Ken Bailey and Bradley Peterson v. Carter Smith, Executive Director Clayton Wolf, Wildlife Division Director Mitch Lockwood, Big Game Program Director And Texas Parks &Wildlife Department

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-17-00703-CV

Ken Bailey and Bradley Peterson, Appellants

v.

Carter Smith, Executive Director; Clayton Wolf, Wildlife Division Director;
Mitch Lockwood, Big Game Program Director; and Texas Parks & Wildlife Department,
Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 98TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-15-004391, HONORABLE TIM SULAK, JUDGE PRESIDING

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION

On this record, I agree with the Court’s conclusion that the trial court properly

dismissed for lack of jurisdiction Peterson’s declaratory judgment and ultra vires claims. I disagree,

however, with the Court’s conclusion that the trial court correctly granted summary judgment on

Peterson’s due process claims concerning the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code (the Code) and the

Department’s rules, see 31 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 65.90–.99 (Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t, Chronic

Wasting Disease—Movement of Deer) (the CWD Rules). Specifically, I disagree with the analysis

regarding whether Peterson has a property interest in his breeder deer and the conclusion that the

Code does not “allow[] common law property rights to arise in breeder deer.” Ante at ___. Our

common law tradition—stemming from early English common law and with roots in Roman

law—provides that individuals, through the sweat of their brow, may acquire ownership and property
rights in wild animals by legally removing them from their natural liberty and making them subject

to man’s dominion. See, e.g., State v. Bartee, 894 S.W.2d 34, 41–42 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

1994, no pet.) (describing legal tradition and collecting case authorities). Because the Code does not

take away this common law property right, I respectfully dissent.1

The Texas Supreme Court has long noted that the preservation of property rights is

“one of the most important purposes”—in fact, “[t]he great and chief end”—of government. Texas

Rice Land Partners, Ltd. v. Denbury Green Pipeline-Tex., LLC, 363 S.W.3d 192, 204 (Tex. 2012)

(quoting Eggemeyer v. Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. 1977) and John Locke, Second

Treatise of Government Chap. IX, Sec. 124 (C.B. McPherson ed., Hackett Publishing Co. 1980)

(1690)). Private property rights “are, in short, a foundational liberty, not a contingent privilege.”

Id. at 204 n.34; see Tex. Const. art. I, § 19 (“No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty,

property, privileges or immunities, or in any manner disfranchised, except by the due course of the

law of the land.”). But the decision issued today fails to preserve and protect the fundamental

property rights of the deer breeders in their captive-bred white-tailed deer.

I recognize that chronic wasting disease (CWD) poses a significant threat to the deer

population and for the people of this state. As shown by both the Department’s brief and the amicus

brief of various wildlife and hunting associations,2 CWD has potential negative impacts for Texas

1
Although the Code regulates the possession of wild animals removed from their natural
liberty and restricts the means by which ownership may be acquired by specifying the conditions of
what may constitute legal captivity, I do not see this as contrary to ownership under the common law.
2
These include: Texas Wildlife Association, Boone and Crockett Club, Texas Chapter of
the Wildlife Society, Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, The National Wildlife Federation,
National Wild Turkey Federation, Texas Chapter of the Coastal Conservation Association,
Backcountry Hunters & Anglers, and Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association.

2
wildlife, for the rich Texas tradition of hunting deer, and for the properties, businesses, and Texas

fisc that derive value and revenue from licensing, leasing hunting rights, and supporting the hunting

industry. However, measures to address that threat, while worthy, must be consistent with the rule

of law. The legislature, as a representative body of the people, has the power to pass laws further

restricting the captivity of breeder deer, implementing stricter regulations for deer breeder permits,

and creating additional protections against CWD, insofar as they are consistent with our

Constitution. And the Department may act within its delegated scope of authority as granted by the

legislature. But I cannot agree that the threat of CWD justifies the deprivation of fundamental

private property rights without due process contrary to our Constitution and the rule of law.

Because Peterson has a constitutionally protected property interest in his breeder deer,

I continue where the Court left off and proceed to the merits of the district court’s summary

judgment order on Peterson’s procedural due process claims. Both parties moved for summary

judgment, but neither party met its burden to establish that it was entitled to summary judgment as

a matter of law. I would therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of Peterson’s motion for summary

judgment, but reverse the grant of the Department’s summary judgment motion. Finally, the Court

also affirmed the district court’s $425,862.50 attorney’s fee award against Peterson and the deer

breeder Ken Bailey, who originally brought suit with Peterson but later nonsuited his claims. But

because the attorney’s fee award was based on, at least in part, the Department’s summary judgment

success, I would reverse and remand the attorney’s fee award.

