2019 IL App (1st) 181502
Opinion filed: June 21, 2019
FIRST DISTRICT
Fifth Division
No. 1-18-1502
PETERSON PLAZA PRESERVATION, L.P.; ) Appeal from the
RELATED BLOOMINGDALE, L.L.C.; ) Circuit Court of
MARSHALL FIELD PRESERVATION, L.P.; ) Cook County.
RELATED VAN BUREN, L.L.C., )
) 2017 L 050922
Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) 2017 L 05092
) 2017 L 050924
v. ) 2017 L 050925, cons.
)
THE CITY OF CHICAGO DEPARTMENT OF ) Honorable
FINANCE and THE CITY OF CHICAGO ) Carl Anthony Walker,
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE ) Judge, presiding.
HEARINGS, )
)
Defendants-Appellees. )
)
PRESIDING JUSTICE ROCHFORD delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hoffman and Hall concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiffs, Peterson Plaza Preservation, L.P. (Peterson Plaza), Related Bloomingdale,
L.L.C. (Bloomingdale), Marshall Field Preservation, L.P. (Marshall Field), and Related Van
Buren, L.L.C. (Van Buren), appeal from an order of the circuit court on administrative review
upholding the determination of defendants, City of Chicago Department of Finance and City of
Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings, that plaintiffs were not entitled to real property
transfer tax exemptions under section 3-33-060(L) of the Chicago Municipal Code (Chicago
Municipal Code § 3-33-060(L) (amended May 8, 2013)) for the transfer of title to certain
federally funded residential apartment buildings inside of enterprise zones. On appeal, plaintiffs
argue that they were entitled to the exemptions because they satisfied all the conditions necessary
to qualify therefor. We affirm.
No. 1-18-1502
¶2 I. Relevant Law
¶3 Chapter 3-33 of the Chicago Municipal Code (Municipal Code) imposes the Chicago real
property transfer tax (transfer tax) on “the privilege of transferring title to, or beneficial interest
in, real property located in the city.” Chicago Municipal Code § 3-33-030(A) (amended Nov. 11,
2011). The buyer of the property must pay the tax, which is $3.75 per $500 of the transfer price
of the property. Id. The Municipal Code provides an exemption for “[t]ransfers of title to, or
beneficial interest in, real property used primarily for commercial or industrial purposes located
in an enterprise zone, as defined in Chapter 16-12 of this Code.” Chicago Municipal Code § 3-
33-060(L) (amended May 8, 2013). An enterprise zone is a depressed area of the city that has
been designated a “proposed enterprise zone” by the city council and approved and certified by
the proper state or federal authorities as an enterprise zone. Chicago Municipal Code § 16-12-
020 (amended Nov. 26, 2013).
¶4 In December 1998, the Chicago Department of Revenue issued Real Property Transfer
Tax Ruling No. 2, section 5 and section 7, effective January 4, 1999, 1 which defines when a
property is used primarily for commercial purposes in an enterprise zone so as to qualify for a
tax exemption under section 3-33-060(L) of the Municipal Code:
“Section 5. Property which is used primarily for commercial purposes is property
used primarily for buying or selling of goods and services, or for otherwise providing
goods and services, including any real estate used for hotel or motel purposes.
[Citation.]”
***
1
Tax Ruling No. 2 was subsequently amended, effective June 1, 2004.
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Section 7. For property to be ‘primarily used for commercial or industrial
purposes,’ more than 50 percent of the property must be used for either commercial or
industrial purposes.” Chicago Department of Revenue Real Property Transfer Tax Ruling
No. 2, §§ 5, 7 (eff. June 1, 2004), https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/rev/
supp_info/TaxRulingsandRegulations/RPTTRuling2.pdf [https://perma.cc/ZTU5-6RKU]
(hereinafter Tax Ruling No. 2).
¶5 II. Background Facts
¶6 Plaintiffs each purchased a property in a Chicago enterprise zone with the intent to
continue operating it as affordable housing under section 8 of the United States Housing Act of
1937 (42 U.S.C. § 1437f (2012)) (hereinafter Section 8 program). Under the Section 8 program,
tenants pay no more than 30% of their income toward rent; the United States Department of
Housing and Urban Development (HUD) compensates the developer for the remaining balance.
