People v. Koback

Filed 6/27/19; Opinion following trransfer from Supreme Court

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent, E066674

v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1506598)

BRIAN KEITH KOBACK, OPINION

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. W. Charles Morgan,

Judge. (Retired Judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant

to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed in part; reversed in part with directions.

Jason L. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal, Melissa

Mandel and Craig H. Russell, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

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 I.

INTRODUCTION

Defendant Brian Keith Koback walked into a rental car company office and stole a

set of car keys. When confronted by three employees in the parking lot, defendant told

the men to back off or he would “fuck” them up. He then walked across the street.

Undeterred, the three employees followed defendant to a motel parking lot where they

again confronted him and demanded defendant return the keys. Defendant made a tight

fist around one of the key fobs, so the ignition portion of the key was sticking out

between his knuckles and, from within arm’s reach, lunged at one of the employees while

swiping or swinging at the employee’s torso. Defendant did not make contact. When the

employees backed off, defendant jumped a fence and tried to flee. Police officers arrived

and pursued defendant. Officers subdued defendant after a brief struggle, during which

three of the officers suffered minor injuries.

Defendant was charged with and convicted of robbery, assault with a deadly

weapon, and resisting arrest. Defendant admitted he had suffered a strike conviction, and

the trial court sentenced him to state prison for 14 years four months. On appeal,

defendant argues: (1) his conviction for assault with a deadly weapon is not supported by

substantial evidence because there is no evidence he used the car keys in a manner that

was capable of inflicting and likely to cause great bodily injury; (2) the trial court abused

its discretion by imposing consecutive sentences on the robbery and resisting arrest

counts, under the mistaken belief it could only impose concurrent sentences if it struck

defendant’s strike prior; (3) the minutes of sentencing and abstract of judgment do not

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accurately reflect the oral pronouncement of sentence with respect to restitution and

parole revocation fines; and (4) the minutes of sentencing contain a clerical error because

they state defendant admitted two strike priors instead of one.

In the published portion of our prior opinion, we concluded defendant’s conviction

for assault with a deadly weapon was supported by substantial evidence. (People v.

Koback (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 323, review granted Oct. 24, 2018, S250870.) In the

unpublished portion of our prior opinion, we held the trial court erred when it concluded

the only way it could impose concurrent sentences on defendant’s robbery and resisting

arrest convictions was if it first struck defendant’s admitted strike prior. We reversed the

sentence and remanded for the trial court to resentence defendant and to consider in the

first instance whether concurrent sentencing is appropriate in this case. Because we

reversed the sentence, we left it to the trial court on remand and the Department of

Corrections and Rehabilitation to ensure the minutes and abstract of judgment would

accurately reflect whatever sentence the court imposed on remand.

The California Supreme Court granted defendant’s petition for review on the issue

of the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction for assault with a deadly

weapon. The Supreme Court subsequently transferred the appeal back to this court with

directions to vacate our prior opinion and reconsider the appeal in light of In re B.M.

(2018) 6 Cal.5th 528 (B.M.). (People v. Koback (Mar. 27, 2019, S250870)

2019 Cal. Lexis 2046.) We have vacated our prior opinion and received supplemental

briefs from the parties addressing the impact of B.M. on this case.

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 We once again affirm defendant’s conviction for assault with a deadly weapon,

reverse the sentence, and again remand for the trial court to resentence defendant and to

consider in the first instance whether to impose concurrent sentences on counts 2 and 3.

II.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In an information, the People charged defendant with assault with a deadly

weapon other than a firearm, to wit, a key (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1), count 1);

robbery (Pen. Code, § 211, count 2); and (3) resisting arrest (Pen. Code, § 69, count 3).

The People alleged defendant suffered two prior prison terms (Pen. Code, § 667.5,

subd. (b)), to wit: a 2013 conviction for possessing a controlled substance (Health & Saf.

Code, § 11377, subd. (a)) and a 2011 conviction for attempted carjacking (Pen. Code,

§§ 664, 215). Finally, the People alleged defendant’s 2011 conviction for attempted

carjacking was a serious felony and a serious and violent felony. (Pen. Code, §§ 667,

subds. (a), (c), (e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).)

A jury found defendant guilty on all three counts. In a bifurcated proceeding,

defendant admitted his 2011 conviction for attempted carjacking was a strike. The trial

court sentenced defendant to a total term of 14 years four months in state prison.

Defendant timely appealed.

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 III.

FACTS

On November 6, 2015, defendant walked into a rental car company office,

grabbed a set of car keys from the front desk, and walked out.1 Chase,2 an employee who

was manning the front desk, learned what had happened from a customer and followed

defendant into the parking lot. Chase told defendant to stop, and said, “Please give me

the keys.” Defendant kept walking away, pretended not to know anything about the keys,

and reached into the pocket of his sweatpants. Fearing defendant might be armed, Chase

backed off and enlisted the help of two other employees who happened to be nearby,

Agustin and Arthur. The three employees formed a wide circle around defendant to

prevent him from leaving.

Chase and Agustin noticed one of the keys was hanging out of defendant’s pocket,

and they demanded defendant return the keys. Defendant stopped and stood facing

Agustin and Arthur from about two feet away. Chase backed off and stood about five

feet behind defendant. Defendant appeared to be getting angry. Defendant again reached

into his pocket, “like he was going to go for something.” Defendant told the men to

“back up” or “move,” or he would “fuck” them up. He then began to walk away across

1 The set consisted of two car keys attached to key “fobs,” and a tag from the
rental car company, on a wire ring.

2 We refer to the three witnesses by their first names only, and we mean no
disrespect in doing so. We point out that the record includes different spellings of the
same witnesses, i.e., Agustine/Agustin and Arthur/Arturo. We will use Agustin and
Arthur, respectively.

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the street. The employees then got into Arthur’s car and followed defendant into a motel

parking lot across the street.

The three men stood around defendant in the motel parking lot and again

demanded that defendant return the car keys. Chase testified defendant stood “[a]bout a

foot from arm’s reach” away from the three men, but Agustin was closest to defendant.

Agustin testified defendant stood two to three feet away from him, and was within arm’s

reach. Defendant asked, “You want the keys?” He then took the car keys from his

pocket, made a tight fist, and held one of the keys with the “sharp”3 or ignition end of the

key sticking out between his knuckles. Defendant then “charged,” “came at,” or

“lunged” at Agustin and “swung” or “swiped” the key at Agustin’s torso.4 Arthur

described defendant’s motion like “throwing a punch.” Agustin testified he was nervous

3 In his briefs, defendant describes the ignition end of the key that was protruding
from his knuckles as “blunt.” No witness described the end of the key as “blunt,” and
defendant’s characterization of the key ignores the actual testimony in this case. Chase
testified on direct examination defendant held the “[k]ey in between the knuckles.” The
prosecutor asked, “So the sharp end of the key was sticking out from between the
knuckles?” Chase answered, “Yes.” Augustin also testified on direct that defendant
gripped the key between his fingers, so it was protruding through his knuckles. The
prosecutor asked Augustin, “So the sharp end of the key was protruding out from his
hand, right?” Augustin answered, “Yes.” (See People v. Margarejo (2008) 162
Cal.App.4th 102, 107 [“Counsel’s questions themselves are not evidence, but the
question’s wording typically is relevant to a reasonable interpretation of the witness’s
answer. Often it is vital to consider the question to understand anything about the
answer, as with answers like ‘yes.’”].) And, as explained, post, we are required to view
the evidence in favor of the judgment. (People v. Thomas (2017) 15 Cal.App.5th 1063,
1071.)

4 Augustin testified he was wearing a green shirt, with “Enterprise” on it. Earlier,
Chase had testified Arthur and Augustin were wearing green polo shirts provided to the
dealership’s “[c]ar wash reps.”

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and afraid he might get hurt because defendant swung the key at him “with force.” Chase

testified he did not believe defendant was close enough to Agustin to actually make

contact. But Agustin testified he was not hit “because my nephew [i.e., Arthur] pulled

me back.” Arthur testified, “If I didn’t move [Agustin], he probably would have got hit.”

