State v. Hollis

)LOHGE\&OHUNRI6XSUHPH&RXUW
,17+(6835(0(&2857
67$7(2)1257+'$.27$

1'

6WDWHRI1RUWK'DNRWD 3ODLQWLIIDQG$SSHOOHH

Y

$OH[DQGHU-DPHV+ROOLV 'HIHQGDQWDQG$SSHOODQW

1R

$SSHDOIURPWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWRI%XUOHLJK&RXQW\6RXWK&HQWUDO-XGLFLDO
'LVWULFWWKH+RQRUDEOH*DLO+DJHUW\-XGJH

$)),50('

2SLQLRQRIWKH&RXUWE\9DQGH:DOOH&KLHI-XVWLFH

-XOLH$/DZ\HU%XUOHLJK&RXQW\6WDWH¶V$WWRUQH\%LVPDUFN1'IRUSODLQWLII
DQGDSSHOOHH

ˆ@ $OH[DQGHU +ROOLV DSSHDOHG IURP DQ RUGHU GHQ\LQJ KLV PRWLRQ WR VXSSUHVV
HYLGHQFH ZKLFK ZH WUHDW DV DQ DSSHDO IURP WKH VXEVHTXHQWO\ HQWHUHG FULPLQDO
MXGJPHQW+ROOLVDUJXHVWKHHYLGHQFHVKRXOGEHVXSSUHVVHGEHFDXVHKHZDVVXEMHFW
WRDQLOOHJDOSDWGRZQVHDUFKDQGKHZDVLOOHJDOO\VHL]HGZKHQKHZDVWDNHQWRWKH
FRXQW\GHWHQWLRQFHQWHUIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQ:HDIILUPWKHMXGJPHQW

,
>ˆ@ ,Q$SULO%LVPDUFN3ROLFH2IILFHU0LFKDHO0HKUHUUHVSRQGHGWRDFDOO
DERXWDORXGYHUEDOGLVSXWHEHWZHHQDPDQDQGDZRPDQLQWKHDUHDRI:DVKLQJWRQ
&RXUW:KHQ0HKUHUDUULYHGDWWKHVFHQHZKHUHWKHGLVWXUEDQFHUHSRUWHGO\RFFXUUHG
+ROOLVZDVVWDQGLQJRQWKHVLGHZDON0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLVKDGKLVKDQGVLQKLV
SRFNHWV0HKUHUUHTXHVWHG+ROOLVWRUHPRYHKLVKDQGVIURPKLVSRFNHWVDQG+ROOLV
FRPSOLHG0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLVODWHUSXWKLVKDQGVEDFNLQKLVSRFNHWVDQG0HKUHU
UHTXHVWHGKHUHPRYHWKHPDVHFRQGWLPH0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLVIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWR
KLVTXHVWLRQVDQG+ROOLVZDVLQFRKHUHQWZKHQKHVSRNHDQGGLGQRWPDNHVHQVH
0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLVDFWHG³SHFXOLDU´DQGDSSHDUHGWREHXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRID
FRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFH
>ˆ@ 2WKHURIILFHUVDUULYHGRQWKHVFHQHDQG+ROOLVZDVGHWDLQHGZKLOHWKHRIILFHUV
LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHUHSRUWHGGLVWXUEDQFH+ROOLVZDVKDQGFXIIHGDQG0HKUHUSHUIRUPHG
DSDWVHDUFK0HKUHUWHVWLILHGKHIHOWDKDUGREMHFWDSSUR[LPDWHO\LQFKHVE\
LQFKHVGXULQJWKHVHDUFKWKHREMHFWZDVQRWDZDOOHWDQGKHZDVFRQFHUQHGWKHREMHFW
ZDVDZHDSRQRUFRXOGEHXVHGDVDZHDSRQ0HKUHUUHPRYHGWKHREMHFWIURP+ROOLV¶
SRFNHWDQGIRXQGLWZDVDVPDOOVFDOH0HKUHUWHVWLILHGKHFRQFOXGHGLWZDVSUREDEO\
GUXJSDUDSKHUQDOLDEXWKHSODQQHGWRKDYHWKHVFDOHVHQWWRWKHVWDWHODERUDWRU\IRU