See id. §§ 1437a(a), 1437f(c). Following their acquisition of the properties, plaintiffs each paid
thousands of dollars in transfer taxes.
¶7 Specifically, with respect to each individual plaintiff: Peterson Plaza purchased a
federally funded housing complex consisting of 189 units located at 5969 North Ravenswood
Avenue in Chicago, for which it paid $161,250 in transfer taxes; Bloomingdale purchased a 111-
unit complex located at 1755 North Keystone Avenue, for which it paid $52,500 in transfer
taxes; Marshall Field purchased a 628-unit complex located at 1448 North Sedgwick Street, for
which it paid $648,750 in transfer taxes; and Van Buren purchased a 299-unit complex located at
2045 West Jackson Boulevard, for which it paid $135,750 in transfer taxes.
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¶8 After each of the acquisitions, plaintiffs continued to rent units in the properties to
qualifying tenants under the Section 8 program. Between 87% and 100% of each of the
properties was used for tenant living space. Plaintiffs performed extensive renovations at each of
the properties, employed management and maintenance staff at each of the properties, and
offered various services to the tenants such as general equivalency diploma (GED) classes,
literacy programs, health screenings, and job training. All of the services are free to the tenants
and are not available to the general public.
¶9 On November 12, 2015, plaintiffs filed with the Department of Finance (Department)
claims for refunds of the transfer taxes based on the exemption in Municipal Code section 3-33-
060(L) for transfers of title to real property used primarily for commercial purposes in an
enterprise zone. On November 20, 2015, the Department denied all four refund claims because it
determined that the properties were not being used for commercial purposes within the enterprise
zones.
¶ 10 On December 28, 2015, plaintiffs filed petitions with the Department protesting the
denial of their refunds and requesting administrative hearings thereon. The parties submitted
cross-motions for summary judgment, and hearings were held on the motions before an
administrative law judge (ALJ). On September 20, 2017, the ALJ issued decisions granting
summary judgment in favor of the Department in all four cases, upholding the denial of
plaintiffs’ refunds based on their failure to qualify for the transfer tax exemption.
¶ 11 Plaintiffs filed complaints for administrative review in the circuit court. On the
Department’s motion, the court consolidated the cases. On June 14, 2018, the circuit court
confirmed the administrative decisions, again upholding the denial of plaintiffs’ refunds.
Plaintiffs filed this timely appeal on July 12, 2018.
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¶ 12 III. Analysis
¶ 13 In reviewing the final decision under the Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3-101
et seq. (West 2016)) in this case, we review the administrative decision granting the
Department’s summary judgment motions and not the circuit court’s judgment. West Belmont,
L.L.C. v. City of Chicago, 349 Ill. App. 3d 46, 49 (2004). Summary judgment is appropriate
where the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file together with any affidavits, when
viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, show that there is no genuine issue of
material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Pielet v. Pielet,
2012 IL 112064, ¶ 29. Review is de novo. Id. ¶ 30. Where, as here, parties file cross-motions for
summary judgment, they agree that only a question of law is involved and invite the court to
decide the issues based on the record. Id. ¶ 28.
¶ 14 Here, plaintiffs contend that they are exempt from paying the transfer tax because they
satisfied all the conditions in section 3-33-060(L) of the Municipal Code to qualify for the
exemption. Specifically, plaintiffs argue that they obtained a transfer of title to the properties, the
properties were used primarily for commercial purposes after the transfer, and each of the
properties was located in an enterprise zone. Defendants concede that each of the properties was
located in an enterprise zone but argue that they were used for residential purposes for low-
income families under the Section 8 program, not for commercial purposes, and therefore their
transfers are not exempt from taxation under section 3-33-060(L).