The three men backed away from defendant.

Defendant then put the keys back into his pocket, took off, and scaled the wall

behind the motel. The employees got back into the car and found defendant as he walked

along one of the streets behind the motel. They followed defendant by car through a

small area of shops and streets for about 40 minutes, until law enforcement arrived and

took over the pursuit. Several deputies chased down and subdued defendant. Defendant

resisted, and three deputies were injured in the process.

Defendant testified he found the car keys next to a bus stop. Defendant ran from

the police because he feared for his life. He denied taking the car keys from the rental car

company office, denied resisting arrest, and denied that he swung the keys at Agustin.

IV.

DISCUSSION

A. Substantial Evidence Supports Defendant’s Conviction for Assault with a

Deadly Weapon.

Defendant argues his conviction for assault with a deadly weapon is not supported

by substantial evidence because he did not use the car keys—an object that is not

inherently deadly or dangerous—in a manner capable of causing and likely to result in

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serious bodily injury. On this record, we conclude defendant did, in fact, use the car keys

as a deadly weapon.

1. Standard of review.

Our standard of review is well settled. “We ‘“‘must review the whole record in

the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses

substantial evidence—that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid

value—such that a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a

reasonable doubt.’”’” (People v. Brooks (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1, 57; see B.M., supra,

6 Cal.5th at pp. 536, 539.)

“‘“‘Although it is the duty of the jury to acquit a defendant if it finds that

circumstantial evidence is susceptible of two interpretations, one of which suggests guilt

and the other innocence [citations], it is the jury, not the appellate court[,] which must be

convinced of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. “‘If the circumstances

reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings, the opinion of the reviewing court that the

circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding does not

warrant a reversal of the judgment.’”’”’” (People v. Harris (2013) 57 Cal.4th 804, 849-

850.) “‘A reviewing court neither reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a witness’s

credibility.’” (People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 60.)

“‘A reversal for insufficient evidence “is unwarranted unless it appears ‘that upon

no hypothesis whatever is there sufficient substantial evidence to support’” the jury’s

verdict.’” (People v. Manibusan (2013) 58 Cal.4th 40, 87.)

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 2. Applicable law.

“Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another with a deadly

weapon or instrument other than a firearm shall be punished by imprisonment in the sate

prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail for not exceeding one year, or by a

fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both the fine and imprisonment.”

(Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1); all undesignated statutory references are to the Penal

Code.)

“As used in section 245, subdivision (a)(1), a ‘deadly weapon’ is ‘any object,

instrument, or weapon which is used in such a manner as to be capable of producing and

likely to produce, death or great bodily injury. [Citation.] Some few objects, such as

dirks and blackjacks, have been held to be deadly weapons as a matter of law; the

ordinary use for which they are designed established their character as such. [Citation.]

Other objects, while not deadly per se, may be used, under certain circumstances, in a

manner likely to produce death or great bodily injury. In determining whether an object

not inherently deadly or dangerous is used as such, the trier of fact may consider the

nature of the object, the manner in which it is used, and all other facts relevant to the

issue.” (People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1028-1029 (Aguilar).)

The minor in B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th 528, took a six-inch “butter knife” with small

ridges on one edge and made a few downward stabbing motions at her sister’s legs. The

sister was wearing nothing but a bath towel and, just before the attack, covered herself

with a blanket. The knife did not penetrate the blanket or cause any injury, and the sister

testified the pressure she felt from the knife was five or six on a scale of one to 10. (Id.

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at p. 531.) The juvenile court sustained an allegation the minor committed an assault

with a deadly weapon. (Id. at pp. 531-532.) The Court of Appeal affirmed, reasoning,

“‘[i]t matters not that [the sister] was able to fend off great bodily injury with her blanket’

or ‘that [B.M.] was not adept at using a knife’ because B.M. ‘could have easily inflicted

great bodily injury with this metal butter knife and just as easily [could] have committed

mayhem upon the victim’s face.’” (Id. at p. 532.) The appellate court expressly

disagreed with In re Brandon T. (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1491, which had held a butter

knife with a round end and serrated edge was not used as a deadly weapon when a minor

made a slashing motion to the victim’s cheek and throat with sufficient force to cause the

blade of the butter knife to break, caused welts and scratches to the victim, but did not

draw blood. (Id. at pp. 1496-1498.)

In B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th 528, the Supreme Court clarified the law with respect to

assault with a deadly weapon when the object used is not an inherently deadly weapon

and distilled three principles to be applied in such cases:

“First, the object alleged to be a deadly weapon must be used in a manner that is

not only ‘capable of producing’ but also ‘“likely to produce death or great bodily

injury.”’ (Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1029, italics added.)” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th

at p. 533.) The court rejected the Attorney General’s argument “‘capable of producing’

and ‘likely to produce’ are essentially the same because the term ‘“likel[y]”’ has the same

meaning as ‘“possib[le].”’” (Ibid.) Citing dictionaries (see discussion of B.M.’s

concurring opinion, post), the court stated the Attorney General’s definition was “at odds

with the ordinary meaning of ‘likely.’” (Ibid.) And citing decisions holding felony child

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abuse “‘likely to produce great bodily harm or death’” (§ 273a) refers to abuse in

situations where the probability of serious injury is great, the court indicated the Attorney

General’s definition “is also inconsistent with how we have treated the term ‘likely to

produce bodily harm or death’ elsewhere in the Penal Code.” (B.M., at p. 533.)

The Supreme Court also rejected the Attorney General’s assertion an object is

likely to produce death or great bodily injury if its use “‘“in an assault increases the

likelihood of great bodily injury.”’” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 534.) “[T]he fact that

B.M.’s use of a butter knife may have increased the likelihood of serious injury does not

establish that her use of the object was likely to cause serious injury. An increase in

likelihood from impossible to unlikely, for example, does not show that the object was

likely to cause serious harm. The use of an object in a manner ‘likely to produce’ death

or great bodily injury [citation] requires more than a mere possibility that serious injury

could have resulted from the way the object was used.” (Id. at p. 534.)

“Second, the Aguilar standard does not permit conjecture as to how the object

could have been used. Rather, the determination of whether an object is a deadly weapon

under section 245[, subdivision ](a)(1) must rest on evidence of how the defendant

actually ‘used’ the object.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 534.) “‘[E]xcept in those cases

involving an inherently deadly weapon[,] the jury’s decisionmaking process in an

aggravated assault case . . . is functionally identical regardless of whether . . . the

defendant employed a weapon alleged to be deadly as used or employed force likely to

produce great bodily injury; in either instance, the decision turns on the nature of the

force used.’” (Id. at p. 535.)

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 Although the Supreme Court held “it is inappropriate to consider how the object

could have been used as opposed to how it was actually used,” the court made clear “it is

appropriate in the deadly weapon inquiry to consider what harm could have resulted from

the way the object was actually used. Analysis of whether the defendant’s manner of

using the object was likely to produce death or great bodily injury necessarily calls for an

assessment of potential harm in light of the evidence. As noted, a mere possibility of

serious injury is not enough. But the evidence may show that serious injury was likely,

even if it did not come to pass.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 535, italics added.) The

Supreme Court faulted the Court of Appeal for engaging in conjecture by stating B.M.

might have committed mayhem on the victim’s face. “There is no evidence that B.M.

stabbed, sliced, or pointed the butter knife toward or near [her sister’s] face, or that B.M.

attempted or threatened to do so. Nor is there evidence that B.M. was flailing her hand

with the butter knife or otherwise wielding it wildly or uncontrollably. (Cf. People v.

Simons (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1100, 1106 . . . (Simons).)” (Ibid.; see id. at p. 538

[rejecting the Court of Appeal’s statement it was through sheer luck the sister was not

injured, stating, “the inquiry must focus on the evidence of how B.M. actually used the

knife, not on various conjectures as to how she could have used it”].)

