State v. Martin

[Cite as State v. Martin, 2019-Ohio-2504.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

LAKE COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION

Plaintiff-Appellee, :
CASE NO. 2018-L-060
- vs - :

ZACHARY A. MARTIN, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

Criminal Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas.
Case No. 2017 CR 001260.

Judgment: Affirmed.

Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, and Karen A. Sheppert, Assistant
Prosecutor, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box 490,
Painesville, OH 44077 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Richard J. Perez, 4230 State Route 306, Suite 240, Willoughby, OH 44094 (For
Defendant-Appellant).

TIMOTHY P. CANNON, J.

{¶1} Appellant, Zachary A. Martin, appeals from the April 23, 2018 judgment

entry of the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, following a guilty plea, sentencing him

on one count of sexual battery and one count of attempted sexual battery against a minor

and classifying him a Tier III sex offender. At issue on appeal are various constitutional

challenges and appellant’s 60-month prison sentence. The judgment is affirmed.
 {¶2} Appellant was a full-time information technology employee of Mentor

Schools and an assistant girls’ basketball coach at Mentor High School. In June 2017,

on three separate occasions, appellant engaged in sexual conduct with a female student

on his basketball team. Appellant was 28 years old; the victim was 16 years old. The

encounters took place twice at appellant’s home and once at the victim’s home; they were

arranged via text message and social media.

{¶3} On November 17, 2017, appellant was secretly indicted on ten counts of

sexual battery, felonies of the third degree: five counts in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(7)

and five counts in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(9).

{¶4} On March 7, 2018, appellant pled guilty, in writing and in open court, to one

count of sexual battery, a third-degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(9); and one

lesser-included count of attempted sexual battery, a fourth-degree felony, in violation of

R.C. 2907.03(A)(9) & R.C. 2923.02(A). The state agreed to move for dismissal of the

remaining counts of the indictment at sentencing. Sentencing was deferred for

preparation of a presentence investigation report, sexual offender evaluation, and victim

impact statements.

{¶5} Appellant filed written objections to the statutory reporting requirements as

a Tier III sex offender under R.C. 2950.01, arguing the statute violates the Sixth, Eighth,

and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Separation of Powers

Doctrine, and Article I, Sections 9, 10, and 16, of the Ohio Constitution. The state filed a

response in opposition.

{¶6} A sentencing hearing was held April 18, 2018, at which time the trial court

overruled appellant’s objections to the statutory reporting requirements. Appellant was

2
classified a Tier III sex offender, pursuant to R.C. 2950.01, and was notified of his lifetime

duty to register in person with the appropriate law enforcement officials every 90 days.

The trial court sentenced appellant to 18 months in prison on the lesser-included offense

of attempted sexual battery and 60 months in prison on the offense of sexual battery, to

be served concurrent with each other.

{¶7} The judgment entry of sentence was filed April 23, 2018, in which the trial

court entered a nolle prosequi on the remaining counts in the indictment. Appellant

noticed an appeal from this entry and raises four assignments of error for our review:

[1.] Ohio Revised Code Section 2950.01 is in violation of appellant’s
constitutional rights under the Ohio and United States Constitution,
as such, R.C. 2950.01 is unconstitutional.

[2.] Ohio Revised Code Section 2950.01 is in violation of appellant’s
Due Process rights under the Ohio and United States Constitution,
as such, R.C. 2950.01 is unconstitutional.

[3.] Ohio Revised Code Section 2950.01 is in violation of appellant’s
Eighth Amendment Rights under the Ohio and United States
Constitutions, as such R.C. 2950.01 is unconstitutional.

[4.] The trial court erred when it sentenced appellant in a manner
inconsistent and disproportionate with other, similar Ohio cases and
the sentences of [his] co-defendants.

{¶8} Under his first three assignments of error, appellant argues R.C. 2950.01,

the sex offender classification statute, is in violation of appellant’s constitutional rights

under both the Ohio and United States Constitutions.