WHVWLQJ DQG KH GLG QRW LQWHQG WR LPPHGLDWHO\ DUUHVW +ROOLV IRUSRVVHVVLRQ RI GUXJ
SDUDSKHUQDOLD
>ˆ@ +ROOLVZDVSODFHGLQWKHEDFNRIWKHVTXDGFDUZKLOHRIILFHUVFRQWLQXHGWRWDON
WR KLP DQG KH DVNHG WKH RIILFHUV WR NLOO KLP  0HKUHU WHVWLILHG EDVHG RQ KLV
REVHUYDWLRQVDQG+ROOLV¶VWDWHPHQWKHEHOLHYHG+ROOLVVKRXOGEHGHWR[HGWRSUHYHQW
GDQJHUWRKLPVHOIDQGWKHSXEOLF+ROOLVZDVHYHQWXDOO\WDNHQWRWKH%XUOHLJK0RUWRQ
&RXQW\ 'HWHQWLRQ &HQWHU IRU GHWR[LILFDWLRQ  $W WKH GHWHQWLRQ FHQWHU +ROOLV ZDV
VHDUFKHGDQGRIILFHUVORFDWHGDVXEVWDQFHDOOHJHGWREHKHURLQRQKLVSHUVRQ+ROOLV
ZDVFKDUJHGZLWKXQODZIXOSRVVHVVLRQRIDFRQWUROOHGVXEVWDQFHXQODZIXOSRVVHVVLRQ
RIGUXJSDUDSKHUQDOLDDQGSUHYHQWLQJDUUHVW
>ˆ@ +ROOLVPRYHGWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFHDUJXLQJKHZDVLOOHJDOO\VHL]HGDQGVXEMHFW
WRDQLOOHJDOSDWGRZQVHDUFK+HFODLPHGKHVKRXOGKDYHEHHQUHOHDVHGDWWKHVFHQH
DIWHU WKH GRPHVWLF GLVWXUEDQFH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ ZDV FRPSOHWH DQGWKH GHWHQWLRQ DQG
WUDQVSRUWWRWKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHUFRQVWLWXWHGDQLOOHJDOVHL]XUH+HDOVRFODLPHGWKH
SDWGRZQVHDUFKZDVLOOHJDOEHFDXVHWKHLWHPLQKLVSRFNHWZDVQRWRIDVL]HDQG
GHQVLW\WKDWZRXOGUHDVRQDEO\VXJJHVWLWPLJKWEHDZHDSRQ
>ˆ@ $IWHUDKHDULQJWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHG+ROOLV¶PRWLRQ7KHFRXUWIRXQGLW
ZDV UHDVRQDEOH IRU RIILFHUV WR GHWDLQ +ROOLV ZKLOH WKH\ LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH UHSRUWHG
GLVWXUEDQFHEHFDXVH+ROOLVZDVWKHRQO\SHUVRQDWWKHVFHQHRIDQHYHQWLQZKLFK
RIILFHUV FRXOG UHDVRQDEO\ DVVXPH SUHVHQWHG GDQJHU WR D SRWHQWLDO YLFWLP DQG WR
RIILFHUV+ROOLVSXWKLVKDQGVLQKLVSRFNHWVHYHQDIWHUEHLQJWROGWRUHPRYHWKHPKLV
EHKDYLRU ZDV ³SHFXOLDU´ KH GLG QRW UHVSRQG WR LQTXLULHV DQG KLV VSHHFK ZDV
LQFRKHUHQW7KHFRXUWIRXQGDSDWGRZQVHDUFKZDVUHDVRQDEOHEHFDXVHWKHRIILFHUV
FRXOGUHDVRQDEO\EHOLHYHWKDW+ROOLVSRVHGDGDQJHUDQGWKDWKHZDVDUPHG7KHFRXUW
FRQFOXGHGWKHSDWGRZQVHDUFKDQGUHPRYDORIWKHREMHFWIURP+ROOLV¶SRFNHWZHUH
SHUPLVVLEOH7KHFRXUWIRXQGLWZDVUHDVRQDEOHWRWDNH+ROOLVWRWKHFRXQW\GHWHQWLRQ
FHQWHUIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQEDVHGRQWKHRIILFHU¶VREVHUYDWLRQVDQG+ROOLV¶UHTXHVWWKDW
RIILFHUVNLOOKLP7KHFRXUWDOVRIRXQGWKHERRNLQJVHDUFKDWWKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHUZDV
UHDVRQDEOH