“Third, although it is appropriate to consider the injury that could have resulted

from the way the object was used,” the Supreme Court cautioned “the extent of actual

injury or lack of injury is also relevant.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 535.) A conviction

for assault with a deadly weapon does not require evidence of actual injury or contact,

“but limited injury or lack of injury may suggest that the nature of the object or the way it

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was used was not capable of producing or likely to produce death or serious harm.”

(Ibid.)

Applying those three principles, the Supreme Court concluded the evidence did

not support a finding B.M. used the butter knife in a manner likely to produce death or

great bodily injury. (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at pp. 536, 539.) The court stated three

circumstances supported its conclusion: “First, the record indicates the six-inch metal

knife B.M. used was ‘[t]he type of knife that you would use to butter a piece of toast’; it

was not sharp and had slight ridges on one edge of the blade. (See Brandon T., supra,

191 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1496-1498 [butter knife with ‘rounded end’ was incapable of

causing serious injury even when applied to the victim’s face with enough force to break

the knife]; [In re] D.T. [(2015)] 237 Cal.App.4th [693,] 701 [contrasting the butter knife

in Brandon T. with a sharp pocketknife].)” (B.M., at p. 536.) “Second, B.M. used the

knife only on [her sister’s] legs, which were covered with a blanket. There is no evidence

that B.M. used or attempted to use the knife in the area of [her sister’s] head, face, or

neck, or any exposed part of her body.” (Ibid.) “[And] [t]hird, the moderate pressure that

B.M. applied with the knife was insufficient to pierce the blanket, much less cause

serious bodily injury to [her sister].” (Ibid.)

The Supreme Court rejected the Attorney General’s argument the sister could have

been seriously injured had she not defended herself by covering herself with a blanket.

“[T]here is no evidence indicating [the sister] pulled the blanket over her legs after or in

reaction to seeing B.M. begin a slicing or stabbing motion directed at [her] exposed legs.

. . . Further, . . . nothing in the record suggests that B.M., who was aware that [her

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sister’s] legs were covered and that the knife was not penetrating the blanket, then used or

tried to use the knife on an exposed part of [her sister’s] body.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at

p. 537, italics added.) Relevant here, the court stated, “To be sure, an aggressor should

not receive the benefit of a potential victim fortuitously taking a defensive measure or

being removed from harm’s way once an assault is already underway. But the facts

known to the aggressor before the assault, including defensive measures taken by the

victim, are relevant to determining whether the aggressor used an object in a manner

likely to cause serious injury.” (Ibid., italics added.)

The Supreme Court also rejected the Attorney General’s argument “that ‘an object

can be a deadly weapon even if there is no contact or injury, and “‘even if it’s not

actually used with deadly force.’”’” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 538.) The court noted

the cases the Attorney General cited “involved a sharp object applied to a vulnerable part

of the body (D.T., supra, 237 Cal.App.4th at pp. 697, 696 [‘“sharp” and “pointy”’

pocketknife used to ‘poke[]’ someone ‘multiple times in the upper back’ is a deadly

weapon]; see D.T., at pp. 699-701; People v. Page (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1466, 1469

. . . [‘“sharp[,] pointy”’ pencil held up to someone’s neck]) or a sharp object wielded in a

wild or uncontrolled manner (Simons, supra, 42 Cal.App.4th at p. 1106 [the defendant,

being chased by police officers, ‘“flail[ed] his hands . . . [and] would bring [a]

screwdriver forward”’ when approached]). Here, the knife was not sharp or pointy; it

was not applied to any vulnerable part of [the sister’s] body; and there is no evidence that

B.M. wielded the knife wildly or uncontrollably.” (Id. at p. 538.)

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 In a separate concurring opinion, Justice Chin (who fully joined the unanimous

maj. opn.) clarified the Supreme Court did “not decid[e] the meaning of the word ‘likely’

in the phrase ‘“capable of producing and likely to produce, death or great bodily

injury.”’” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 539 (conc. opn. of Chin, J.).) Justice Chin stated

the court had only determined “‘likely’” “means something ‘more than a mere

possibility.’ (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 534; see id. at p. 535.)” (B.M., at p. 539 (conc. opn.

of Chin, J.).) Although the majority opinion had cited dictionary definitions of the word

“‘likely’” as meaning “‘“having a high probability,”’ ‘“very probable,”’ or a

‘“‘“probability [that is] great,”’”’” to disprove the Attorney General’s argument “‘likely’

means ‘probable,’” Justice Chin cautioned against reading the majority opinion as having

adopted such definitions. (Ibid.) “Indeed, such a holding would be inconsistent with the

majority’s citations to In re D.T. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 693 . . . , People v. Page (2004)

123 Cal.App.4th 1466 . . . , and People v. Simons (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1100 . . . . (See

maj. opn., ante, at p. 538.) Those cases all involved the use of a sharp object in a

threatening manner, and in all three cases an argument could be made that great bodily

injury was not probable, but the deadly weapon finding was nonetheless upheld.” (B.M.,

at pp. 539-540 (conc. opn. of Chin, J.).)

Finally, Justice Chin suggested that, when the Supreme Court does squarely

address the meaning of “‘likely’” for purposes of assault with a deadly weapon, “our

resolution of the question [will] call[] for a careful analysis like the one that appears in

People v. Superior Court (Ghilotti) (2002) 27 Cal.4th 888 . . . , a decision involving the

meaning of the word ‘likely’ in the Sexually Violent Predators Act (Welf. & Inst. Code,

15
§ 6600 et seq.), which refers to persons ‘likely to engage in acts of sexual violence’

(id., § 6601, subd. (d).) That opinion shows that, in the context of a law designed to

prevent harm, ‘likely’ can sometimes mean something less than ‘probable.’” (B.M.,

supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 540 (conc. opn. of Chin, J.).)

3. Analysis.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, as we must, we

again conclude defendant used the car key in a manner capable of causing and likely to

result in great bodily injury. The evidence presented at trial demonstrated that, when the

three employees of the dealership confronted defendant in the motel parking lot,

defendant took the stolen car keys from his pocket and made a fist so that the “sharp” end

of one of the keys stuck out from between his knuckles. Defendant then “charged,”

“came at,” or “lunged” at Agustin. And, when he was within reach of Augustin,

defendant “swung,” “swiped,” or “punch[ed]” at Agustin’s torso “with force.” True,

defendant did not actually strike Agustin, and Chase (who was not the closest of the three

men to defendant) believed defendant was too far away to contact Agustin. But the

evidence presented at trial demonstrated it was only Arthur’s intervention that prevented

defendant from striking Agustin. Agustin testified he was not hit “because my nephew

[i.e., Arthur] pulled me back,” and Arthur testified, “If I didn’t move [Agustin], he

probably would have got hit.”

We believe this case is similar to People v. Simons (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1100

(Simons), a case the Supreme Court cited with at least implicit approval in B.M. (See

B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at pp. 535, 538.) The defendant in Simons held several armed

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police officers at bay with a screwdriver, an object the court described as “not an

inherently deadly weapon.” (Simons, at p. 1107.) Although instructed to drop the tool,

the defendant flailed it about and urged the officers to shoot him. On those facts, the

court found that for purposes of the crime of exhibiting a deadly weapon to prevent arrest

(§ 417.8), “[t]he evidence clearly demonstrated that the screwdriver was capable of being

used as a deadly weapon and that defendant intended to use it as such if the

circumstances required.” (Simons, at p. 1107.)

Like a screwdriver, a car key is not an inherently deadly weapon. But like the

defendant in Simons, who used the screwdriver to keep police officers at bay, defendant

swung the key to keep the three rental car company employees at bay. As with Simons,

defendant did not actually strike Agustin so there were no resultant injuries. But, as the

Supreme Court made clear in B.M., we may consider the injuries that likely would have

resulted from the way defendant actually used the key. (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 535.)

