in the Interest of A.D.K., C.D.K., and J.Z.K, Children

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-19-00019-CV

IN THE INTEREST OF A.D.K., C.D.K., AND J.Z.K, CHILDREN

On Appeal from the 62nd District Court
Lamar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 86752

Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Burgess
 MEMORANDUM OPINION
A Lamar County District Court terminated the parental rights of Mother and Father to their

three minor children, Aaron, Charles, and Jeff. 1 On appeal, Father contends that (1) termination

was not in the children’s best interest and (2) the trial court erred in admitting hearsay evidence

regarding the children’s statements about where they wanted to live. 2

We affirm the trial court’s order because (1) the evidence is legally and factually sufficient

to support the trial court’s determination that termination of Father’s parental rights was in the

children’s best interest and (2) Father failed to preserve the hearsay error raised on appeal.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

In 2017, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) placed

Mother and Father’s three children, Aaron, Charles and Jeff, in foster care and initiated the present

case seeking termination of Mother’s and Father’s parental rights. The trial court ordered Mother

and Father to complete a family service plan that included parenting classes, counseling, and drug

testing. In August 2017, Mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights to the three children.

The Department then proceeded with the termination case against Father.

Even though Mother had no further involvement in the case and did not appear at trial, it

is undisputed that Father completed the court-ordered service plan, including all required

counseling, classes, and drug testing. Father also visited the children six times during the pendency

1
To protect the confidentiality of the children involved, this Court will refer to all involved parties by fictitious names.
See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(1), (2).
2
Mother’s rights were also terminated, but she waived service, did not appear for the termination hearing, and is not a
part of this appeal.

2
of the case, having chosen to see them on a monthly, rather than weekly, basis. However, Kelly

Meredith, the Department case worker assigned to this case, testified that the Department

continued to seek termination of his parental rights because Father could not successfully take care

of the children due to his history of drug and alcohol abuse and dangerous and neglectful parenting

decisions.

Mother and Father had a significant history with the Department. The police and the

Department had previously investigated Mother and Father several times for physical and domestic

abuse. Meredith testified that Charles and Aaron described seeing Mother and Father fight at

various times and seeing Father “take [Mother’s] keys after hitting her and both of them going to

jail.” Father admitted that the children had seen them argue, but he denied that any domestic

violence occurred between them.

The children were previously removed from the parents’ care and custody in October 2015,

when Mother and Father were found passed out in their car at a Burger King. At that time,

synthetic marihuana was found in the car, and the children were running around the area

unsupervised. Father claimed that they “had stopped to take a nap,” but he admitted that the

situation had been dangerous for the children, who were all younger than four years old at the time.

Due to the incident, the Department took custody of the children, and Mother and Father both were

later convicted of endangering a child. However, in June 2016, the Department’s case was

dismissed, and the children were returned to the care and custody of Mother and Father.

At trial, Father admitted that he had a drug and alcohol problem in the past, but he

completed substance abuse counseling and passed the approximately twenty drug and alcohol tests

3
he was given during the pendency of this case. He testified that he went to a substance abuse

felony punishment (SAFP) facility in November 2017, and he completed the program in six

months. After completing his court-ordered services, Father continued to attend counseling and

Alcoholics Anonymous meetings.

Father also admitted to having a lengthy criminal history. His prior convictions in Texas

included (1) a 2016 state-jail felony conviction for abandoning or endangering a child, (2) a 2017

third-degree felony conviction for tampering with or fabricating evidence, and (3) four class B

misdemeanor convictions in 2017 for driving while intoxicated, resisting arrest, striking a highway

fixture, and possessing a controlled substance. Father admitted that he had also been previously

convicted in Oklahoma for assault and battery, driving under the influence, and assault on a

pregnant woman. He also admitted that he had made “a lot of mistakes” and that it would not

surprise him if the children were disappointed in him.