¶ 15 A taxpayer bears the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that he is
entitled to an exemption. Metro Developers, LLC v. City of Chicago Department of Revenue, 377
Ill. App. 3d 395, 397 (2007); Streeterville Corp. v. Department of Revenue, 186 Ill. 2d 534, 538-
39 (1999). The burden is a challenging one because municipal ordinances exempting the transfer
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of property from taxation are to be strictly construed in favor of taxation (Metro Developers,
LLC, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 397), and all debatable questions are resolved in favor of taxation. Ford
Motor Co. v. Chicago Department of Revenue, 2014 IL App (1st) 130597, ¶ 14.
¶ 16 At issue here is the Department’s interpretation of a municipal ordinance, section 3-33-
060(L), and of Tax Ruling No. 2. The rules for interpreting municipal ordinances are the same as
those that apply to statutory interpretation. Hayenga v. City of Rockford, 2014 IL App (2d)
131261, ¶ 17. The primary objective of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to
the intent of the legislature. Id. The best indication of the legislative intent is the statutory
language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. A statute must be viewed as a whole,
interpreting the words and phrases in light of the other relevant provisions of the statute.
Crittenden v. Cook County Comm’n on Human Rights, 2012 IL App (1st) 112437, ¶ 81.
¶ 17 The Department’s interpretation of a municipal ordinance is a question of law that we
review de novo. Metro Developers, LLC, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 397. Although our review is
de novo, our supreme court instructs that “a court will give substantial weight and deference to
an interpretation of an ambiguous statute by the agency charged with the administration and
enforcement of the statute. Such an interpretation expresses an informed source for ascertaining
the legislative intent. A significant reason for this deference is that an agency can make informed
judgments upon the issues, based on its experience and expertise.” Bonaguro v. County Officers
Electoral Board, 158 Ill. 2d 391, 398 (1994).
¶ 18 Thus, we must initially determine whether the municipal ordinance that we are
interpreting, section 3-33-060(L), is ambiguous such that we should give substantial weight and
deference to the interpretation accorded it by the department of revenue under Tax Ruling No. 2.
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An ordinance is ambiguous if it is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations. West
Belmont, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 50.
¶ 19 Section 3-33-060(L) provides for the exemption from transfer taxes for transfers of title
to “real property used primarily for commercial or industrial purposes located in an enterprise
zone.” Chicago Municipal Code, § 3-33-060(L) (amended Nov. 16, 2011). The issue here is how
to interpret the term “commercial purposes” so as to decide whether plaintiffs’ use of the
properties met the definition of that term. Section 3-33-060(L) does not define the term
“commercial purposes,” and plaintiffs look to the dictionary definition of “commercial” as
“viewed with regard to profit.” Merriam-WebsterOnlineDictionary, http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/commercial (last visited June 12, 2019) [https://perma.cc/3Q2J-W82L].
Plaintiffs contend that they are using the properties for a commercial purpose, as the properties
are meant to generate a profit for them, and therefore the transfer of the properties is exempt
from transfer taxes. However, defendants interpret the term “commercial purposes” differently
than plaintiffs, contending that there is a “clear distinction” between commercial and residential
properties, such that plaintiffs’ use of the properties to provide residential housing does not fall
within the exemption. Given that the term “commercial purposes” is not defined in section 3-33-
060(L) and is subject to multiple interpretations, we find an ambiguity. Accordingly, although
our review here is de novo, we give substantial deference to Tax Ruling No. 2, as it is an
interpretation of the ambiguous ordinance by the agency charged with its administration and
enforcement.
¶ 20 We begin our analysis by considering West Belmont, which addressed section 3-33-
060(L) by looking to the interpretation accorded it by the department of revenue under Tax
Ruling No. 2, as well as to the legislative purpose underlying the Illinois Enterprise Zone Act (20
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ILCS 655/1 et seq. (West 2002)), which authorized the establishment of enterprise zones. Then
we consider Metro Developers, LLC, which largely adopted the West Belmont analysis.