Whereas in B.M. the minor stabbed her sister on her legs, which were covered with a

blanket, the defendant in Simons wildly and uncontrollably flailed the screwdriver at

officers who were presumably clothed in standard police uniforms. (See Simons, supra,

42 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1105-1106.) Here, defendant “lunged,” “charged,” or “came at”

Agustin and, “with force,” “swung,” “swiped,” or “punch[ed]” the key at Agustin’s torso,

a much more vulnerable part of the body than an extremity, that was clothed in a polo

shirt. And, but for Arthur pulling Agustin back, defendant would have struck Agustin.

As the Supreme Court stated in B.M., “an aggressor should not receive the benefit of a

potential victim fortuitously . . . being removed from harm’s way once an assault is

17
already underway.” (B.M., at p. 537.) From the way defendant wielded the key, we

conclude there was more than a mere possibility Agustin would have suffered serious

bodily injury if defendant had succeeded in striking him and, therefore, the evidence

supports the conclusion defendant used the key in a manner that was both capable of

producing and likely to produce serious bodily injury.5 (Id. at pp. 534-535.)

This court has previously relied on Simons when concluding a not inherently deadly

instrument was used as a deadly weapon. In People v. Page (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 1466

(Page), another decision the Supreme Court in B.M. at least implicitly approved of (see

B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 538), the defendant and his female accomplice robbed the

victim and, after rifling the victim’s pockets for his wallet, the female accomplice held a

sharp pencil to the victim’s neck and told him not to call the police. (Page, at pp. 1468-

1469.) The defendant challenged his conviction for assault with a deadly weapon

contending the pencil was not a deadly weapon. (Id. at p. 1470.)

Relying on Simons and similar cases, this court concluded the accomplice used the

pencil in such a manner capable of producing serious bodily injury and, therefore, under

the facts of that case the pencil was a deadly weapon as a matter of law. (Id. at pp. 1470-

1473.) We rejected the suggestion that Simons was distinguishable simply because it did

not address the aggravated assault statute. “‘[N]o sound reason appears to define a

“deadly weapon” for purposes of section 245 differently than it is defined in other

5 We need not conclude it was more probable than not the manner in which
defendant wielded the key at Agustin’s torso would have resulted in serious injury.
(B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at pp. 539-540 (conc. opn. of Chin, J.).)

18
contexts under other statutes.’ [Citations.] Cases discussing the definition of a deadly

weapon routinely rely on other cases dealing with different statutes.” (Page, at p. 1472.)

More recently, in In re D.T. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 693 (D.T.)—again, a case the

Supreme Court at least implicitly approved of in B.M. (see B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at

pp. 536, 538)—the juvenile court found a minor committed an assault with a deadly

weapon when he poked a classmate in the back with the sharp end of a pocketknife. The

victim testified, “[t]he knife felt ‘sharp’ and ‘pointy,’ and [she] felt some pain. She did

not think minor would hurt her, or that he was trying to cut or kill her. However, the

victim was scared that an injury might occur because minor had a knife pressed to her

back.” (D.T. at p. 697.) The investigating officer testified similar knives can cause

serious injury or death. (Ibid.)

On appeal, the minor in D.T., supra, 237 Cal.App.4th 693, argued the knife was

not likely to cause death or great bodily injury. Relying on our decision in Page and on

Simons, we disagreed. “[I]n Page this court found a pencil, which is less sharp and less

likely to cause serious harm than a knife, to be a deadly weapon when it was held against

a victim’s throat without any slicing or stabbing motions. (People v. Page, supra,

123 Cal.App.4th at p. 1472.) Even more supportive of our point is People v. Simons

(1996) 42 Cal.App.4th 1100, 1106-1107 . . . , in which the court held that a screwdriver

was a deadly weapon even though the defendant had only brandished it at police officers

without actually touching anyone. If a pencil held to a victim’s neck, and a screwdriver

that is only used to threaten from a distance, are both likely to cause death or serious

bodily injury, then so is a sharp knife held to the back of a victim. As we have explained,

19
the test is whether the knife was ‘“used in such a manner as to be capable of producing

and likely to produce, death or great bodily injury.” [Citation.]’ (Aguilar, supra,

16 Cal.4th at pp. 1028-1029, italics added.) Because the knife was sharp, and because

minor held it against the victim in such a way that a sudden distraction or misstep could

have resulted in a serious puncture wound, the knife had the capacity to cause serious

bodily injury or death. It therefore meets the Aguilar standard for likelihood.” (D.T., at

pp. 700-701, first italics added, second italics in original.)

As in Page and D.T., we continue to find Simons persuasive. If using a

screwdriver to fend off police officers from a distance is likely to result in serious injury,

then forcefully swinging, swiping, or punching a car key at a victim’s torso from a short

distance is also likely to result in serious injury.

B. The Trial Court Must Determine on Resentencing Whether to Impose

Concurrent Sentences on Counts 1 and 3.

Defendant contends, and we agree, the trial court inaccurately believed it could

only sentence defendant on counts 1 and 3 concurrently with the sentence on count 2 if it

first struck defendant’s strike. We reverse the sentence and remand for the trial court to

consider in the first instance whether concurrent sentences on counts 1 and 3 are

appropriate.

At sentencing, defense counsel asked the trial court to sentence defendant to nine

years on count 2 (the low term of two years, doubled under the one strike law, plus a five-

year enhancement for the prior serious felony conviction). Counsel also requested the

court consider imposing concurrent sentences for counts 1 and 3: “We would obviously

20
greatly appreciate it if the Court would run the time concurrent on the other two counts

but, should the Court be inclined not to run that concurrent, that it run one-third the

midterm for two years on Count 1.” The court indicated its belief that, for the sentences

on counts 1 and 3 to run concurrently with count 2, “I’d have to strike the strike for those

counts.” Counsel stated she was not asking the court to strike the strike. The court then

stated, “I think it has to be consecutive unless I strike the strike. I can do that for those

subsequent counts[, i.e., counts 1 and 3], impose it one time [on count 1] then strike it.”

The trial court designated count 2 as the principal count, and sentenced defendant

to the middle term of three years, doubled pursuant to the one strike law, for a term of six

years in state prison. On count 1, the trial court sentenced defendant to one-third the

middle term of three years. But rather than strike the strike conviction, the court doubled

the term pursuant to the one strike law for a term of two years in state prison to run

consecutively to count 2. Similarly, the trial court sentenced defendant to one-third the

middle term of two years on count 3, doubled pursuant to the one strike law, for a term of

one year four months in state prison to be served consecutively to count 2. Finally, the

trial court imposed a five-year sentence enhancement for defendant’s prior serious felony

conviction, to be served consecutively to count 2, for a total term of 14 years four months

in state prison.

“If there is a current conviction for more than one felony count not committed on

the same occasion, and not arising from the same set of operative facts, the court shall

sentence the defendant consecutively on each count . . . .” (§§ 667, subd. (c)(6), 1170.12,

subd. (a)(6), italics added.) Under the plain language of the statutes, the trial court has no

21
discretion to sentence a defendant to concurrent sentences under the three strikes law

when the current felony convictions were not committed on the same occasion or did not

arise from the same operative facts. In that situation, consecutive sentences are

mandatory. (People v. Hojnowski (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 794, 800.) But the trial court

has discretion to impose concurrent sentences if it concludes the current convictions were

committed on the same occasion or did arise from the same operative facts (People v.

Casper (2004) 33 Cal.4th 38, 42), unless a consecutive sentence is otherwise mandated

by another statute (People v. Torres (2018) 23 Cal.App.5th 185, 198).

As noted, the trial court indicated it believed it could impose concurrent sentences

on counts 1 and 3 only if it first struck defendant’s strike conviction. The People contend

the record does not affirmatively demonstrate the trial court misunderstood its limited

discretion to impose concurrent sentences under the three strikes law, and the court’s

“vague statement” does not overcome the presumption the court understood its discretion.