The children’s attorney at litem, Deborah Wymore, testified that the children were warm

and loving when they were in foster care in 2015, but they also “fought constantly,” smeared feces

on the walls of the foster home, spit on others, and tried to run away. They were subsequently

reunited with Mother and Father, but returned to foster care in August 2017. After their return to

foster care, Wymore observed that “they just went downhill” during the time they had spent with

their parents between removals. Specifically, Aaron had developed a physical tic and was

diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Charles was diagnosed with

ADHD, psychosis, and was considered a slow learner, and Jeff was diagnosed with a form of

autism called Asperger Syndrome, had dysregulation disorder, had a speech impediment, and was

4
also considered a slow learner. All three children received counseling and therapy and, due to

their behavioral and disciplinary issues, were on behavior plans at school.

Jeff was prescribed medications to treat his autism, ADHD, and anxiety. He was

hospitalized for mental issues three or four times after he attacked various men, severely bit a

teacher’s finger, and hit other teachers in the face. Charles heard voices, and once, the voices told

him to attack a girl on the playground and choke her to the ground. He also talked about harming

his brother and others, and his foster parents locked away their household knives and sharp objects

so that Charles would not hurt himself or others.

Meredith testified that both Jeff and Charles told her that Father had taught them how to

fight. Charles told Meredith and Jeff told Wymore that Father would invite his friends over and

have the children fight in front of them—an allegation that Father denied. When Meredith told

Charles that it would not be appropriate for him to live with Jeff, the child asked if it was because

he and Jeff beat on each other all the time. When Meredith responded in the affirmative, Charles

“would stress again that they were taught to do that and shown how to fight with one another.”

The children had to be placed in separate foster homes because Jeff was very aggressive

and kept trying to beat up Charles. Jeff would punch and kick Charles, and he would throw him

to the ground and put him in headlocks and chokeholds. Jeff thought it was funny that he and

Charles fought so much, and Meredith testified that Jeff “still gets worked up when he sees his

brothers. He still talks about wanting to fight his brothers.” A sibling visit after they were placed

into foster care was terminated after ten minutes because Charles and Jeff were swinging toys at

each other’s heads and wanting to fight.

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 Wymore testified that, regardless of whether the children could be adopted or not,

termination was in the children’s best interest because Father could not meet the children’s needs.

She also testified that the children had “excelled since being in [Department] custody.” Wymore

and Meredith testified that the children’s foster mother during the 2015 removal wanted to adopt

all three children once she got her foster license reestablished. Jeff’s former foster mother was

interested in adopting him if the option became available, and Charles’ and Aaron’s current foster

parents knew of a family member who had expressed interest in adopting them.

The trial court entered an order terminating Father’s parental rights to the children, because,

(1) under subsection (D) of Section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code, he knowingly placed

or knowingly allowed the children to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered their

physical or emotional well-being; (2) under subsection (E), he engaged in conduct or knowingly

placed the children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered the children’s physical

or emotional well-being; (3) under subsection (L), he had been convicted of or placed on

community supervision for the death or serious injury of a child; and (4) termination was in the

children’s best interest. The trial court also terminated Mother’s rights to the children based on

several predicate grounds and a finding that termination was in the children’s best interest. Father

filed this appeal.

6
II. Was There Sufficient Evidence that Termination Was in the Children’s Best
Interests?

In his first point of error, Father argues that there is legally and factually insufficient

evidence that termination was in the children’s best interest. 3

A. Standard of Review

“The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional dimensions.”

In re L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d 915, 919 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (quoting Holick v. Smith, 685

S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985)). “Indeed, parents have a fundamental right to make decisions concerning

‘“the care, custody, and control of their children.”’” Id. (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65

(2000)). “Because the termination of parental rights implicates fundamental interests, a higher

standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence—is required at trial.” Id. (quoting In re A.B., 437

S.W.3d 498, 502 (Tex. 2014)). “This Court is therefore required to ‘engage in an exacting review of

the entire record to determine if the evidence is . . . sufficient to support the termination of parental

rights.’” Id. at 919–20 (quoting A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 500). “[I]nvoluntary termination statutes are

strictly construed in favor of the parent.” Id. at 920 (quoting In re S.K.A., 236 S.W.3d 875, 900

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2007, pet. denied) (quoting Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20)).

“In order to terminate parental rights, the trial court must find, by clear and convincing

evidence, that the parent has engaged in at least one statutory ground for termination and that

termination is in the child’s best interest.” Id. (citing In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 798 (Tex.