3
 I. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND LAW ON DUE PROCESS

We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. City of Richardson v. Oncor

Elec. Delivery Co., 539 S.W.3d 252, 259 (Tex. 2018) (citing Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co.

v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003)). A traditional movant for summary judgment bears the

burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law. Id. (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Provident Life, 128 S.W.3d at 215–16). When

both parties move for summary judgment on the same issues, as they did here, each party bears the

burden of establishing that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. (citing City of Garland

v. Dallas Morning News, 22 S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex. 2000)). When the trial court grants one of the

motions but denies the other, we consider the summary judgment evidence presented by both sides,

determine all questions presented, and if we determine that the trial court erred, render the judgment

the trial court should have rendered. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.

2005) (citing FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000)). When

the trial court does not specify the grounds for granting the summary judgment motion, we must

uphold the judgment if any of the grounds asserted in the motion and preserved for appellate review

are meritorious. Provident Life, 128 S.W.3d at 216.

Here, the summary judgment order granted the Department’s motion and denied

Peterson’s motion, which centered upon Peterson’s procedural due process claims against the

Department. Due process rights are provided by both the United States Constitution and the Texas

Constitution. See U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1; Tex. Const. art. I, § 19. Because the two clauses

are nearly identical, Texas courts “have traditionally followed contemporary federal due process

4
interpretations of procedural due process issues.” Honors Acad., Inc. v. Texas Educ. Agency,

555 S.W.3d 54, 61 (Tex. 2018) (quoting University of Tex. Med. Sch. v. Than, 901 S.W.2d 926, 929

(Tex. 1995)). Before procedural due process rights attach, however, there must be a liberty or

property interest that is entitled to constitutional protection. Id. (citing Klumb v. Houston Mun.

Emps. Pension Sys., 458 S.W.3d 1, 15 (Tex. 2015)).

II. DISCUSSION

In a due process claim, we apply a two-part analysis: (1) we determine whether

Peterson has a property interest that is entitled to procedural due process protection; and (2) if so,

we determine what process is due. See id.

A. Does Peterson have a property interest in his breeder deer?

“Property interests ‘are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or

understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law . . . .’” Honors Acad.,

555 S.W.3d at 61 (quoting Board of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972)). A

constitutionally protected property interest must be based on a “‘legitimate claim of entitlement’

rather than a mere ‘unilateral expectation.’” Id. (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 577).

In Texas, “[a]ll wild animals, fur-bearing animals, wild birds, and wild fowl inside

the borders of this state are the property of the people of this state.”3 Tex. Parks & Wild. Code

3
The Texas legislature enacted the original predecessor to this statute in 1907, providing that
“All the wild deer . . . and all other wild animals, wild birds and wild fowls found within the borders
of this State, shall be and the same are hereby declared to be the property of the public.” Act of
April 19, 1907, 30th Leg., R.S., ch. 144, § 1, 1907 Tex. Gen. Laws 278, 278 (current version at Tex.
Parks & Wild. Code § 1.011(a)).

5
§ 1.011(a); see also Nicholson v. Smith, 986 S.W.2d 54, 60 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.)

(“Meaning ‘animals of a wild nature or disposition,’ ferae naturae is a common law doctrine tracing

its origins back to the Roman empire whereby wild animals are presumed to be owned by no one

specifically but by the people generally. Specifically ferae naturae provides that wild animals

belong to the state[.]” (citing Bartee, 894 S.W.2d at 41)). Thus, “no individual property rights [in

wild animals] exist as long as the animal remains wild, unconfined, and undomesticated.”

Hollywood Park Humane Soc’y v. Town of Hollywood Park, 261 S.W.3d 135, 140 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2008, no pet.).

Under Texas common law, however, “property rights in wild animals can arise when

an animal is legally removed from its ‘natural liberty’ and subjected to ‘man’s dominion.’”4 Id.

(quoting Nicholson, 986 S.W.2d at 60); see Jones v. State, 45 S.W.2d 612, 614 (Tex. Crim. App.