The trial court was not vague in the least. To repeat, when defense counsel asked for the

court to impose consecutive sentences on counts 1 and 3, the court said, “I’d have to

strike the strike for those counts.” (Italics added.) The court also said, “I think it has to

be consecutive unless I strike the strike. I can do that for those subsequent counts[, i.e.,

counts 1 and 3], impose it one time [on count 1] then strike it.” (Italics added.) On this

record, we are not persuaded the trial court understood it had discretion to impose

concurrent sentences. “[W]hen the record indicates the court misunderstood or was

unaware of the scope of its discretionary powers, we should remand to allow the court to

properly exercise its discretion.” (People v. Bolian (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 1415, 1421.)

22
 The People also argue that, if we conclude the trial court misunderstood its

discretion, we should not remand for resentencing because there is no possibility the trial

court will conclude the offenses were committed on the same occasion or did arise out of

the same operative facts. According to the People, the record supports the trial court’s

implied findings that the current offenses were not all committed on the same occasion or

did not arise from the same operative facts.

We might be inclined to apply the doctrine of implied findings but for the fact the

trial court sentenced defendant under the clear misapprehension that striking a strike was

the only way to impose a concurrent sentence, and there is no indication whatsoever the

court implicitly concluded the crimes were not committed on the same occasion and did

not arise from the same operative facts. Although we agree with the People that arguably

defendant’s offenses of robbery and resisting arrest were not committed on the same

occasion and did not arise from the same set of operative facts, it is a much closer call

with respect to his offenses of robbery and assault with a deadly weapon. Such a

determination is much better left to the trial court in the first instance.

C. Errors in the Minute Order from Sentencing and Abstract of Judgment.

Defendant argues, and the People agree, there is an error in the minute order from

the sentencing hearing regarding his prior felony admission. The People originally

alleged defendant had suffered two prior felony convictions: a 2013 conviction for

possession of a controlled substance and a 2011 strike conviction for attempted

carjacking. At the sentencing hearing, however, the prosecution pursued only the prior

conviction for carjacking after agreeing with defense counsel the drug conviction was

23
likely to be reduced to a misdemeanor under Proposition 47. Defendant then waived his

right to a jury trial and admitted the attempted carjacking conviction. However, the

minute order erroneously states, “Defendant admits Prior(s) 01 [and] 02,” and “Court

orders Prior(s) 02 Stricken.”

Defendant also contends the minute order and abstract of judgment do not reflect

the oral pronouncement of the restitution fine and parole revocation fine. Section 1202.4

mandates every defendant convicted of a felony pay a restitution fine of no less than $300

and no more than $10,000. (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)(1).) The court may, in its discretion,

impose a restitution fine using the following formula: the minimum fine ($300), times

the “number of years of imprisonment the defendant is ordered to serve,” times “the

number of felony counts of which the defendant is convicted.” (Id., subd. (b)(2).) The

court must also impose a parole revocation fine in the same amount as the restitution fine.

(§ 1202.45, subd. (a).)

In its report and sentencing recommendation, the probation department

recommended the trial court consider count 2 as the principal count and sentence

defendant as follows: the middle term of three years on count 2, doubled under the one

strike law should the prior strike be found true; one-third the middle term of three years

on count 1, doubled if the court found true the strike allegation; and one-third the middle

term of two years on count 3, again, doubled should the court find true the strike

allegation. Therefore, the probation department recommended a total state prison

sentence of four years eight months if the strike prior was not found true and a sentence

of 15 years four months if it was found true (this included the five-year enhancement for

24
the strike prior, and a one-year enhancement for the prison prior defendant did not admit).

Based on the minimum recommended prison sentence of four years eight months

(assuming the strike prior was not found true), the probation department recommended

the trial court impose restitution and parole revocation fines in the amount of $3,600

each, using the formula set forth in section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1) (minimum fine

($300) x years in prison (4) x number of convictions (3) = $3,600).

With the exception of the one-year enhancement for the alleged prison prior, that

defendant did not admit, the trial court followed the probation department’s

recommendation for sentencing. It did not, however, impose the recommended

restitution and parole revocation fines. The court plainly stated on the record, “I shall

impose a minimum restitution fine and other fines.” Yet, the minutes from sentencing

and the abstract of judgment both indicate defendant was ordered to pay a restitution fine

of $3,600 and a parole revocation fine of $3,600. This was plainly in error. As noted, the

minimum restitution and parole revocation fine is $300. (§§ 1202.4, subd. (b)(1),

1202.45, subd. (a).)

The People argue the minutes and abstract of judgment reflect the correct

restitution and parole revocation fines as permitted by section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(2).

But, the People’s argument presupposes the trial court intended to impose a fine using

that formula. Nothing supports that conclusion. The trial court said, clearly and

unambiguously, it was imposing the “minimum restitution fine and other fines.” (Italics

added.) There is no wiggle room there.

25
 Moreover, arithmetic is not on the People’s side. The probation department

recommended a restitution and parole revocation fine of $3,600 based on the assumption

defendant’s strike prior would not be found true, and defendant would only be sentenced

to four years eight months. Had the trial court intended to impose restitution and parole

revocation fines using the formula set forth in section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(2), the

correct figure would have been $10,000 (minimum fine ($300) x years of imprisonment

(14) x number of convictions (3) = $12,600, capped at the maximum fine of $10,000).

Because we reverse the sentence and remand for resentencing, we need not direct

the minutes and abstract of judgment to be corrected. When defendant is resentenced, we

presume the minutes will accurately reflect defendant only admitted one strike prior. The

trial court is, of course, free at resentencing to impose a new restitution and parole

revocation fine. Should the court once more impose the minimum fines, we presume the

minutes of sentencing and abstract of judgment will so reflect.

26
 V.

DISPOSITION

The sentence is reversed. At resentencing, the trial court must consider whether

concurrent sentences on counts 1 and 3 are appropriate pursuant to Penal Code

sections 667, subdivision (c)(6), and 1170.12, subdivision (a)(6).

In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

McKINSTER
Acting P. J.
I concur:

MILLER
J.

27
[People v. Koback, E066674]

Slough, J., Dissenting.

I

INTRODUCTION

For the second time, my colleagues refuse to follow the clear direction of the

California Supreme Court in determining whether a person has used an everyday object

in a manner “likely to produce death or great bodily injury” such that they may be

convicted of assault with a deadly weapon. (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1); People v.

Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1029 (Aguilar).) Our Supreme Court vacated the

majority’s prior opinion after clarifying that standard in In re B.M. (2018) 6 Cal.5th 528

(B.M.). Undeterred, my colleagues reach the same result on remand, by distorting the

trial record and misreading B.M. as holding death or serious injury is “likely” if there is

“more than a mere possibility” of its occurrence. (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 18.) I dissent.

The issue we face is whether Brian Koback used a car key as a deadly weapon

when he swung it once with unknown force at the victim’s torso from a few feet away

and missed. After the majority initially upheld Koback’s conviction based on speculation

about how a key could be used as a deadly weapon, our Supreme Court directed us to

reconsider this question in light of B.M., in which the Court reaffirmed the Aguilar

standard and held: “[S]peculation without record support as to how the object could have

been used or what injury might have been inflicted if the object had been used differently

is not appropriate,” rather “the determination of whether an object is a deadly weapon . . .

must rest on evidence of how the defendant actually ‘used’ the object.” (B.M., supra, 6

1
Cal.5th at pp. 530, 534, italics added.) Although the Court did not provide a precise

definition of “likely,” it did note the ordinary dictionary meaning of the word is “‘having

a high probability’” or “‘very probable,’” and that it has been defined in other criminal

contexts as having a “‘probability [that is] great.’” (Id. at pp. 533-534.)

I believe B.M. requires us to reverse Koback’s conviction. As in that case, the

evidence of how Koback used the key is insufficient to support a conclusion that death or

serious injury was likely to result “[u]nder any plausible interpretation of the term

‘likely.’” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 536.) The key was not sharp and there’s no

evidence how hard he swung it, in part because he didn’t make contact with the victim.