{¶9} “The constitutionality of a statute is a matter of law which an appellate court

reviews de novo. Under this standard, this court conducts an independent review, giving

no deference to the trial court’s determination. Further, we bear in mind that legislative

enactments enjoy a presumption of constitutionality. This means that courts must avoid

3
an unconstitutional construction where it is reasonably possible to do so.” State v.

Jenson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2005-L-193, 2006-Ohio-5169, ¶5 (internal citations omitted).

{¶10} Under his first assignment of error, appellant asserts R.C. 2950.01 violates

the Equal Protection Clauses of the Ohio and United States Constitutions, facially and as

applied, because the manner in which the “tiers” of sex offenders are assigned to

individuals is not rationally related to the statute’s intended purpose. Appellant asserts,

under his second assignment of error, that R.C. 2950.01 violates his Due Process rights

under the Ohio and United States Constitutions because he was designated a Tier III sex

offender without a hearing pursuant to R.C. 2950.01(G)(1)(a). Under his third assignment

of error, appellant asserts R.C. 2950.01 violates his constitutional Eighth Amendment

rights, proscribing all excessive and cruel and unusual punishments, because the tier

designations are not proportioned to the offenses.

{¶11} These exact arguments were raised and rejected in the recent case of State

v. Merkle, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2016-G-0103, 2017-Ohio-8802. The defendant in

Merkle was convicted of violations of R.C. 2907.03(A)(7); appellant was convicted of

violations of R.C. 2907.03(A)(9). The statute provides:

(A) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the
spouse of the offender, when any of the following apply:

(7) The offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other person
in authority employed by or serving in a school for which the state
board of education prescribes minimum standards pursuant to
division (D) of section 3301.07 of the Revised Code, the other person
is enrolled in or attends that school, and the offender is not enrolled
in and does not attend that school.

***

(9) The other person is a minor, and the offender is the other person’s
athletic or other type of coach, is the other person’s instructor, is the

4
 leader of a scouting troop of which the other person is a member, or
is a person with temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the
other person.

Pursuant to R.C. 2950.01(G)(1)(a), any person who is convicted of or pleads guilty to any

violation of R.C. 2907.03 is classified a “Tier III sex offender.” See also R.C.

2950.01(A)(1) & (B)(1). Tier III sex offenders are required to comply with the reporting

and registration requirements found in R.C. Chapter 2950 until the offender’s death. See

R.C. 2950.07(B)(1).

{¶12} In Merkle, we determined R.C. 2950.01, as it relates to violations of R.C.

2907.03(A)(7), is not unconstitutional for the reasons argued by the appellant in that case.

(1) The statute does not violate the Equal Protection Clauses of the Ohio or United States

Constitutions: “R.C. 2907.03(A)(7) is rationally related to its intended purpose of

preventing teachers, administrators, coaches, or other persons in authority employed by

or servicing in a public school from taking unconscionable advantage of students no

matter their age, by using their undue influence over the students in order to pursue

sexual relationships.” Merkle, supra, at ¶24, citing State v. Shipley, 9th Dist. Lorain No.

03CA008275, 2004-Ohio-434, ¶81 and State v. Summers, 3d Dist. Mercer No. 10-13-22,

2014-Ohio-4538, ¶51. (2) The statute does not violate Due Process: “Appellant was

entitled to all the due process protections of a jury trial on the pending charges. By

pleading guilty, he waived those rights. Appellant’s classification as a Tier III sex offender

was a required part of his criminal sentence as a result of his sexual battery convictions

under R.C. 2907.03(A)(7).” Id. at ¶28, citing State v. Hayden, 96 Ohio St.3d 211, 2002-

Ohio-4169, ¶18 and State v. Moore, 2d Dist. Darke No. 2014-CA-13, 2015-Ohio-551, ¶10.

(3) Nor does the statute violate the Eighth Amendment: based on precedent from the

5
Ohio Supreme Court and other appellate districts, it was determined “that the Tier III

requirement and designation for adult sex offenders, at issue in the case at bar, does not

constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Ohio and United States constitutions.”