1931) (“As a general rule, there is no individual property in wild animals or fish so long as they

remain wild, unconfined, and in a state of nature, but wild animals become property when removed

from their natural liberty and made subjects of man’s dominion.”); Coastal Habitat All. v. Public

Util. Comm’n, 294 S.W.3d 276, 287 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (stating converse proposition

that “under state law, no vested property interest exists in wild animals” because “wild animals[]

belong to the State, and no individual property rights exist in them as long as they remain wild,

unconfined, and undomesticated”); Bartee, 894 S.W.2d at 41 (“Unqualified property rights in wild

4
As the Court notes, “Texas adopted the common law of England as its rule of decision,”
which holds that “[p]rivate individuals could ‘reduce a part of this common property [in wild
animals] to possession, and thus acquire a qualified ownership in it,’ but that right was subject to
government regulation.” Ante at ___ (quoting Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519, 526 (1896),
overruled on other grounds by Hughes v. Oklahoma, 441 U.S. 322 (1979)).

6
animals can arise when they are legally removed from their natural liberty and made the subject of

man’s dominion.”); Wiley v. Baker, 597 S.W.2d 3, 5 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1980, no writ) (“Unqualified

property rights in wild animals can arise when removed from their natural liberty and made subjects

of man’s dominion.”); Lone Star Gas Co. v. Murchison, 353 S.W.2d 870, 875–76 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 1962, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“From the beginning, wild animals have been regarded as

quasi property of the entire human race. . . . [E]xclusive property in birds and wild animals

becomes vested in the person capturing or reducing them to possession. But unless killed, this is a

qualified property, for when restored to their natural wild and free state, the dominion and

individual proprietorship of any person over them is at an end and they resume their status

as common property.” (quoting Hammonds v. Central Ky. Nat. Gas Co., 75 S.W.2d 204, 206

(Ky. 1934), overruled on other grounds by Texas Am. Energy Corp. v. Citizens Fid. Bank & Tr. Co.,

736 S.W.2d 25 (Ky. 1987)); see also Hollywood Park Humane Soc’y v. Town of Hollywood Park,

No. Civ.A.SA03CA1312-XR, 2004 WL 390807, at *5 (W.D. Tex. Jan. 23, 2004) (“However, it is

legally possible for an individual to have qualified property rights in a wild animal. . . . These

property rights are often referred to as qualified, however, because they are lost if the animal regains

its liberty.” (applying Texas common law)).

The Court nevertheless determines that the Code does not “allow[] common law

property rights to arise in breeder deer.” Ante at ___. For this proposition, the Court relies primarily

on two statutory provisions. First, the legislature has mandated that “[n]o person may capture,

transport, or transplant any game animal or game bird from the wild in this state unless that person

has obtained a permit to trap, transport, and transplant from the department.” Tex. Parks & Wild.

7
Code § 43.061(a); see id. § 63.002 (“No person may possess a live game animal in this state for any

purpose not authorized by this code.”). Second, the legislature, in 1997, added a provision making

clear that erecting a high fence does not affect wild animals’ “status . . . as property of the people of

this state.” See Act of May 31, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1256, § 123, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 4732,

4757 (codified at Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 1.013). And the Department goes further than the

Court, proposing a theory of absolute state ownership of wildlife and arguing that “no individual may

own wildlife” and “deer are not amenable to private ownership” because the legislature, in 1991,

defined “wild” in terms of “species, including each individual of a species.”5 See Act of May 24, 1991,

72d Leg., R.S., ch. 424, § 1, 1991 Tex. Gen. Laws 1587, 1587 (codified at Tex. Parks & Wild. Code

§ 1.101(4)). As explained below, however, the statutory provisions the Court relies on do not

prevent a deer breeder who holds a permit from acquiring ownership of breeder deer through legal

captivity under the common law, and the Department is incorrect that the common law rule of

ownership is now “obsolete” because “the Code defines ‘wild’ in terms of a species’[s]

characteristics, not an individual animal’s freedom.”

1. The Court’s analysis

As already noted, the common law rule is that an individual acquires ownership and

property rights in a wild animal when it is “removed from its ‘natural liberty’”—i.e., through legal

capture or some other legal means—“and subjected to ‘man’s dominion.’” Hollywood Park,

5
The Court does not address the Department’s argument that relies on the statutory
definition of “wild,” instead stating that the Court’s “narrower analysis [] is sufficient to dispose of
Peterson’s appeal.” Ante at ___ n.10.

