306
Before HIGGINSON and WILLETT, Circuit Judges, and BROWN, District
Judge. 1
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:*
Todd English, an employee of the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), brought claims for sex- and age-based discrimination,
hostile work environment, and retaliation against the Secretary of Agriculture
1 Debra M. Brown, United States District Judge, Northern District of Mississippi.
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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in his official capacity. The district court granted the Secretary’s motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim, and we affirm.
English, through counsel, filed his original complaint in July 2016 and
an amended complaint in July 2017. The Secretary moved to dismiss, and a
magistrate judge recommended that the motion be denied. Shortly afterwards,
English filed a second amended complaint with the magistrate judge’s leave. 2
English’s counsel then withdrew. 3 Contrary to the magistrate judge’s
recommendation, the district court granted the Secretary’s motion to dismiss,
prompting English’s appeal.
For the purposes of this appeal, we focus on the second amended
complaint, taking its well-pleaded allegations as true. See Allen v. Walmart
Stores, L.L.C., 907 F.3d 170, 177 (5th Cir. 2018). 4
2 The magistrate judge provided leave at a telephonic status conference. A minute
entry for the conference reflects that English’s counsel had said he intended to file a second
amended complaint. “He asked if he needed leave of Court to file it and [Magistrate] Judge
Manske told him to go ahead and file it since [Assistant U.S. Attorney] Cooper did not have
an objection.”
3 English has proceeded pro se since then. In this appeal, he challenges the magistrate
judge’s approval of his counsel’s motion to withdraw. The magistrate judge had denied two
previous motions to withdraw. The magistrate judge granted counsel’s third motion, which
was accompanied by an affidavit citing fundamental disagreement over the scope of
representation, among other problems. The depth of that disagreement is evident from the
lengthy portion of English’s brief addressing the issue.
“An attorney may withdraw from representation only upon leave of the court and a
showing of good cause and reasonable notice to the client.” Matter of Wynn, 889 F.2d 644, 646
(5th Cir. 1989). The matter of attorney withdrawal is “entrusted to the sound discretion of
the court and will be overturned on appeal only for an abuse of that discretion.” Id. (quotation
omitted). We see no abuse of discretion here.
4 English’s brief adds extensive detail not present in his complaint. His arguments
against the district court’s dismissal of his lawsuit are based largely on this new detail. We
cannot and do not consider English’s many allegations advanced for the first time on appeal.
See Edionwe v. Bailey, 860 F.3d 287, 293 n.1 (5th Cir. 2017). If we did consider English’s new
allegations, their focus on civil-service rules and on an apparent union-related dispute in
English’s workplace––to the near-total exclusion of the antidiscrimination laws on which his
suit is based––would strengthen our conclusion, explained below, that English’s sex or age
did not plausibly cause his troubles at work.
2
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English’s complaint explained that he is a man over age 40 who, at the
relevant time, was employed by the USDA Office of Rural Development’s
Single Family Housing Division in Temple, Texas. English alleged that his
supervisor, Theresa Jordison, and the state director, Francisco Valentin,
discriminated against him based on his age and sex, created a hostile work
environment, and retaliated against him after he filed an Equal Employment
Opportunity complaint. He invoked both Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42
U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA),
29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. 5
English’s disparate-treatment allegations centered on a female coworker
under age 30 who was allegedly “groom[ed] for promotion” by Jordison and
given “assignments and opportunities” that English believed he should have
received. English asserted that Valentin likewise gave female coworkers
preferential treatment. English also said that he received an unwarranted
“Does Not Meet” performance review from Jordison that rendered him
ineligible for promotion.
English’s complaint also alleged that he experienced a work environment
made hostile by the conduct of Jordison and his coworkers. He said that
Jordison ridiculed and berated him publicly, subjected him to unwarranted
scrutiny, and dealt unfairly and capriciously with his work leave, among other
wrongs. Jordison also allegedly tolerated snide remarks toward English by his
coworkers 6 and, when English complained, told him to find another job.
English further claimed that he experienced retaliation “for pursuing a
Charge of Discrimination.” The complaint did not say when he filed that
5 English cited the ADEA for the first time in his second amended complaint. He
mentioned age discrimination in his first amended complaint, but without citing or naming
the statute.
6 A “younger female coworker” allegedly called English a “dumb sh*t.”
3
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charge, but it did say that, “subsequent to [English] filing his Charge,”
Valentin undertook various retaliatory acts. Those acts included an
“unreasonable and warrantless investigation,” unjustified placement of
English on administrative leave, restrictions on him in the workplace, and a
transfer to another job. Though it seems from English’s complaint that the
allegedly hostile work environment existed before he filed his Charge, English
alleged that the environment grew yet more hostile afterwards.