To avoid this outcome, the majority conclude “likely” means only “more than a

mere possibility,” and apply the standard in People v. Simons (1996) 42 Cal.App.4th

1100 (Simons)—a pre-Aguilar appellate court opinion involving the offense of exhibiting

a deadly weapon to evade arrest. Analogizing to the facts of Simons, the majority

conclude there was “more than a mere possibility” the victim would have been seriously

injured if the key had made contact with him, because Koback “swung the key to keep

[him] . . . at bay,” just like the defendant in Simons “who used [a] screwdriver to keep

police officers at bay.” (Maj. opn. ante, at pp. 17-18.) Because the crime of exhibiting a

deadly weapon to evade arrest does not “turn[] on the nature of the force used” like the

assault at issue here, Simons provides no support for the majority’s holding. (Aguilar,

supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1035.)

But even if Simons were relevant to our issue, its facts aren’t remotely analogous.

The majority tries to sidestep that problem by manipulating the record to raise the specter

2
of danger. They say the key was “sharp,” but the only time that word appears in the trial

transcript is when the prosecutor used it to distinguish the key’s ignition end from its fob

end. Treating the prosecutor’s use of the adjective in that context as evidence the key

was sharp-edged and dangerous is an elementary error. The majority also clip and paste

together words from three different witnesses’ descriptions of Koback’s single swing to

conjure a sense he acted “wildly or uncontrollably.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 535.)

Thus, they say he “‘lunged,’ ‘charged,’ or ‘came at’” the victim and, “‘with force,’

‘swung,’ ‘swiped,’ or ‘punch[ed]’ the key at [his] torso.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 17.) In

fact, there was only a single swipe, which Koback delivered with unknown force before

fleeing. If the “moderate” force B.M. used to repeatedly stab her sister’s legs with a

butter knife is insufficient to constitute assault with a deadly weapon, swinging a key

once with some unknown degree of force is too. (B.M., at p. 536.)

The more egregious error, though, is that the majority define “likely” as “more

than a mere possibility.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 18.) Possible means having more than a

zero percent likelihood of occurring. (See Webster’s 9th New Collegiate Dict. (1991)

p. 918 [defining “possible” as “being within the limits of . . . realization”].) Thus, under

today’s holding, an event with an extremely low likelihood (say, two or three percent)

would be likely simply because its probability of occurring is more than just possible. In

other words, so long as an occurrence is not impossible, it’s likely. One doesn’t need a

degree in statistics to know this is an incorrect definition of likely. Indeed, defining

likely in this way essentially turns Aguilar’s likelihood standard into a question of

whether the object is capable of causing serious injury, which promotes the very error

3
our Supreme Court identified in B.M.—upholding aggravated assault convictions based

on speculation “as to how the object could have been used or what injury might have

been inflicted if the object had been used differently.” (B.M.., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 530,

italics added.)

This error calls out for correction and underscores the fact that lower courts need

guidance on the likelihood standard. The guidance is important. For Koback and others

in his position, the likelihood standard determines not only whether they will be

convicted of simple or aggravated assault, but also whether they’ll have a strike offense

on their record, with all the consequences that entails. (Pen. Code, §§ 667, 1192.7.) As I

said in my previous dissent, it is critical we maintain the distinction between likelihood

and possibility of serious injury, for a fool with a car key is much less dangerous (and

culpable) than a fool with a dagger.

II

ANALYSIS

A. Assault with an Object Used as a Deadly Weapon (Aguilar)

Penal Code section 245, subdivision (a)(1) (section 245(a)(1)) prohibits assaulting

a person “with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm.” (Unlabeled statutory

citations refer to the Penal Code.) In Aguilar, the Court articulated the standard for

determining whether an object constitutes a deadly weapon for purposes of section

245(a)(1). “[A] ‘deadly weapon’ is ‘any object, instrument, or weapon which is used in

such a manner as to be capable of producing and likely to produce, death or great bodily

injury.’” (Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at pp. 1028-1029.)

4
 The first part of this standard, capability, focuses on the nature of the object (is it

sharp, heavy, blunt?) and whether a person could cause serious injury with it. It’s

possible to imagine that some objects may not meet this first prong. It is probably

impossible to gravely injure someone with a rice cake, whereas we can all imagine how a

person could do serious damage with a butter knife or a golf club.

The second part of the test, likelihood, focuses on how the defendant actually used

the object. This inquiry “turns on the nature of the force used.” (Aguilar, supra, 16

Cal.4th at p. 1035) Objects that can “be grasped while throwing a punch, like rolls of

coins, batteries, [] bicycle footrests,” (or car keys), may “be deemed instruments of

[aggravated] assault” only if there is “sufficient proof” the object was actually used “in a

manner likely to produce death or great bodily injury.” (In re David V. (2010) 48 Cal.4th

23, 30 & fn. 5, quoting Aguilar, at p. 1029, italics added.) The difference between the

capability and likelihood standards is the difference between swinging a nine iron at

someone’s head or shoving them in the shoulder with it. The club is certainly capable of

causing severe injury, but only in the former example is it also likely to cause severe

injury as used.

“[A]ll aggravated assaults are ultimately determined based on the force likely to be

applied against a person.” (Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1035, italics added.) If,

however, the object is an inherently dangerous weapon, we treat it as a deadly weapon as

a matter of law, meaning its mere use in an assault is sufficient to violate section

245(a)(1). (Aguilar, at p. 1029 [“[s]ome few objects, such as dirks and blackjacks, have

been held to be deadly weapons as a matter of law; the ordinary use for which they are

5
designed establishes their character as such].) Requiring a likelihood standard for

everyday objects, however, makes sense. We infer a likelihood of serious injury when

people use inherently dangerous weapons in assaults because those weapons are

specifically designed to inflict such injury. (See B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 537 [“Where

a defendant uses a firearm with poor aim, lack of injury carries little weight not because it

is appropriate to consider what injury could have resulted if the defendant had had better

aim, but because in many circumstances using a firearm even with poor aim is likely to

produce death or serious injury”].) But the same is not true for golf clubs, car keys, and

other generally innocuous objects. For these, we must look to the specifics to determine

whether the defendant’s actions were culpable enough to warrant the harsher punishment

aggravated assault carries.

B. Koback I and B.M.

In their first decision, the majority ignored the likelihood standard and upheld

Koback’s conviction on the ground the car key was capable of producing serious injury

(Koback I). They concluded, “there is nothing in the record to suggest defendant would

not have continued to swing the car key at [the victim] if he and the other men had not

backed off, or that defendant would only have swung at [the victim’s] torso and would

not have swung for his face or neck.” (Koback I, at p. 10.) As support, they cited the

appellate court’s decision in B.M., which concluded B.M.’s use of a butter knife to attack

her sister constituted assault with a deadly weapon because she “‘could have easily

inflicted great bodily injury with [the] . . . knife and just as easily [could] have committed

mayhem upon the victim’s face.’” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 532.)

6
 The California Supreme Court granted review of Koback I and the appellate

court’s decision in B.M. The Court then issued a decision in B.M., in which it held that

“speculation without record support as to how the object could have been used or what

injury might have been inflicted if the object had been used differently is not

appropriate.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 530.) The Court clarified, “the Aguilar

standard does not permit conjecture as to how the object could have been used,” rather

“the inquiry focuses on ‘the force actually used.’” (Id. at p. 534.)

The Court cited People v. Beasley (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 1078 (Beasley) and

People v. Duke (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 296 (Duke) as instructive in applying Aguilar’s

likelihood standard. (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 534.) In Beasley, the victim testified

the defendant had used a broomstick to “beat [her] like he never [had] . . . before” and the

prosecution submitted photographs of her bruised arms and shoulders to illustrate the

extent of her injuries. (Beasley, at p. 1087.) The court found it “certainly conceivable” a

broomstick “might be wielded in a manner capable of producing, and likely to produce,

great bodily injury,” but concluded the record was insufficient to support such a finding

because the defendant had struck only non-vulnerable parts of the victim’s body and,

more importantly, her testimony “did not describe the degree of force [he had] used in

hitting her with the stick.” (Ibid., italics added.) “The jury therefore had before it no

facts from which it could assess the severity of the impact between the stick and [the

victim’s] body.” (Id. at p. 1088, italics added.)