>ˆ@ +ROOLV FRQGLWLRQDOO\ SOHG JXLOW\ WR DOO WKUHH FKDUJHV UHVHUYLQJ WKH ULJKW WR
DSSHDOWKHGHQLDORIKLVPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV$FULPLQDOMXGJPHQWZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\
HQWHUHG
,,
>ˆ@ +ROOLV DUJXHV WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW HUUHG E\ GHQ\LQJ KLV PRWLRQ WR VXSSUHVV
HYLGHQFH+HFRQWHQGVKHZDVLOOHJDOO\VHL]HGDQGVXEMHFWWRDQLOOHJDOSDWGRZQ
VHDUFK
>ˆ@ 7KHVWDQGDUGIRUUHYLHZLQJDGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQRQDPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVV
LVZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG
>:@H JLYH GHIHUHQFH WR WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V ILQGLQJV RI IDFW DQG ZH
UHVROYH FRQIOLFWV LQ WHVWLPRQ\ LQ IDYRU RI DIILUPDQFH  :H ZLOO QRW
UHYHUVHDGLVWULFWFRXUWGHFLVLRQRQDPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVLIWKHUHLV
VXIILFLHQW FRPSHWHQW HYLGHQFH FDSDEOH RI VXSSRUWLQJ WKH FRXUW¶V
ILQGLQJVDQGLIWKHGHFLVLRQLVQRWFRQWUDU\WRWKHPDQLIHVWZHLJKWRI
WKHHYLGHQFH4XHVWLRQVRIODZDUHIXOO\UHYLHZDEOHRQDSSHDODQG
ZKHWKHUDILQGLQJRIIDFWPHHWVDOHJDOVWDQGDUGLVDTXHVWLRQRIODZ
State v. Broom1'ˆ1:G TXRWLQJState v. Kaul1'
ˆ1:G 
>ˆ@ 7KH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQDQG$UWLFOH,VHFWLRQ
RIWKH1RUWK'DNRWD&RQVWLWXWLRQSURWHFWLQGLYLGXDOVIURPXQUHDVRQDEOHVHDUFKHV
DQGVHL]XUHVSee Broom1'ˆ1:G:KHWKHURIILFHUV
YLRODWHGFRQVWLWXWLRQDOSURKLELWLRQVDJDLQVWXQUHDVRQDEOHVHDUFKHVDQGVHL]XUHVLVD
TXHVWLRQRIODZId.
$
>ˆ@ +ROOLVDUJXHVKLVVHL]XUHIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQDWWKHFRXQW\GHWHQWLRQFHQWHUZDV
XQODZIXOEHFDXVHKHGLGQRWFRQVWLWXWHDGDQJHUWRKLPVHOIRURWKHUV+HFRQWHQGVKH
VKRXOGKDYHEHHQUHOHDVHGDWWKHVFHQHRIWKHUHSRUWHGGLVWXUEDQFHDIWHUWKHRIILFHUV
ZHUHILQLVKHGLQYHVWLJDWLQJEHFDXVHKHZDVQRWDGDQJHUWRKLPVHOIRURWKHUVDQGWKH
IRUFHIXOGHWHQWLRQDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQWRWKHFRXQW\GHWHQWLRQFHQWHUFRQVWLWXWHGDQ
LOOHJDOVHL]XUH+ROOLVGRHVQRWFKDOOHQJHKLVLQLWLDOVHL]XUHZKHQRIILFHUVILUVWDUULYHG
DWWKHVFHQH