Id. at ¶32, citing State v. Lukacs, 188 Ohio App.3d 597, 2010-Ohio-2364, ¶66-67 (1st

Dist.), State v. Stidam, 4th Dist. Adams No. 15CA1014, 2016-Ohio-7906, ¶51 & 58, State

v. Martin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102783, 2016-Ohio-922, ¶17-19, and State v. Ortiz,

185 Ohio App.3d 733, 2010-Ohio-38, ¶27 (9th Dist.); see also State v. Blankenship, 145

Ohio St.3d 221, 2015-Ohio-4624, ¶27 & ¶35 (holding the Tier II registration requirement

is not cruel and unusual punishment).

{¶13} Appellant herein raises the same exact arguments, claiming the statute is

unconstitutional as it relates to R.C. 2907.03(A)(9). The logic of our opinion in Merkle,

although relating to R.C. 2907.03(A)(7), applies equally to the case sub judice. R.C.

2950.01 is not unconstitutional as it relates to R.C. 2907.03(A)(9), the purpose of which

is to prevent a minor’s coach, instructor, scouting troop leader, or other person with

temporary or occasional disciplinary control over the minor from taking unconscionable

advantage of the minor by using their undue influence over the minor to pursue a sexual

relationship.

{¶14} Appellant has not demonstrated that the strong presumption of

constitutionality afforded to statutes has been overcome in this case. See State v.

Murphy, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 27801 & 27802, 2018-Ohio-3506, ¶32 (finding a clear

rational basis for the classification statute).

{¶15} Appellant’s first, second, and third assignments of error are without merit.

6
 {¶16} Under his fourth assignment of error, appellant maintains the trial court

erred by sentencing him in a manner disproportionate to the crime and inconsistent with

sentences received by similar defendants in similar Ohio cases.

{¶17} We review felony sentences under the standard of review set forth in R.C.

2953.08(G)(2), which provides that an appellate court may increase, reduce, modify, or

vacate a felony sentence if it clearly and convincingly finds that the record does not

support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes or that the sentence is otherwise

contrary to law. See also State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶1.

{¶18} “The issue of ‘proportionality’ in sentencing is derived from the language of

R.C. 2929.11. Specifically, R.C. 2929.11(A) sets forth the overriding purposes of felony

sentencing, i.e., ‘to protect the public from future crime by the offender and others and to

punish the offender.’ To achieve these purposes, R.C. 2929.11(B) provides a felony

sentence must be ‘commensurate and not demeaning to the seriousness of the offender’s

conduct and its impact upon the victim, and consistent with sentences imposed for similar

crimes committed by similar offenders.’” State v. Marker, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2006-P-

0014, 2007-Ohio-3379, ¶33. The goal of felony sentencing is to achieve “consistency”

not “uniformity.” State v. Sari, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2016-L-109, 2017-Ohio-2933, ¶52

(citations omitted).

{¶19} To ensure a sentence complies with the overriding purposes of felony

sentencing, the court imposing a felony sentence is required to consider the seriousness

and recidivism factors found in R.C. 2929.12. “This court has held that a proper and

circumspect application of the sentencing guidelines acts to ensure proportionality and

consistency under R.C. 2929.11(B). Therefore, to the extent the trial court considered

7
and applied the necessary statutory provisions, a sentence shall be deemed consistent

and proportionate to those imposed for similar crimes.” Marker, supra, at ¶34 (internal

citations omitted).

{¶20} The trial court “is not required to ‘use specific language or make specific

findings on the record in order to evince the requisite consideration of the applicable

seriousness and recidivism factors (of R.C. 2929.12).’” State v. Webb, 11th Dist. Lake

No. 2003-L-078, 2004-Ohio-4198, ¶10, quoting State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d 208, 215

(2000); see also State v. McGinnis, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2015-L-096, 2016-Ohio-1362, ¶8.