In Duke, the defendant held the victim in a headlock while he touched her breast.

(Duke, supra, 174 Cal.App.3d at p. 302.) The victim said the headlock “made her feel

7
‘choked’ but did not cut off her breathing.” (Ibid.) Although she said his hold felt

“‘firm,’” she did not say he tightened his grip. (Ibid.) The court found the victim’s

testimony insufficient to sustain a conviction for assault with force likely to cause great

bodily injury, emphasizing that the inquiry focuses on “the force actually used,” not “the

force that . . . could have [been] used.” (Id. at p. 303.) “[T]he fact that appellant could

have easily broken [the victim’s] neck or could have choked her to the point of cutting off

her breathing by exerting greater pressure on her neck or windpipe will not support the

conviction of felony assault. This would involve gross speculation on the part of the jury

as to what the appellant would have done if he had not stopped of his own accord or had

been stopped by outside forces.” (Ibid.)

Approving the analyses in Beasley and Duke, the B.M. Court reaffirmed that “the

determination of whether an object is a deadly weapon . . . must rest on evidence of how

the defendant actually ‘used’ the object.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 534, italics

added.) Turning to the evidence of B.M.’s assault, the Court recounted the victim’s

testimony that B.M. had stabbed and sliced her blanket-covered legs a few times using

pressure that felt like “a five or a six” on a scale of 10. (Id. at p. 531.) The Court found

this evidence insufficient to support the conviction for three reasons. First, the object

itself was not particularly dangerous. The blade was metal, six inches long, and although

it had ridges “on one edge of the blade,” it “was not sharp” like a pocketknife. (Id. at

p. 536.) Second, B.M. had attacked only the victim’s legs. There was no evidence she

“used or attempted to use the knife in the area of [the victim’s] head, face, or neck, or on

any exposed part of her body.” (Ibid.) And third, B.M. had applied only “moderate

8
pressure” and had caused no injury. (Id. at pp. 536-537.) The Court concluded this

evidence was insufficient to establish a likelihood of serious injury “[u]nder any plausible

interpretation of the term ‘likely.’” (Id. at p. 536.)

The Court’s conclusion made it unnecessary to define “likely” in the Aguilar

context. The Attorney General offered two definitions—that “likely to produce” serious

injury means “essentially the same” thing as “capable of producing” serious injury, or

that an object is “likely to produce” serious injury if its use in an assault “increased the

likelihood of serious injury.” (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at pp. 533-534.) The Court rejected

these definitions, finding them “at odds with” the ordinary dictionary definition of

“likely,” which is “‘having a high probability of occurring or being true’” or “‘very

probable,’” as well as the term’s definition in other parts of the Penal Code (e.g., “likely”

means having a “‘probability [that is] great’” in the context of felony child abuse). (B.M.,

at p. 533, citing Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dict. (11th ed. 2014) p. 721 & § 273a.) The

Court refused to equate Aguilar’s capability and likelihood standards, explaining “[t]he

use of an object in a manner ‘likely to produce’ death or great bodily injury . . . requires

more than a mere possibility that serious injury could have resulted from the way the

object was used.” (B.M., at p. 534.)

After issuing its opinion in B.M., the Court vacated Koback I and remanded the

case to us with directions to reconsider the assault conviction in light of its opinion.

C. Application of B.M. to this Case

The analysis in B.M. focused on three questions—was the object sharp, where did

defendant aim it, and with what degree of force? (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 536.)

9
Here, like the butter knife, the ignition end of the key that partially protruded from

Koback’s knuckles when he swung was not sharp. This is the photograph of the key the

prosecution showed the jury.

If anything, the key looks less sharp than the six-inch, ridged blade in B.M. (B.M.,

supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 536.) Certainly, the key’s shaft comes nowhere near the sharpness

of your average pocketknife, which B.M. references as a typical sharp object. (Ibid.)

As to how Koback used the key, here is everything we know from trial. The

victim (Agustin) and his two coworkers testified Koback stood between three and five

feet away from them when he made a fist around the plastic fob so part of the shaft

protruded from his knuckles. Agustin said Koback swiped once “with force” at his torso.

One of the coworkers described the motion “Pretty much as if [Koback] was throwing a

punch.” The swipe did not land—either because Koback was too far away or because

10
one of the coworkers pulled Agustin away in time. Agustin said Koback “got scared and

he left” immediately after swinging at him.

This evidence is even less meaningful than the evidence in B.M., Beasley, and

Duke. In B.M. and Duke, the records did indicate how much force the defendants had

used, but the courts found the evidence insufficient to support a finding that serious

injury was likely. Our case is like Beasley, where there was no information about the

degree of force used, except that in Beasley the defendant had actually inflicted injury.

Here, the only evidence regarding force is Agustin’s statement that Koback swung at him

“with force.” How much force? Enough to gravely injure Agustin if the key made

contact with his clothed midsection? Enough only to scratch or graze him? The record

doesn’t provide an answer, and it’s obvious that some force is not the same as force likely

to produce death or great bodily injury. (See B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 536

[“moderate” force was insufficient to cause serious bodily injury].) Moreover, because

Koback’s conduct did not result in physical contact, we cannot infer the degree of force

from evidence of the impact. (B.M., at p. 537 [“nature” and “location” of injuries “are

relevant facts for consideration in determining whether an object was used in a manner

capable of producing and likely to produce great bodily injury”] italics added.)

This should be the end of our inquiry, but the majority bypass the on-point

analyses in B.M., Beasley, and Duke, and turn instead to Simons. (Maj. opn. ante, at

pp. 17-18.) In Simons, the defendant thrashed a screwdriver at a group of police officers

while ordering them to stay back and threatening to stab their dog. (Simons, supra, 42

Cal.App.4th at p. 1106.) Only after a physical struggle with defendant, during which the

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officers threw a chair at him, were they able to disarm him of the screwdriver and arrest

him. (Ibid.) On appeal, defendant challenged his section 417.8 conviction for exhibiting

a deadly weapon to evade arrest on the ground that a screwdriver did not qualify as a

deadly weapon under that statutory provision. The court rejected this argument and

affirmed the conviction, concluding that a screwdriver was certainly capable of being a

deadly weapon if used to stab and the evidence supported a finding he “intended” to stab

the officers with the screwdriver “if the circumstances required.” (Simons, at p. 1107.)

The majority concludes this holding supports affirming Koback’s conviction for assault

with a deadly weapon because “like the defendant in Simons, who used the screwdriver to

keep police officers at bay, [Koback] swung the key to keep the three rental car company

employees at bay.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 17.)

There are two problems with relying on Simons. First, our facts are not at all

analogous. In Simons, the defendant engaged in a series of aggressive actions—thrashing

the screwdriver at the officers, threatening to stab their dog, and wrestling with them.

(Simons, supra, 42 Cal.App.4th at p. 1106.) In contrast, our record consists of a single

action—swinging the short ignition end of a car key from a few feet away.

The only way the majority make their comparison to Simons is by misrepresenting

the trial record. They string together multiple witness accounts describing Koback’s

single swing to make his wielding of the key seem aggressive and erratic, and they take

the prosecutor’s use of the word “sharp” to distinguish the key’s fob end from the

ignition end as evidence the shaft was sharp-edged. In addition, they attempt to evoke an

aura of dangerousness around the incident by recounting the details of the employees’

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first encounter with Koback in the Enterprise parking lot, noting how close he stood to

them, how he told them he’d ‘“fuck’ them up” if they didn’t back off, and how he seemed

to be getting “angry” and agitated. (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 5.) But these facts do not matter

to the issue actually in dispute—whether he swung the key with force likely to produce

serious injury during the second, later encounter in the motel parking lot. Koback’s

actions during the first encounter may provide circumstantial evidence of his state of

mind during the second, but his state of mind is not in dispute. It is uncontested he

intended to assault Agustin. The issue is whether that assault was simple or aggravated,

based on how he used the key.