2012)). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ is that ‘degree of proof that will produce in the mind of

3
Father does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the predicate grounds for termination of his
parental rights.
7
the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be

established.’” Id. (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007); see In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336,

344 (Tex. 2009). “This standard of proof necessarily affects our review of the evidence.” Id.

“There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s best

interest.” In re J.A.S., Jr., No. 13-12-00612-CV, 2013 WL 782692, at *7 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi Feb. 28, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006)

(per curiam)). “Termination ‘can never be justified without the most solid and substantial

reasons.’” In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 822 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.). (quoting

Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex. 1976)).

In determining the best interest of the child, courts consider the following Holley factors:

(1) the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now
and in the future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the
future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the programs
available to assist these individuals, (6) the plans for the child by these individuals,
(7) the stability of the home, (8) the acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate
the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and (9) any excuse for the
acts or omissions of the parent.

Id. at 818–19 (citing Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976)); see In re E.N.C.,

384 S.W.3d 796, 807 (Tex. 2012); see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b). Further, we may

consider evidence used to support the grounds for termination of parental rights in the best-interest

analysis. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002).

“In our legal sufficiency review, we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable

to the findings to determine whether the fact-finder reasonably could have formed a firm belief or

conviction that” termination of the parent-child relationship was in the best interest of the child.

8
L.E.S., 471 S.W.3d at 920 (citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam); In re

J.L.B., 349 S.W.3d 836, 846 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.)). “We assume the trial court,

acting as fact-finder, resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding, if a reasonable fact-finder

could do so, and disregarded evidence that the fact-finder could have reasonably disbelieved or the

credibility of which reasonably could be doubted.” Id. (citing J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573).

“In our review of factual sufficiency, we give due consideration to evidence the trial court

could have reasonably found to be clear and convincing.” Id. (citing In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d

105, 109 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam)). “We consider only that evidence the fact-finder reasonably

could have found to be clear and convincing and determine ‘“whether the evidence is such that a

fact[-]finder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the . . .

allegations.”’” Id. (quoting C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264, 266 (Tex.

2002)). “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could

not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably

have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” Id. (quoting

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266). “‘[I]n making this determination,’ we must undertake ‘“an exacting

review of the entire record with a healthy regard for the constitutional interests at stake.”’” Id.

(quoting A.B., 437 S.W.3d at 503 (quoting C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26)).

“Despite the profound constitutional interests at stake in a proceeding to terminate parental

rights, ‘“the rights of natural parents are not absolute; protection of the child is paramount.”’” Id.

(quoting In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003) (quoting In re J.W.T., 872 S.W.2d 189, 195

(Tex. 1994))); see In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003). “A child’s emotional and physical

9
interests must not be sacrificed merely to preserve parental rights.” Id. (quoting In re C.A.J., 459

S.W.3d 175, 179 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2015, no pet.) (citing C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26)).

B. Analysis of the Holley Factors

The first Holley factor involves the desires of the children. At the time of trial, Aaron and

Charles were seven years old, and Jeff would turn six years old the day after trial. Absent a

showing that the children are sufficiently mature, this factor is generally held to be neutral. In re

A.M., 385 S.W.3d 74, 82 (Tex. App.—Waco 2012, pet. denied); In re E.R., No. 01-17-00503-CV,

2017 WL 5892402, at *11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 30, 2017, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(fact-finder may consider child’s fear of parent in best-interest determination). Wymore testified,

“[I]f their dad asks them [if they want to live with him,] they will absolutely tell you yes.”

However, both Wymore and Meredith testified that the children did not want to live with Father

because they were afraid of him. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of termination.

As for the second, third, and sixth Holley factors, the record reflects that the children have

significant mental, behavioral, and developmental needs that are being treated through medication,

counseling, and separation. While Father did not deny that the children had substantial needs,

there was compelling evidence that he failed to take their needs seriously, as he claimed that they

were “typical boys,” just “a little slower.” He told Meredith that there was “nothing wrong with

them,” that the children were merely “acting out” and “trying to gain attention,” and that they

would “be fine” as soon as they came home. Upon regaining custody of the children, Father

planned to take them to a local My Health, My Resources provider 4 in order to find “out what’s

4
My Health, My Resources is a provider of mental health and intellectual and developmental disability services.
10
the real issue going on with [the] kids.” Father testified that while he would not take the children

off of their medications, he would like to wean the children off of their medications, and he would

speak with a doctor about it because “every doctor sees something different.” Meredith testified

that Charles “would possibly cause serious harm to himself or somebody else” if he were taken off

or weaned off his medications.