Further, the “trial court is not required to give any particular weight or emphasis to a given

set of circumstances” when considering the statutory factors. State v. Delmanzo, 11th

Dist. Lake No. 2007-L-218, 2008-Ohio-5856, ¶23.

{¶21} R.C. 2929.12(B) sets forth the following factors the trial court must consider

as indicating the offender’s conduct is more serious than conduct normally constituting

the offense:

(1) The physical or mental injury suffered by the victim of the offense
due to the conduct of the offender was exacerbated because of the
physical or mental condition or age of the victim.

(2) The victim of the offense suffered serious physical, psychological,
or economic harm as a result of the offense.

(3) The offender held a public office or position of trust in the
community, and the offense related to that office or position.

(4) The offender’s occupation, elected office, or profession obliged
the offender to prevent the offense or bring others committing it to
justice.

(5) The offender’s professional reputation or occupation, elected
office, or profession was used to facilitate the offense or is likely to
influence the future conduct of others.

8
 (6) The offender’s relationship with the victim facilitated the offense.

(7) The offender committed the offense for hire or as a part of an
organized criminal activity.

(8) In committing the offense, the offender was motivated by
prejudice based on race, ethnic background, gender, sexual
orientation, or religion.

(9) If the offense is a violation of section 2919.25 or a violation of
section 2903.11, 2903.12, or 2903.13 of the Revised Code involving
a person who was a family or household member at the time of the
violation, the offender committed the offense in the vicinity of one or
more children who are not victims of the offense, and the offender or
the victim of the offense is a parent, guardian, custodian, or person
in loco parentis of one or more of those children.

{¶22} R.C. 2929.12(C) sets forth the following factors the trial court must consider

as indicating the offender’s conduct is less serious than conduct normally constituting the

offense:

(1) The victim induced or facilitated the offense.

(2) In committing the offense, the offender acted under strong
provocation.

(3) In committing the offense, the offender did not cause or expect to
cause physical harm to any person or property.

(4) There are substantial grounds to mitigate the offender’s conduct,
although the grounds are not enough to constitute a defense.

{¶23} Finally, R.C. 2929.12(D) & (E) set forth factors the trial court must consider

to determine the likelihood of recidivism. The following factors from subsection (D)

indicate the offender is likely to commit future crimes:

(1) At the time of committing the offense, the offender was under
release from confinement before trial or sentencing; was under a
sanction imposed pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18
of the Revised Code; was under post-release control pursuant to
section 2967.28 or any other provision of the Revised Code for an
earlier offense or had been unfavorably terminated from post-release

9
 control for a prior offense pursuant to division (B) of section 2967.16
or section 2929.141 of the Revised Code; was under transitional
control in connection with a prior offense; or had absconded from the
offender’s approved community placement resulting in the offender’s
removal from the transitional control program under section 2967.26
of the Revised Code.

(2) The offender previously was adjudicated a delinquent child
pursuant to Chapter 2151. of the Revised Code prior to January 1,
2002, or pursuant to Chapter 2152. of the Revised Code, or the
offender has a history of criminal convictions.

(3) The offender has not been rehabilitated to a satisfactory degree
after previously being adjudicated a delinquent child pursuant to
Chapter 2151. of the Revised Code prior to January 1, 2002, or
pursuant to Chapter 2152. of the Revised Code, or the offender has
not responded favorably to sanctions previously imposed for criminal
convictions.

(4) The offender has demonstrated a pattern of drug or alcohol abuse
that is related to the offense, and the offender refuses to
acknowledge that the offender has demonstrated that pattern, or the
offender refuses treatment for the drug or alcohol abuse.

(5) The offender shows no genuine remorse for the offense.

The following factors from subsection (E) indicate the offender is not likely to commit

future crimes:

(1) Prior to committing the offense, the offender had not been
adjudicated a delinquent child.

(2) Prior to committing the offense, the offender had not been
convicted of or pleaded guilty to a criminal offense.

(3) Prior to committing the offense, the offender had led a law-abiding
life for a significant number of years.