Reviewing English’s first amended complaint, the magistrate judge
recommended denying the Secretary’s motion to dismiss as to two Title VII
claims: English’s hostile work environment claim, and the retaliatory hostile
work environment claim that English seemingly intended to bring. 7 The
magistrate judge also recommended granting leave to amend, due to English’s
complaint conflating the various types of claims under Title VII. The
magistrate judge later granted that leave himself.
The district court, contrary to the magistrate judge’s recommendation,
granted the Secretary’s motion to dismiss. Focusing on English’s first amended
complaint, the district court concluded that English’s complaint failed to plead
the requisite causal links adequately. In the district court’s view, English did
not plausibly allege that he experienced discrimination or hostility due to his
sex or his age, nor did he plausibly allege that the alleged retaliatory acts he
endured were due to the protected activity of filing a Charge of
Discrimination. 8
7 This court has not yet recognized the latter claim, though the other circuit courts
have. See Heath v. Bd. of Supervisors for So. Univ. and Agric. and Mech. College, 850 F.3d
731, 741 n.5 (5th Cir. 2017).
8 Though the district court focused on English’s first amended complaint, it
acknowledged the second amended complaint and ruled that it did not remedy the
deficiencies of the earlier filing.
4
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“We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss based on failure
to state a claim de novo, accepting all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as
true.” Raj v. La. State Univ., 714 F.3d 322, 329–30 (5th Cir. 2013). “We affirm
the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss when the plaintiff has not
alleged enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face or has
failed to raise its right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption
that all the allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Id.
at 330 (quotation omitted). “To state a claim that is facially plausible, a
plaintiff must plead factual content that ‘allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.’”
Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 686 (2009)).
We begin with English’s hostile work environment claims. To establish
a hostile work environment claim under Title VII, the plaintiff must prove that
he (1) belongs to a protected group; (2) was subjected to unwelcome
harassment; (3) the harassment complained of was based on his membership
in the protected group; (4) the harassment complained of affected a term,
condition, or privilege of employment; and (5) the employer knew or should
have known of the harassment in question and failed to take prompt remedial
action. Williams-Boldware v. Denton County, Tex., 741 F.3d 635, 640 (5th Cir.
2014). To establish the equivalent claim under the ADEA, the plaintiff must
show that (1) he was over the age of 40; (2) he was subjected to harassment,
either through words or actions, based on age; (3) the nature of the harassment
was such that it created an objectively intimidating, hostile, or offensive work
environment; and (4) there exists some basis for liability on the part of the
employer. Dediol v. Best Chevrolet, Inc., 655 F.3d 435, 441 (5th Cir. 2011).
The district court correctly concluded that English did not adequately
plead that his allegedly hostile work environment was based on his sex or his
age. Nothing in his allegations makes it more than merely speculative that his
5
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sex or age caused the various forms of hostile treatment he allegedly endured.
His complaint lacks, for instance, allegations of hostile age-based remarks that
we have previously found adequate to state a claim. E.g., Dediol, 655 F.3d at
438 (concerning an elderly man berated as “old man,” “pops,” and “old
m*****f*****”). The one allegedly hostile remark directed at English, supra
note 16, was not sex- or age-related. Even if it were, “isolated incidents (unless
extremely serious)” are insufficient for a hostile work environment claim.
Turner v. Baylor Richardson Med. Ctr., 476 F.3d 337, 348 (5th Cir. 2007).
Moreover, though English alleged a variety of inconsiderate and even mean
conduct in his workplace, he described that conduct only in a conclusory
fashion. None of his allegations plausibly shows that his sex or age was the
basis of the allegedly hostile conduct he experienced. As such, dismissal was
the appropriate course. See Raj, 714 F.3d at 331.
We turn next to English’s retaliation claims. To state a retaliation claim
under Title VII, a plaintiff must show that (1) he engaged in conduct protected
by Title VII; (2) he suffered a materially adverse action; and (3) a causal
connection exists between the protected activity and the adverse action.
Jenkins v. City of San Antonio Fire Dep’t, 784 F.3d 263, 269 (5th Cir. 2015). A
retaliation claim under the ADEA entails the same showing. See Wooten v.
McDonald Transit Assocs., Inc., 788 F.3d 490, 496–97 (5th Cir. 2015).
The district court correctly concluded that English failed to state a
retaliation claim because he did not show a causal link between protected
activity and adverse action. In retaliation cases, “causation is difficult to prove”
and calls for “a highly fact specific” analysis. Nowlin v. Resolution Trust Corp.,
33 F.3d 498, 508 (5th Cir. 1994). Among other factors, we have suggested that
an employee’s “past disciplinary record,” an employer’s departure from “typical
policy and procedures,” and “the temporal relationship between the employee’s
6
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conduct and discharge” might shed light on the causal component of a
retaliation claim. Id.