>ˆ@ 6HFWLRQ1'&&VWDWHV³$SHDFHRIILFHUPD\WDNHDQ\DSSDUHQWO\
LQWR[LFDWHGLQGLYLGXDOWRWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VKRPHWRDORFDOKRVSLWDOWRDGHWR[LILFDWLRQ
FHQWHURUZKHQHYHUWKDWLQGLYLGXDOFRQVWLWXWHVDGDQJHUWRWKDWLQGLYLGXDORURWKHUV
WRDMDLO´7RMDLODQ³DSSDUHQWO\LQWR[LFDWHGLQGLYLGXDO´WKHVWDWXWHGLUHFWVWKHUHDUH
VHYHUDOPDQGDWRU\DQGGLVFUHWLRQDU\SURFHGXUHVCity of Jamestown v. Erdelt
1:G 1' 7KHRIILFHULVUHTXLUHGWRPDNHREVHUYDWLRQVQHFHVVDU\
WRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHSHUVRQLVDSSDUHQWO\LQWR[LFDWHGDQGWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQLV
GLVFUHWLRQDU\DVORQJDVLWLVEDVHGRQWKHRIILFHU¶VREVHUYDWLRQVId7KLV&RXUWKDV
KHOGMDLOGHWHQWLRQLVSHUPLWWHGRQO\LIWKHSHUVRQFRQVWLWXWHVDGDQJHUWRKLPVHOIRU
RWKHUVDQGWKDWGHWHUPLQDWLRQLVDOVROHIWWRWKHRIILFHU¶VGLVFUHWLRQVRORQJDVLWLV
UHDVRQDEO\EDVHGRQWKHRIILFHU¶VDFWXDOREVHUYDWLRQVId.
>ˆ@ 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW IRXQG +ROOLV KDG KLV KDQGV LQ KLV SRFNHWV ZKHQ 0HKUHU
DSSURDFKHG0HKUHUDVNHG+ROOLVWRWDNHKLVKDQGVRXWRIKLVSRFNHWVDQG+ROOLV
LQLWLDOO\FRPSOLHG7KHFRXUWIRXQG+ROOLVSXWKLVKDQGVLQWRKLVSRFNHWVDJDLQDQG
0HKUHUDVNHGKLPWRUHPRYHWKHPDVHFRQGWLPH7KHFRXUWIRXQG+ROOLVGLGQRW
UHVSRQGWR0HKUHU¶VTXHVWLRQVDQG0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLV¶VSHHFKZDVLQFRKHUHQW
+ROOLVGLGQRWPDNHVHQVHDQGKHDFWHGSHFXOLDU7KHFRXUWDOVRIRXQG+ROOLVDVNHG
WKHRIILFHUVDWWKHVFHQHWRNLOOKLP7KHFRXUWIRXQGEDVHGRQ+ROOLV¶VWDWHPHQWVDQG
0HKUHU¶VREVHUYDWLRQV0HKUHUGHWHUPLQHG+ROOLVVKRXOGEHGHWR[HGWRSUHYHQWGDQJHU
WR+ROOLVDQGWKHSXEOLFDQGWKHGHFLVLRQWRWDNHKLPWRGHWR[ZDVUHDVRQDEOH
>ˆ@ 7KHHYLGHQFHVXSSRUWVWKHFRXUW¶VILQGLQJV0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLVGLGQRW
DQVZHUKLVTXHVWLRQV+ROOLVPDGHLQFRKHUHQWVHQWHQFHVZKHQKHVSRNHDQGWKH\ZHUH
XQUHODWHGWRWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQKHDFWHGSHFXOLDULQWKHZD\KHZDVWDONLQJDQGKHGLG
QRWPDNHVHQVH0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLV¶PDQQHULVPVDQGDFWLRQVPLUURUHGWKRVHRI
VRPHRQHZKRLVXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIQDUFRWLFV0HKUHUWHVWLILHGKHKDG+ROOLVVLW
LQWKHEDFNRIWKHVTXDGFDUZLWKKLVOHJVRXWRIWKHYHKLFOHVRWKH\FRXOGFRQWLQXH
WDONLQJDERXWWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQ+ROOLVVDLGKHGLGQRWNQRZZKDW0HKUHUZDVWDONLQJ
DERXWDQGKHDVNHG0HKUHUWRNLOOKLP0HKUHUWHVWLILHGKHZDVFRQFHUQHGIRUKLV
VDIHW\EHFDXVHRIWKHZD\+ROOLVZDVWDONLQJDQGDVNHGWKHRIILFHUVWRNLOOKLPDQG