While Father denied the presence of any domestic violence between Mother and him, two

of the children described seeing Father hit Mother and take away her car keys. Father also has a

history of drug and alcohol abuse, a prior conviction for endangering his children, and multiple

prior convictions for driving under the influence and assault, and the trial court could have inferred

that similar conduct was likely to recur in the future if the children were returned to his care. See

In re D.S., 333 S.W.3d 379, 384 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.); Ray v. Burns, 832 S.W.2d

431, 435 (Tex. App.—Waco 1992, no writ) (“Past is often prologue.”); In re J.A.P., No. 06-08-

00092-CV, 2009 WL 839953, at *3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Apr. 1, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(finding that history of assault should be considered in determining best interest). Even though

Father completed SAFP and passed his drug and alcohol tests, a fact-finder is “not required to

ignore a long history of dependency and abusive behavior merely because it abates as trial

approaches.” In re M.G.D., 108 S.W.3d 508, 513 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet.

denied).

In this case, the trial court found that Father engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the

children with persons who engaged in conduct which endangered their physical or emotional well-

being; father did not challenge this finding. See C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26 (unchallenged

11
endangerment findings can support best-interest finding). From this evidence, the trial court could

have found that Father could not adequately provide for the children’s needs and that his failure to

take the children’s mental and behavioral issues seriously enough presented a danger to them. In

re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009) (considering parent’s history of irresponsible choices

in best interest determination). Therefore, the second, third, and sixth factors weigh in favor of

termination.

The fourth and fifth factors consider Father’s parental abilities and the programs available

to assist him. The Department has several programs to assist Father, and while he completed his

court-ordered service plan, the evidence indicates that Father failed or refused to utilize and apply

the lessons and tools he obtained therefrom. Father purportedly completed a prior service plan

and parenting classes stemming from the October 2015 removal, but despite this advantage, the

children “went downhill” after they were returned to his care. After the most recent removal,

Father told Meredith that he did not think he would “get anything out of [the services].”

During his last visit with the children, Father failed to correct Jeff when he hit Aaron in the

head with a toy, and when Meredith asked him to address the issue, Father told Aaron, rather than

Jeff, that they “had to behave” and should not hit each other. While Father spoke with Aaron, Jeff

promptly began hitting Charles with the toy, forcing Meredith to correct Jeff and take the toy away

from him. From this evidence, the trial court could have determined that Father lacks either

sufficient parenting abilities or the will to use them. See Wilson v. State, 116 S.W.3d 923, 930

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, no pet.) (finding that best-interest evidence includes parent’s lack of

12
motivation to improve parenting skills). Accordingly, the fourth and fifth factors weigh in favor

of termination.

The seventh factor relates to the stability of the home. Stability and permanence are

paramount in the upbringing of a child. In re T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d 865, 873 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2002, pet. denied). At the time of trial, Father lived in a rented, two-bedroom house, owned an

automobile, and maintained full-time employment at Metro Gate & Manufacturing, in addition to

working a second job at Cattleman’s Livestock Commission on some weekends. However, he had

only been in his home for four months, and he had changed jobs two months prior to trial. Due to

Father’s pattern of alcohol abuse, violence, and incarceration, he was frequently absent from the

home and was in jail at the time Mother relinquished the children to the Department. In contrast,

Wymore testified that the children had “excelled since being in [Department] custody” and that

the children’s former foster mother was “a very serious option” to adopt all three of them.

Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of termination.

The eighth Holley factor considers acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate that

the current parent-child relationship is not a proper one. The record reflects that the children were

physically aggressive, particularly Jeff and Charles. The trial court could have determined that the

parent-child relationship in this case was not a proper one because, according to Jeff and Charles,

Father taught them how to fight and would invite friends over so the children could fight in front

of them. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of termination.