As the district court noted, English’s complaint contained no temporal
detail other than that various alleged acts by the state director, Valentin, were
“subsequent to” English’s protected activity and that the frequency and degree
of mistreatment increased. “[T]he mere fact that some adverse action is
taken after an employee engages in some protected activity will not always be
enough for a prima facie case.” Swanson v. General Servs. Admin., 110 F.3d
1180, 1188 n.3 (5th Cir. 1997). Indeed, we look for close temporal proximity
when reviewing pleadings for sufficient allegations. Compare Wooten, 788 F.3d
at 499 (deeming complaint plausible where all retaliatory acts occurred within
seven months of protected activity, after a decade of unblemished
employment), with Heggemeier v. Caldwell County, Tex., 826 F.3d 861, 870 (5th
Cir. 2016) (deeming twenty-one-month lag too long for plausibility), and Leal
v. McHugh, 731 F.3d 405, 417 (5th Cir. 2013) (three- to nine-year lag too long).
By failing to provide temporal detail, English left unused an important means
of showing causation. His complaint also lacked other allegations that might
have made up for the deficiency. 9
This absence of detailed allegations is likewise fatal to English’s
retaliatory hostile work environment claims. Because he has not plausibly
alleged a causal connection between his protected activity and the various
misfortunes that befell him thereafter, we need not decide whether to join the
9 English’s allegation that Jordison did not place him on a “performance improvement
plan” as required by departmental rules before she gave him a poor performance review
might seem like a departure from “typical policy and procedures,” which can have causal
significance according to Nowlin. See 33 F.3d at 508. But without temporal detail, there is no
way to tell whether this alleged departure occurred before or after English’s protected activity
and thus no way to decide whether it lends plausibility to English’s claims.
7
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rest of the circuit courts in recognizing a retaliatory hostile work environment
claim. See Heath, 850 F.3d at 741 n.5.
Next, we read English’s complaint as attempting to state a disparate-
treatment claim based on sex and age, given the allegations about the
preferential treatment enjoyed by a younger female coworker. 10 At the
pleading stage, a plaintiff is not required to “make out a prima facie case of
discrimination in order to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” Raj, 714
F.3d at 331. Nevertheless, the plaintiff’s allegations still must plausibly
address “the ultimate question in a Title VII disparate treatment claim,” that
is, “whether a defendant took the adverse employment action against a
plaintiff because of [his or] her protected status.” Raj, 714 F.3d at 331
(quotation omitted). Likewise for the ADEA. See Leal, 731 F.3d at 410–12. 11
Much of what English identifies as preferential treatment is not
cognizable as an adverse employment action. “Adverse employment actions are
ultimate employment decisions such as hiring, firing, demoting, promoting,
granting leave, and compensating.” Stroy v. Gibson on behalf of Dep’t of Vet.
Affairs, 896 F.3d 693, 699 (5th Cir. 2018) (quotation omitted). “[A]n
employment action that does not affect job duties, compensation, or benefits is
not an adverse action.” Id. (quotation omitted). Complaints that coworkers got
to socialize with higher-ups, for instance, do not count.
To the extent any of English’s claimed misfortunes did “affect job duties,
compensation, or benefits,” his disparate-treatment theory has the same
10 The district court did not deal expressly with disparate treatment.
11 Though English is a federal employee, the parties and the district court did not
address the difference between the causal element of ADEA claims for federal employees
versus private or local-government employees. See Leal, 731 F.3d at 410–12 (contrasting the
lesser showing required under 29 U.S.C. § 633a, concerning federal employees, with “the
more restrictive burden of proof” under § 623(a), concerning non-federal employees). We
apply Leal’s treatment of federal employees’ required showing here.
8
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weakness as his hostile work environment claims: a dearth of allegations
showing he was mistreated due to his sex or age. That another employee was
treated better and given more opportunities does not become actionable under
federal law just because she was female or because she was younger. More is
needed to raise English’s claims above a speculative level. Consequently,
English’s disparate-treatment claims do not warrant reversing the district
court and permitting this suit to proceed.
Finally, we do not consider the issues raised in English’s brief regarding
the U.S. Attorney’s representation of the Secretary. “We consider issues raised
for the first time on appeal only in extraordinary instances to avoid a
miscarriage of justice.” United States ex rel. Simoneaux v. E.I. duPont de
Nemours & Co., 843 F.3d 1033, 1042 n.32 (5th Cir. 2016) (quotation omitted).
Nothing out of the ordinary is evident here.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.
9