¶ 21 In West Belmont, West Belmont purchased property in a Chicago enterprise zone that had
been previously occupied by a furniture retailer, wholesaler, and rental company. West Belmont,
349 Ill. App. 3d at 47. Following the purchase, West Belmont demolished the furniture store and
began selling and constructing residential townhomes on the property. Id. West Belmont sought
an exemption from transfer taxes under section 3-33-060(L), claiming it had purchased real
property used primarily for commercial purposes in the enterprise zone. Id. The Department of
Revenue disallowed the exemption, finding that the properties were being developed to build
townhomes, which was not a commercial purpose. Id. On administrative review, the circuit court
affirmed the disallowance of the exemption. Id. at 48.
¶ 22 On appeal, West Belmont again argued that it was exempt from the transfer tax because it
had purchased real property “ ‘used primarily for commercial or industrial purposes located in an
enterprise zone.’ ” Id. at 47 (quoting Chicago Municipal Code § 3-33-060(L) (amended Dec. 15,
1992))). West Belmont contended that the word “used” in the phrase “used primarily for
commercial or industrial purposes” refers only to the historical use of the subject property at the
time of the transfer. Id. at 49. West Belmont argued that it met the exemption’s requirement
because the property had been used by the furniture wholesaler for commercial purposes before
the transfer to West Belmont. Id. The appellate court disagreed, holding that the “purpose of the
exemption is to encourage commercial or industrial use of property located in an enterprise zone.
It looks to the post transfer future, not to the past.” Id. at 51. The appellate court concluded that
“the exemption turns on the use the buyer intends to make of the property.” (Emphasis added.)
Id. at 52.
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¶ 23 West Belmont next argued that the use it intended to make of the property (constructing
and selling residential townhomes) was a commercial one. In addressing West Belmont’s
argument, the appellate court looked to Tax Ruling No. 2, section 5, which provided:
“5. Property which is used primarily for commercial purposes is property used
primarily for buying or selling of goods and services, or for otherwise providing goods
and services, including any real estate used for hotel or motel purposes.” Id. at 53
(quoting Tax Ruling No. 2, § 5 (eff. Jan. 4, 1999)).
¶ 24 The appellate court found that
“West Belmont’s use of the property was not primarily ‘commercial’ within the meaning
of the exemption. While the sale of real estate might be included in a general definition of
commerce as the ‘exchange of property of any kind,’ we do not believe West Belmont’s
intended use of the land furthered the purpose of the exemption. *** [West Belmont]
purchased the property to convert it into residential use. Whatever ‘commerce’ that might
have been involved would come to an end when the homes were built and sold.” Id. at 53.
¶ 25 West Belmont argued, though, that it also sold the buyers personal property such as
appliances, which constituted “goods and services” within the meaning of the tax ruling. Id. at
53-54. The appellate court disagreed, noting that “[a]ny sale of goods or services was subsidiary
to West Belmont’s primary purpose of building and selling townhomes and was not included in
the tax ruling’s definition.” Id. at 54.
¶ 26 West Belmont also argued that its use of the property fulfilled the stated goals of the
Illinois Enterprise Zone Act (Act) (20 ILCS 655/1 et seq. (West 2002)), which is the enabling act
authorizing the establishment of enterprise zones. The Act states in pertinent part:
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“The General Assembly finds and declares that the health, safety and welfare of the
people of this State are dependent upon a healthy economy and vibrant communities; that
the continual encouragement, development, growth and expansion of the private sector
within the State requires a cooperative and continuous partnership between government
and the private sector; and that there are certain depressed areas in this State that need the
particular attention of government, business, labor and the citizens of Illinois to help
attract private sector investment into these areas and directly aid the local community and
its residents. Therefore, it is declared to be the purpose of this Act to explore ways and
means of stimulating business and industrial growth and retention in depressed areas and
stimulating neighborhood revitalization of depressed areas of the State by means of
relaxed government controls and tax incentives in those areas.” 20 ILCS 655/2 (West
2002).
¶ 27 West Belmont argued that its replacing a vacant commercial building with a residential
development served the Act’s purpose of “stimulating neighborhood revitalization.” West
Belmont, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 54. The appellate court disagreed, holding that “the exemption is
intended to subsidize only commercial and industrial projects, rather than all forms of
revitalization. Using scarce enterprise zone property for residential purposes limits the
availability of land for commercial and industrial use.” Id. The appellate court concluded that
West Belmont was not entitled to the transfer tax exemption. Id. at 56.