0HKUHUZDVFRQFHUQHGDERXW+ROOLV¶PHQWDOFDSDFLW\0HKUHUWHVWLILHGKHGHWHUPLQHG
+ROOLVZRXOGEHSODFHGLQWKHFRXQW\GHWHQWLRQFHQWHUIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQEHFDXVHRI
KLVPDQQHULVPV0HKUHUEHOLHYHG+ROOLVZDVXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIVRPHWKLQJDQG
GHWR[ZDVWKHVDIHVWSODFHIRU+ROOLVIRUWKHVDIHW\RIWKHRIILFHUV+ROOLVDQGWKH
SXEOLF0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLV¶VWDWHPHQWDVNLQJWKHRIILFHUVWRNLOOKLPOHG0HKUHU
WREHOLHYHGHWR[LILFDWLRQZDVDSSURSULDWH
>ˆ@ 0HKUHUWHVWLILHGDERXWKLVDFWXDOREVHUYDWLRQVRI+ROOLV¶EHKDYLRULQFOXGLQJ
WKDWKHWKRXJKW+ROOLVZDVLQWR[LFDWHGDQGWKDW+ROOLVZDVDGDQJHUWRKLPVHOIEDVHG
RQKLVVWDWHPHQWVDQGDFWLRQV8QGHU1'&&†0HKUHUKDGGLVFUHWLRQ
WRGHFLGHZKHWKHU+ROOLVVKRXOGEHGHWDLQHGIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQLQWKHFRXQW\GHWHQWLRQ
FHQWHU EHFDXVH KLV GHFLVLRQ ZDV EDVHG RQ KLV DFWXDO REVHUYDWLRQV  7KH HYLGHQFH
VXSSRUWVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VILQGLQJVDQGWKHFRXUW¶VGHFLVLRQLVQRWFRQWUDU\WRWKH
PDQLIHVWZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFH:HFRQFOXGH+ROOLV¶VHL]XUHIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQDW
WKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHUZDVQRWXQODZIXODQGZDVQRWDQXQUHDVRQDEOHVHL]XUH
%
>ˆ@ +ROOLVDOVRDUJXHVWKHSDWGRZQVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGDWWKHVFHQHRIWKHUHSRUWHG
GLVWXUEDQFH ZDV XQODZIXO DQG YLRODWHG KLV )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW ULJKWV EHFDXVH KH
FRQWHQGVWKHVL]HDQGGHQVLW\RIWKHVFDOHLQKLVSRFNHWZDVQRWRIDVL]HDQGGHQVLW\
RIDZHDSRQDQGWKHUHIRUHWKDWHYLGHQFHVKRXOGEHVXSSUHVVHG
>ˆ@ 7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW FRQFOXGHG WKH SDWGRZQ VHDUFK RI +ROOLV¶ SHUVRQ ZDV
UHDVRQDEOHEHFDXVHRIILFHUVFRXOGUHDVRQDEO\EHOLHYH+ROOLVSRVHGDGDQJHUDQGZDV
DUPHGEDVHGRQWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVDQGWKHRIILFHU¶VREVHUYDWLRQVRI+ROOLV7KHFRXUW
DOVRFRQFOXGHGWKHUHPRYDORIWKHREMHFWIURP+ROOLV¶SRFNHWZDVUHDVRQDEOH
>ˆ@ %HFDXVH+ROOLV¶VHL]XUHDQGGHWHQWLRQIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQDWWKHFRXQW\GHWHQWLRQ
FHQWHUZDVQRWXQUHDVRQDEOHZHGRQRWQHHGWRDGGUHVVZKHWKHUWKHSDWGRZQVHDUFK
ZDVDOVRUHDVRQDEOH7KHHYLGHQFHZRXOGKDYHEHHQDGPLVVLEOHXQGHUWKHLQHYLWDEOH
GLVFRYHU\GRFWULQHHYHQLIWKHSDWGRZQVHDUFKZDVXQODZIXO
>ˆ@ ³7KHLQHYLWDEOHGLVFRYHU\GRFWULQHµHVWDEOLVKHVWKDWHYLGHQFHGHULYHGIURP
LQIRUPDWLRQREWDLQHGLQDQXQODZIXOVHDUFKLVQRWLQDGPLVVLEOHXQGHUWKHIUXLWRIWKH