What I find more significant than the detail the majority recount is Agustin’s

testimony Koback “got scared” after swiping at him and immediately fled. That

testimony suggests he was not trying to seriously injure Agustin by swiping at him but

rather trying only to gain distance from his pursuers—like he had a few minutes earlier in

the Enterprise parking lot by threatening to “fuck [them] up” if they didn’t back away.

Notably, Koback also fled during that first encounter.

The second, and more fundamental, problem with relying on Simons is that case

doesn’t apply the relevant test—whether an assault with an everyday object involved

force likely to produce serious injury. This is because Simons deals with section 417.8

and what matters for that offense is the defendant’s intent—that is, whether they

brandished a dangerous object at a police officer for the purpose of evading arrest.

(Simons, supra, 42 Cal.App.4th at p. 1106.) Section 417.8 is concerned with protecting

police officers from injury when making arrests and, as a result, punishes those who

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exhibit a dangerous object during an arrest and are willing to use it as such, if need be.

Aggravated assaults, by contrast, depend entirely on the type of force used, irrelevant of

the defendant’s intent. (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th p. 534.) Simons therefore has no bearing

on our analysis—the test we must apply is the one in Aguilar, B.M., Beasley, and Duke.1

The majority justify their reliance on Simons by arguing the B.M. Court “cited [it]

with at least implicit approval.” (Maj. opn. ante, at p. 16.) In fact, the Court cited

Simons to distinguish it, because the Attorney General relied on the case as grounds for

affirming B.M.’s conviction. (B.M., supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 538 [rejecting Simons as a

basis for upholding B.M.’s conviction].) Simons does not appear in the relevant portion

of B.M., where the Court reaffirms and clarifies the Aguilar standard. The cases cited

there are Beasley and Duke.

The majority also point out that a different panel of this court relied on Simons to

uphold an assault with a deadly weapon conviction in People v. Page (2004) 123

Cal.App.4th 1466 (Page). The Page court concluded the defendant committed assault

with a deadly weapon when she held the sharpened tip of a pencil to the victim’s neck

during a robbery and told him not to involve the police because she “knew where he

lived.” (Id., at p. 1469.) Like the majority does here, the Page court cited the Aguilar

force-likely test, but then applied Simons, affirming the conviction because a sharpened

1 Although Duke involved assault with force likely to cause great bodily injury
(§ 245, subd. (a)(4)) rather than assault with a deadly weapon, its analysis is relevant
because “the jury’s decisionmaking process in [both cases] . . . is functionally
identical”—“in either instance, the decision turns on the nature of the force used.” (B.M.,
supra, 6 Cal.5th at p. 535.)

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pencil could be dangerous and the defendant’s use of one while threatening the victim

during a robbery demonstrated she intended to use it as a weapon if need be. (Page, at

p. 1473.) For the reasons just explained, Page should not have relied on Simons, but at

least in that case the error was harmless. Had the court applied the Aguilar test instead, it

could have properly concluded, like the court did in In re D.T. (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th

693, that “a sudden distraction or misstep” likely would have “resulted in a serious

puncture wound” to the victim’s neck. (Id. at p. 701.) In other words, it would have been

reasonable for Page to conclude that serious injury is likely when one holds a sharp

object to a vulnerable part of the body during a tense encounter like a robbery, where

things can take a wrong turn at any given moment. Here, in contrast, we cannot say with

any confidence that Koback’s swing threatened a similar risk of injury.

What our case boils down to is a single swipe of a car key at a person’s clothed

midsection from a few feet away with unknown force. No other court has upheld an

aggravated assault conviction on such thin evidence. A survey of the published cases

where everyday items were found to have been used in a manner likely to kill or severely

injure is illustrative of what an aberration this case is. In People v. Russell (1943) 59

Cal.App.2d 660, the defendant used a fingernail file to slash the victim’s face, causing a

large gash requiring 11 stitches. In People v. White (1963) 212 Cal.App.2d 464, the

defendant bashed the victim’s head with a rock, causing a two-inch gouge that penetrated

“through all layers of the scalp . . . to the bone.” (Id. at p. 465.) In People v. Helms

(1966) 242 Cal.App.2d 476, the defendant smothered the victim’s face with a pillow “for

several minutes.” (Id. at p. 478.) In People v. Richardson (1959) 176 Cal.App.2d 238,

15
the defendant repeatedly slashed the victim’s face and head with a razor blade, causing

cuts that required 25 to 30 sutures. In People v. Lee (1937) 23 Cal.App.2d 168, the

defendant hit the victim “several times over the head” with a pipe. (Id. at p. 169.)

I realize comparison to cases with stronger facts can be of limited value in a

substantial evidence review, however I believe these cases demonstrate what constitutes

sufficient evidence of force in cases of aggravated assault with everyday objects. In each,

the object was actually used in a manner likely to produce great bodily injury. And in

most, the victims sustained injuries. Given Koback swung once at Agustin’s clothed

torso from a few feet away, he would have had to use quite a great deal of force to

seriously injure Agustin with the short portion of the ignition end that protruded from his

knuckles. The trial testimony is simply insufficient to show he did (or even could) swing

with such force.

I have found only one aggravated assault case where the everyday item held to

have been used as a deadly weapon never made contact with the victim, and that case is

easily distinguishable. In In re Jose R. (1982) 137 Cal.App.3d 269, the defendant stuck a

metal pin inside an apple and gave it to his teacher, but fortunately another student

warned the teacher before she could eat it. (Id. at p. 274.) At trial, a medical expert

testified about the severe injuries and infections that could have resulted from ingesting

that particular pin. She also opined ingestion could have been fatal. (Id. at p. 276.)

Based on that evidence, the court held the defendant had used the pin as a deadly weapon

because, had the teacher ingested it as planned, she would have suffered grave injury.

(Ibid.) Here, in contrast, the record contains no testimony about what could have

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happened had Koback’s swing landed. Unlike ingesting a metal pin, which is sharp

enough to draw blood upon slight contact, the type of the injury, if any, that would result

from being hit in the midsection with a key like the one Koback used depends entirely on

the force behind the swing.

The majority compound their error in relying on Simons by defining “likely” under

Aguilar as “more than a mere possibility.” (Maj. opn. ante, p. 18.) To justify this

conclusion, they cite B.M.’s statement that “[t]he use of an object in a manner ‘likely to

produce’ death or great bodily injury . . . requires more than a mere possibility that

serious injury could have resulted from the way the object was used.” (B.M., supra, 6

Cal.5th at p. 534.) This conflates what is necessary to satisfy the likelihood standard with

what is sufficient to do so. When the Court said Aguilar requires “more than a mere

possibility,” it was not articulating a definition of likely, it was rejecting the Attorney

General’s proposed definition. (B.M., at p. 534 [rejecting argument that “likely” means

merely “possible”]; see also id. at p. 535 [“a mere possibility of serious injury is not

enough”].) In other words, saying a mere possibility is not enough does not tell us how

much is enough. As Justice Chin pointed out in his concurrence, the Court has not

defined “likely” under Aguilar. (B.M., at p. 540 (conc. opn. of Chin J.).) But the Court

has not left us completely in the dark as to the term’s meaning. In rejecting the idea that

likely means possible, B.M. cites three other definitions of the word—“‘very probable,’”

“‘having a high probability,’” and having a “‘great’” probability. (B.M., at pp. 533-534.)

The fact that all of these convey a degree of probability much higher than the majority’s

definition is strong indication they have misread B.M.

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 III

CONCLUSION

Today’s holding eviscerates Aguilar’s likelihood standard and ignores the Court’s

direction in B.M. The result is that a person who committed simple assault is being

punished for assault with a deadly weapon. I would reverse Koback’s conviction to the

lesser included offense supported by the evidence. (Beasley, supra, 105 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1088.)

SLOUGH
J.

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