¶ 28 In Metro Developers, LLC, Metro Developers purchased real property in Chicago from
AP&P Manufacturing, Inc., which manufactured and distributed paper products at that location.
Metro Developers, LLC, 377 Ill. App. 3d at 396. Metro Developers purchased the property
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intending to convert the building located thereon into residential condominiums. Id. Metro
Developers subsequently developed the property into 175 residential condominiums. Id at 397.
¶ 29 Metro Developers sought a transfer tax exemption under section 3-33-060(L), contending
that the property was used primarily for commercial or industrial purposes and was located in an
enterprise zone. Id. at 396. The City of Chicago Department of Administrative Hearings denied
Metro Developers’ request for an exemption, and on administrative review the circuit court
affirmed. Id. at 397.
¶ 30 On appeal, the appellate court cited West Belmont’s holding that the construction and sale
of residential townhomes in an enterprise zone did not qualify for a transfer tax exemption under
section 3-33-060(L) because the taxpayer was no longer using the property primarily for
commercial or industrial purposes. Id. at 398 (citing West Belmont, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 51). In
accordance with West Belmont, the appellate court held that the residential condominiums, which
Metro Developers was developing and selling inside the enterprise zone, did not qualify for a
transfer tax exemption under section 3-33-060(L) because Metro Developers was using them to
provide residential housing instead of for commercial or industrial purposes. Id. at 398.
¶ 31 In the present case, in arguing for the transfer tax exemption, plaintiffs contend that they
used the properties inside the enterprise zones exclusively for the commercial purpose of
generating profits from rents received in exchange for the right of occupancy and for providing
various other (free) services to the tenants, such as GED classes, literacy programs, health
screenings, and job training. Plaintiffs argue that their use of the property for residential leasing
and for the provision of free services to the tenants falls within the “otherwise providing goods
and services” clause of section 5 of Tax Ruling No. 2. See Tax Ruling No. 2, § 5 (eff. June 1,
2004), which provides that property is used primarily for commercial purposes when it is used
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“primarily for buying or selling of goods and services, or for otherwise providing goods and
services, including any real estate used for hotel or motel purposes.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 32 However, plaintiffs’ argument runs counter to West Belmont and Metro Developers, LLC,
which held that the profits the taxpayers received from selling the townhouses (in West Belmont)
and the residential condominiums (in Metro Developers, LLC), as well as from the services
provided pursuant thereto, did not qualify them for the section 3-33-060(L) exemption where the
properties were primarily used to provide residential housing inside of the enterprise zones.
Similar to West Belmont and Metro Developers, LLC, plaintiffs primarily used the properties at
issue here inside the enterprise zones to provide residential housing. Specifically, plaintiffs
operated each of their properties as affordable housing under the Section 8 program, which is
designed “[f]or the purpose of aiding low-income families in obtaining a decent place to live and
of promoting economically mixed housing.” 42 U.S.C. § 1437f(a) (2012).
¶ 33 Plaintiffs’ argument also runs counter to section 7 of Tax Ruling No. 2, which provides
that for property to be primarily used for commercial purposes, “more than 50 percent of the
property” must be used therefor. Tax Ruling No. 2, § 7 (eff. Jan. 4, 1999). Pursuant to the
Section 8 program, plaintiffs dedicated between 87% to 100% of each of their properties to
tenant living space. As plaintiffs used close to 100% of the properties for tenant living space
instead of for the sale or provision of goods and services, they have failed to meet their burden of
proving by clear and convincing evidence that they are entitled to the section 3-33-060(L)
exemption for transfer taxes.