SRLVRQRXVWUHHGRFWULQHZKHUHLWLVVKRZQWKDWWKHHYLGHQFHZRXOGKDYHEHHQJDLQHG
HYHQZLWKRXWWKHXQODZIXODFWLRQ¶´State v. Friesz1'ˆ1:G
 TXRWLQJ State v. Phelps1:G 1' :HKDYHVDLGWKHUH
LVDWZRSDUWWHVWWRGHFLGHZKHWKHUWKHLQHYLWDEOHGLVFRYHU\H[FHSWLRQDSSOLHV
)LUVWXVHRIWKHGRFWULQHLVSHUPLWWHGRQO\ZKHQWKHSROLFHKDYHQRW
DFWHG LQ EDG IDLWK WR DFFHOHUDWH WKH GLVFRYHU\ RI WKH HYLGHQFH LQ
TXHVWLRQ6HFRQGWKH6WDWHPXVWSURYHWKDWWKHHYLGHQFHZRXOGKDYH
EHHQ IRXQG ZLWKRXW WKH XQODZIXO DFWLYLW\ DQG PXVW VKRZ KRZ WKH
GLVFRYHU\RIWKHHYLGHQFHZRXOGKDYHRFFXUUHG
FrieszDWˆ TXRWLQJPhelpsDW 
>ˆ@ 7KHUHLVQRHYLGHQFH0HKUHUDFWHGLQEDGIDLWKZKHQKHSHUIRUPHGWKHSDW
GRZQVHDUFKDQGWKHHYLGHQFHHVWDEOLVKHGWKHVFDOHZRXOGKDYHEHHQIRXQGGXULQJWKH
LQYHQWRU\VHDUFKDWWKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHU0HKUHUWHVWLILHG+ROOLVZDVQRWXQGHUDUUHVW
IRU DQ\ FULPHV ZKHQ KH GHWHUPLQHG WR WDNH +ROOLV WR WKH GHWHQWLRQ FHQWHU IRU
GHWR[LILFDWLRQLQFOXGLQJSRVVHVVLRQRIGUXJSDUDSKHUQDOLDIRUSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHVFDOH
+ROOLVZDVWDNHQWRWKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHUIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQ$WWKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHU
DQLQYHQWRU\VHDUFKZDVFRPSOHWHGDQGWKHVFDOHZRXOGKDYHEHHQIRXQGLQ+ROOLV¶
SRFNHWDWWKDWWLPH7KLV&RXUWKDVSUHYLRXVO\KHOGDQLQYHQWRU\VHDUFKRIDSHUVRQ
KHOGIRUGHWR[LILFDWLRQLVSHUPLVVLEOHLQOLJKWRIWKUHHSROLF\FRQVLGHUDWLRQV³ 
SURWHFWLRQRIWKHGHWDLQHH¶VSURSHUW\ZKLOHLWUHPDLQVLQSROLFHFXVWRG\  SURWHFWLRQ
RIWKHSROLFHDJDLQVWFODLPVDQGGLVSXWHVRYHUORVWRUVWROHQSURSHUW\  SURWHFWLRQ
RIWKHSROLFHIURPGDQJHU´Schwindt v. State1:G 1' 
7KHLQYHQWRU\VHDUFKDWWKHGHWHQWLRQFHQWHUZDVUHDVRQDEOH7KHHYLGHQFHLQHYLWDEO\
ZRXOGKDYHEHHQIRXQGGXULQJWKHODZIXOLQYHQWRU\VHDUFKSee, e.g., United States
v. Garcia)G WK&LU  KROGLQJVHL]XUHRIHYLGHQFHGXULQJ
SDWGRZQZDVLOOHJDOEXWHYLGHQFHZDVDGPLVVLEOHEHFDXVHLWZRXOGLQHYLWDEO\KDYH
EHHQODZIXOO\GLVFRYHUHGDQGVHL]HGGXULQJWKHVHDUFKRIWKHGHIHQGDQW¶VSHUVRQDIWHU
KLVVXEVHTXHQWDUUHVW United States v. Glenn)G WK&LU
KROGLQJSDWGRZQVHDUFKZDVQRWMXVWLILHGDWWKHWLPHEXWWKHHYLGHQFHZRXOGKDYH
LQHYLWDEO\EHHQGLVFRYHUHGLQDVHDUFKLQFLGHQWWRWKHGHIHQGDQW¶VODZIXODUUHVW :H
FRQFOXGHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWGLGQRWHUULQGHQ\LQJ+ROOLV¶PRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVHYLGHQFH

 ,,,
>ˆ@ :HDIILUPWKHMXGJPHQW
>ˆ@ *HUDOG:9DQGH:DOOH&-
-RQ--HQVHQ
/LVD)DLU0F(YHUV
'DQLHO-&URWKHUV
-HURG(7XIWH