(4) The offense was committed under circumstances not likely to
recur.

(5) The offender shows genuine remorse for the offense.

10
 {¶24} At appellant’s sentencing hearing, the trial court stated it had considered

the overriding purposes and principles of felony sentencing in R.C. 2929.11 and “the need

for incapacitation, deterrence and rehabilitation,” and that it considered the sentence “to

be commensurate and not demeaning to the seriousness of [appellant’s] conduct and its

impact on the victim.” The trial court also considered the seriousness and recidivism

factors under R.C. 2929.12 on the record, as follows:

As far as the seriousness and recidivism factors the injury was
exacerbated or wouldn’t even exist but for the age and the status of
the victim in relation to you. I believe in what I’ve reviewed that she
has suffered serious psychological harm. You held a position of trust
being her coach and that relationship facilitated this offense[;] but for
that relationship all indications are it wouldn’t have occurred.

Under factors that are less serious I don’t find any that are applicable.

And I certainly don’t find the victim induced or facilitated the offense.
I say that because you’re 28 and the coach and she’s 16 the player.

Under factors that indicate recidivism is more likely I don’t find any
that are applicable.

Under factors that indicate recidivism is less likely you’ve got no prior
involvement with the law, no juvenile involvement, no adult
involvement and up until June of last year all indications are that
you’ve led a law-abiding life for all those years. And I do believe you
have remorse for the offense.

And in addition the argument made that, by [your attorney] and by
those who support you is that and actually by probation and the
psych department is this is not likely to recur and part of the reason
is because you’ve taken responsibility for what you’ve done and you
have a network of support behind you and that continues and all
these people that are here that wrote letters indicate they know what
the charges are, they know what the activity is, they support you
nonetheless.

Under sentencing factors for felonies of the fourth degree I find that
this is obviously a sex offense so you are not, I find that you are not
amenable to community control.

11
 {¶25} Finally, in its sentencing entry the trial court indicated it had considered the

record; oral statements; victim impact statements, which had been provided by the

victim’s mother and father; the presentence investigation report; and drug and alcohol

evaluations. The court further stated it considered the principles and purposes of

sentencing under R.C. 2929.11 and had balanced the seriousness and recidivism factors

under R.C. 2929.12 before imposing sentence.

{¶26} Appellant argues the trial court improperly applied the “more serious”

sentencing factors because the relationship between appellant and the victim, appellant’s

status to the victim, and the victim’s age actually comprise the offense of which he was

convicted. Although appellant has not provided support for this argument, there is case

law that indicates “‘[a] trial court may not elevate the seriousness of an offense by pointing

to a fact that is also an element of the offense itself.’” State v. Sims, 4th Dist. Gallia No.

10CA17, 2012-Ohio-238, ¶16, quoting State v. Davis, 4th Dist. Washington No. 09CA28,

2010-Ohio-555, ¶24, citing State v. Schlect, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 2003-CA-3, 2003-

Ohio-5336, ¶52; see also State v. Galindo-Barjas, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 12 MA 37,

2013-Ohio-431, ¶11, citing State v. Stroud, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 07 MA 91, 2008-Ohio-

3187, ¶48. Here, however, the trial court did not impose sentence solely based on the

relationship, status, or age factors. The court also indicated the victim had suffered

serious psychological harm, a factor that finds support in the victim impact statements,

both written and oral, provided by the victim’s parents.

{¶27} The record supports a conclusion that the trial court relied on the necessary

sentencing guidelines in sentencing appellant. Additionally, appellant’s concurrent 18-

month and 60-month sentences are within the statutory range under R.C.

12
2929.14(A)(3)(a) & (A)(4). Appellant has not demonstrated that the trial court sentenced

him in a manner disproportionate to the crime or inconsistent with sentences received by

similar defendants in similar Ohio cases. Appellant’s sentence is not clearly and

convincingly contrary to law.

{¶28} Appellant's fourth assignment of error is without merit.

{¶29} The judgment of the Lake County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, P.J.,

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.,

concur.

13