¶ 34 Plaintiffs argue that West Belmont is distinguishable because, in the course of its analysis
that the transfer tax exemption did not apply there, the appellate court noted that “West Belmont
did not intend to set up a real estate sales office from which it would continue to sell townhomes
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indefinitely.” 349 Ill. App. 3d at 53. Contrary to West Belmont, plaintiffs here contend that the
transfer tax exemption applies because their intent was to establish on-site leasing offices from
which they would conduct the business of owning, leasing, managing, improving, and
maintaining the residential apartments for low-income families. Plaintiffs’ argument is
unavailing, though, as a careful examination of West Belmont reveals that the focus of its
analysis was not on the presence or absence of a real estate sales office but rather on the fact that
West Belmont was primarily using the property to provide residential townhomes inside the
enterprise zone and, therefore, the property transfer was not subject to the transfer tax exemption
under section 3-33-060(L). Id. at 53-56 (holding that residential real estate development within
the enterprise zone does not constitute property used primarily for commercial purposes within
the meaning of the exemption). Here, as discussed, plaintiffs primarily use the rental properties
to provide residential housing for low-income families in the enterprise zones pursuant to the
Section 8 program, and as such, the property transfers do not fall within the section 3-33-060(L)
exemption.
¶ 35 Plaintiffs’ argument also runs afoul of Metro Developers, LLC. Metro Developers
constructed a sales office for the purpose of selling residential condominiums on the property it
purchased inside the enterprise zone, but the appellate court (applying West Belmont) held that
because Metro Developers was primarily using the condominiums to provide residential housing,
the section 3-33-060(L) transfer tax exemption did not apply. See Metro Developers, LLC, 377
Ill. App. 3d at 398. Similarly, here, regardless of any construction of a sales/leasing office,
plaintiffs have failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the section 3-33-060(L)
exemption applies, where plaintiffs primarily use the rental units inside the enterprise zones to
provide residential housing for low-income families pursuant to the Section 8 program.
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¶ 36 Plaintiffs also argue that the ALJ’s decision denying them an exemption under section 3-
33-060(L) runs counter to the Act’s stated goals of stimulating “neighborhood revitalization of
depressed areas” and directly aiding the “local community and its residents.” 20 ILCS 655/2
(West 2016). Plaintiffs contend that, by operating the rental properties inside the enterprise zones
in a manner that permits lower income residents to live, work, and spend money in their local
communities, they are fulfilling the Act’s goals of neighborhood revitalization and providing aid
to local communities and therefore the transfer of the properties should be found to be exempt
from the transfer tax.
¶ 37 We disagree. Section 5 of the Act provides a process for municipalities to designate
enterprise zones pursuant to an initiating ordinance and provides the minimum requirements for
ordinances designating such areas. Id. § 5. One requirement is that the ordinance set forth
“provisions for any tax incentives or reimbursement for taxes, which pursuant to state and
federal law apply to business enterprises within the zone at the election of the designating county
or municipality, and which are not applicable throughout the county or municipality.” Id.
§ 5(c)(iii). Section 5(d) further specifies that nothing in the Act shall “prohibit a municipality or
county from extending additional tax incentives or reimbursement for business enterprises in
Enterprise Zones or throughout their territory by separate ordinance.” Id. § 5(d). There is no
provision in the Act precluding the City from adopting, as it did here in section 3-33-060(L), a
tax exemption narrowly drawn to exempt only transfers of title to “real property used primarily
for commercial or industrial purposes located in an enterprise zone” as opposed to property
designated for residential use. As the properties at issue here are being primarily used by
plaintiffs to provide residential housing for low-income families inside of enterprise zones,
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instead of for use primarily for commercial or industrial purposes, the ALJ committed no error in
finding that the property transfers do not fall within the section 3-33-060(L) exemption.
¶ 38 We further note that in West Belmont, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 54, the appellate court held that
the Act’s primary concern is stimulating business and industrial growth inside enterprise zones
and that the development of real property that is primarily used for residential housing does not
further the Act’s goals and is not exempt from taxation. Pursuant to West Belmont, the ALJ did
not err in finding that plaintiffs’ use of the properties to provide residential housing for low-
income families inside the enterprise zones does not further the Act’s goals and is not exempt
from taxation under section 3-33-060(L).