In light of a full evaluation of Father’s circumstances, the reasons for terminating his

parental rights, and a balancing of the Holley factors, we find that the evidence was both legally

13
and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest findings. Thus, we overrule

Father’s first point of error.

III. Did the Trial Court Err in Admitting Hearsay Evidence?

In his final point of error, Father contends that the trial court erred in allowing Meredith

and Wymore to testify to “statements of the children regarding where they desired to live.”

On direct examination, the Department asked Meredith, “Have the children talked to you

or told you about their father directing them to fight?” Father objected, on hearsay grounds,

arguing that he had “no way to cross examine to find out the circumstances” of the children’s out-

of-court statements. The trial court overruled his objection, and the Department further inquired

about what the children told her regarding “their father directing them to fight.” In response,

Meredith testified that the children had described seeing Mother and Father fight at various times,

seeing Father take Mother’s keys after hitting her, and seeing both of them go to jail. Prior to any

further testimony, the trial court interjected:

THE COURT: Let me interrupt you, [Department]. As far as [Father’s]
objection goes regarding hearsay, the Court is going to consider that -- allowing a
running objection to all --

FATHER: Thank you. I didn’t want to --

THE COURT: I appreciate it. I just want to make sure -- if I’m wrong I
am wrong. If I’m right -- I’d just like a good record going forward. I hate to
interrupt. Please proceed.

Four questions later, the following colloquy occurred:

Q. . . . Have you talked to the children about their -- whether they desire
to go with their dad?

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 A. I’ve talked to them about where they would like to live, if they could
choose.

Q. What have they told you?

A. They have told me they would prefer to live with their Mimi and
have visitations with their father. They do not want to return home to their father.

Later in the trial, during its examination of Wymore, the Department asked her if the “children

want[ed] to go live with their father,” and Wymore responded, “No, they don’t.” Father contends

that the trial court erred in admitting, through Meredith and Wymore, hearsay statements of the

children regarding where they wanted to live.

The Department contends that Father failed to preserve this issue. In order to preserve a

complaint for our review, the action or omission which is alleged as error or abuse of discretion

on behalf of the trial court must have been the basis of a timely request, objection, or motion that

specified the action that the trial court was requested to take, or to forbear from taking, and an

adverse ruling must have been obtained. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Holland v. Wal-Mart Stores,

Inc., 1 S.W.3d 91, 94 (Tex. 1999) (per curiam). Father did not raise an objection at the time

Meredith or Wymore testified to the children’s statements regarding where they desired to live.

However, Father argues that the trial court granted him a running objection that preserved this

error for appeal.

Running objections are an exception to the general rule that a party must continue to object

and get a ruling for each individual instance of inadmissible testimony. See Volkswagen of Am.,

Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 907 (Tex. 2004) (citing Ethington v. State, 819 S.W.2d 854, 858–

59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); In re A.P., 42 S.W.3d 248, 261 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. denied),

15
overruled on other grounds by In re A.M., 385 S.W.3d 74 (Tex. App.—Waco 2012, pet. denied).

“A running objection is required to be specific and unambiguous.” Huckaby v. A.G. Perry & Son,

Inc., 20 S.W.3d 194, 203 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. denied). Such an objection should

“not encompass too broad a reach of subject matter over too broad a time.” Ethington, 819 S.W.2d

at 859.

Even though the trial court sua sponte granted Father a running objection, the record is

unclear regarding the scope of the objection granted. See Huckaby, 20 S.W.3d at 203. We

conclude that, due to the objection’s context and the timing of the court’s ruling, the running

objection was, at best, restricted to the children’s out-of-ourt statements regarding what they told

Meredith about their father directing them to fight and about seeing and experiencing domestic

violence. We are not free to assume that the court granted Father a running objection to any

witness testifying to any of the children’s out-of-court statements regarding any subject, because

not all such statements are necessarily hearsay, and it is the parties’ responsibility to make specific

objections and ensure that the record reflects the scope and subject matter of the court’s ruling on

those objections. See id. Therefore, Father failed to object to Meredith or Wymore testifying to

the children’s statements regarding where they wanted to live. Accordingly, this issue was not

preserved for our review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a).

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Ralph K. Burgess
Justice
Date Submitted: May 15, 2019
Date Decided: June 26, 2019
16