¶ 39 Finally, plaintiffs make two as-applied constitutional challenges on appeal: (1) that Tax
Ruling No. 2 is unconstitutionally vague and (2) that Tax Ruling No. 2 violates the uniformity
clause of the Illinois Constitution. A party bringing an as-applied constitutional challenge bears
the burden of showing that a constitutional violation arises from the application of the law to a
specific set of facts and circumstances. People ex rel. Hartrich v. 2010 Harley-Davidson, 2018
IL 121636, ¶ 12.
¶ 40 Plaintiffs forfeited review by failing to raise these constitutional challenges either in the
administrative hearing or in the circuit court. See Cinkus v. Village of Stickney Municipal
Officers Electoral Board, 228 Ill. 2d 200, 212-14 (2008).
¶ 41 Addressing the issue on the merits, we find that plaintiffs’ constitutional arguments are
unavailing. Ordinances are presumed to be constitutional. Carter v. City of Alton, 2015 IL App
(5th) 130544, ¶ 18. The challenging party bears the burden of overcoming that presumption and
demonstrating that the ordinance is a clear constitutional violation. Id. The agency charged with
the administration of a municipal ordinance has the authority to adopt interpretative rules to
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guide those involved in the assessment procedure and to ensure uniform enforcement of the
ordinance. O’Connor v. A&P Enterprises, 81 Ill. 2d 260, 269 (1980). Administrative rules, like
ordinances, are presumed constitutional and, if reasonably possible, will be construed to uphold
constitutionality. Jackson v. City of Chicago, 2012 IL App (1st) 111044, ¶ 20; People v. Molnar,
222 Ill. 2d 495, 508 (2006).
¶ 42 Plaintiffs here argue that Tax Ruling No. 2, section 7, which provides that more than 50%
of the property in the enterprise zone must be used for commercial purposes so as to be exempt
from transfer taxation under section 3-33-060(L), is unconstitutionally vague as applied to them.
To succeed on their vagueness challenge, plaintiffs must show that people of ordinary
intelligence must guess at the meaning of Tax Ruling No. 2, section 7. Campuzano v. Peritz, 376
Ill. App. 3d 485, 490 (2007).
¶ 43 Plaintiffs rely on U.S.G. Italian Marketcaffe, L.L.C. v. City of Chicago, 332 Ill. App. 3d
1008 (2002). In U.S.G. Italian Marketcaffe, the appellate court reviewed the constitutionality of
the City’s litter tax ordinance, which imposed a tax of 0.5% of the selling price of carry-out food
but exempted food that is not carry-out food and is sold for consumption at the place for eating.
Id. at 1010-11. Carry-out food was defined by the ordinance as “ ‘food that is wrapped or
enclosed in a disposable paper, plastic, metal or other disposable container which permits the
purchaser or patron to carry out and consume the food at a location away from the retailer’s
establishment, whether or not the purchaser or patron in fact carries out and consumes the food at
a location away from the retailer’s establishment.’ ” Id. at 1011 (quoting Chicago Municipal
Code § 3-43-010(A)(1) (adopted at Chi. City Clerk J. Proc. 17491 (Nov. 17, 1999))). The
definition further provided that such a determination is made at the time the food is tendered to
the patron and does not apply to “leftovers” that are subsequently transferred to a disposable
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container and removed from the premises. Id. (citing § 3-43-010(A)(1)(a) (adopted at Chi. City
Clerk J. Proc. 17491 (Nov. 17, 1999))). The pertinent regulations provided:
“ ‘A meal or other order consists ‘primarily’ of food that is not carry-out food in either of
the two situations:
(1) more than fifty per cent of the items making up the meal or other order consist
of food that is not carry-out food or
(2) more than fifty per cent of the selling price of the meal or other order is
attributable to food that is not carry-out food.’ ” Id. at 1018 (quoting Chicago Tax
Regulations § 3-43-030 (2000)).
¶ 44 The following examples were provided:
“ ‘(a) In a cafeteria, a customer is served a hamburger and french fries on china
plates, but a side order of coleslaw is enclosed in a disposable cup. The exemption [from
taxation] applies because the food makes up a meal that consists primarily of food that is
not carry-out food, and it is sold for consumption at the place for eating.
(b) In a cafeteria, a customer is served a hamburger and french fries wrapped in
disposable materials, but a cup of coffee is served in a china cup. The exemption [from
taxation] does not apply because the food makes up a meal that consists primarily of food
that is carry-out food.’ ” Id. (quoting Chicago Tax Regulations § 3-43-030 (2000)).
¶ 45 The appellate court concluded that the ordinance was unconstitutionally vague because
“the same product with the same packaging sold at the same restaurant may be taxed differently
and *** every individual sale must be studied by the server or cashier in order to determine
whether the [o]rdinance applies.” Id. at 1018-19.
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¶ 46 Unlike U.S.G. Italian Marketcaffe, the amount of space devoted to residential versus
commercial use in the properties at issue has already been quantified. The undisputed facts show
that each of plaintiffs’ properties allocates between 87% and 100% of its space to residential use
for low-income families. Those figures are not close to the threshold 50% of the properties that
must be used for commercial purposes in order to qualify for the transfer tax exemption under
Tax Ruling No. 2, section 7. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ as-applied vagueness challenge fails, as
plaintiffs need not guess at the meaning of Tax Ruling No. 2, section 7, in order to determine that
the tax exemption does not apply to them.
¶ 47 Plaintiffs also argue that, as applied to them, Tax Ruling No. 2, section 5, violates the
uniformity clause of the Illinois Constitution, which provides:
“In any law classifying the subjects or objects of non-property taxes or fees, the
classes shall be reasonable and the subjects and objects within each class shall be taxed
uniformly.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. IX, § 2.
¶ 48 The court reviews challenges on uniformity grounds narrowly, and “broad latitude is
afforded to legislative classifications for taxing purposes.” Geja’s Café v. Metropolitan Pier &
Exposition Authority, 153 Ill. 2d 239, 248 (1992). To survive scrutiny under the uniformity
clause, the tax classification must satisfy a two-prong test: the classification must “(1) be based
on a real and substantial difference between the people taxed and those not taxed, and (2) bear
some reasonable relationship to the object of the legislation or to public policy.” Arangold Corp.
v. Zehnder, 204 Ill. 2d 142, 153 (2003).
¶ 49 Plaintiffs note that under Tax Ruling No. 2, section 5, hotels/motels are classified as
properties primarily used for commercial purposes, thereby exempting their transfer from
taxation, whereas the federally funded residential apartment buildings at issue here are not so
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classified and therefore are not subject to the exemption. Plaintiffs’ argument is that there is no
reasonable distinction, under the uniformity clause, between hotels/motels and the federally
subsidized residential apartment buildings that justify the different tax classifications.
Defendants counter that hotels and motels draw a constant influx of visitors in need of temporary
housing, including tourists and out-of-town guests, while residential housing developments,
which serve as permanent domiciles, do not. Such a distinction supports different taxes and fees
under the uniformity clause. See, e.g., Northern Illinois Home Builders Ass’n v. County of
Du Page, 165 Ill. 2d 25, 45 (1995) (rejecting a challenge under the uniformity clause to
transportation impact fees targeting new development, while excluding existing development,
because there is “a real and substantial difference between new development which generates
additional traffic, and existing development which does not”). Defendants further argue that the
distinction between hotels/motels and residential apartments for tax purposes reasonably relates
to the Act’s goal of stimulating business growth inside of the enterprise zones. Specifically,
defendants contend that the transfer tax exemption for the transfers of hotels/motels inside an
enterprise zone encourages their development therein, which in turn generates additional traffic
and visitors that patronize businesses and inject money into the local economy. In response to
defendants’ argument, plaintiffs have provided no evidence that their federally funded housing
developments for low-income residents inside the enterprise zones will have the same direct
impacts on business growth and the local economy. As the challenging party, plaintiffs bear the
burden of persuading the court that the taxing body’s explanation is insufficient as a matter of
law or unsupported by the facts. Arangold Corp., 204 Ill. 2d at 153. Plaintiffs have failed to meet
their burden.
¶ 50 For all the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court.
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¶ 51 Affirmed.
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