8
261 S.W.3d at 140 (quoting Nicholson, 986 S.W.2d at 60). Additionally, the Code expressly

authorizes the removal of a breeder deer from its natural liberty—“breeder deer may be held in

captivity for propagation in this state”—when “a deer breeder’s permit is issued by the department.”

Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.364.

The Court, however, argues that the Code “is clear that deer breeders have no vested

property interest in their breeder deer” and does not allow “common law property rights to arise in

breeder deer.” Ante at ___. I disagree because the Code does not “clearly” express legislative intent

to abrogate the common law principle providing property rights to deer breeders who legally remove

breeder deer from their natural liberty and subject them to man’s dominion, as I explain more fully

below. See Dealers Elec. Supply Co. v. Scroggins Constr. Co., 292 S.W.3d 650, 660 (Tex. 2009)

(“But abrogation of common-law rights is disfavored, and absent clear legislative intent we have

declined to construe statutes to deprive citizens of common-law rights.”); Energy Serv. Co. of Bowie

v. Superior Snubbing Servs., Inc., 236 S.W.3d 190, 194 (Tex. 2007) (“[S]tatutes can modify common

law rules, but before we construe one to do so, we must look carefully to be sure that was what the

Legislature intended.”); Cash Am. Intern. Inc. v. Bennett, 35 S.W.3d 12, 16 (Tex. 2000) (“A statute

that deprives a person of a common-law right ‘will not be extended beyond its plain meaning or

applied to cases not clearly within its purview.’ . . . We have consistently declined to construe

statutes to deprive citizens of common-law rights unless the Legislature clearly expressed that

intent.” (quoting Satterfield v. Satterfield, 448 S.W.2d 456, 459 (Tex. 1969))).

Moreover, the Court’s analysis does not take into account the temporal nature of

legislative enactments when it “constru[es] all the[] provisions together against the backdrop of

9
[s]ection 1.011 and the common law” to conclude that “breeder deer are public property” and “deer

breeders do not acquire common law property rights in them.” See ante at ___ (citing Marino

v. Lenoir, 526 S.W.3d 403, 409 (Tex. 2017)). If the legislature abrogated the common law, the

abrogation must have occurred at a specific time by a specific statutory enactment. At issue then is

when did the legislature intend to abrogate established common law principles and with what

statutory provisions did it clearly express and effectuate that intent. The Court, however, melds

statutory provisions that were enacted at different times without identifying which specific provision

the legislature enacted at a specific time to clearly express and effectuate its intent to abrogate the

common law principle providing for private ownership of breeder deer through legal captivity. See

ante at ___ (citing Tex. Parks & Wild. Code §§ 1.011(a), 1.013, 43.061(a), 43.351(1), 43.357(a),

43.364, 43.366, 63.001(a), 63.002). Thus, for example, it is unclear if the Court considers the

prohibitions on possession of breeder deer, see Tex. Parks & Wild. Code §§ 43.061(a), 63.002, as

abrogating the common law before the legislature’s 1997 enactment that fences do not affect the

property status of the deer, see id. § 1.013, or if it was only with the culminating 1997 enactment

regarding fences that the common law was abrogated construed in light of the earlier statutory

prohibitions on possession.6 See ante at ___. If the former, then the 1997 enactment as to the fences

6
For similar reasons, I also find the Court’s discussion of the public trust doctrine and the
1907 statutory enactment of section 1.011 codifying the public trust doctrine as largely irrelevant to
the question of whether the legislature abrogated common law principles. See ante at ___. The
Court does not appear to be arguing that the 1907 enactment of section 1.011 clearly expressed the
legislature’s intent to abrogate the common law, and subsequent case law demonstrates this point,
as I describe above. Thus, the proper question is not whether the Court “should not interpret
[s]ection 1.011 as codifying the public trust doctrine because the United States Supreme Court
allegedly rejected that doctrine as a ‘19th-century legal fiction,’” see ante at ___, but whether
section 1.011, or another later enacted statute, clearly expressed the legislature’s intent to abrogate

10
would play no part in the analysis of whether the legislature abrogated the common law with the

earlier enacted statutes. If the latter, then it is the 1997 enactment that must clearly demonstrate the

legislature’s intent to abrogate the common law. But, as I explain below, no statutory provision in

the Code reflects the legislature’s intent to abrogate the common law as to the private ownership of

breeder deer and thus at no specific time did the legislature effectuate such an intent through a

legislative enactment.

The Code expressly provides that “the holder of a valid deer breeder’s permit” may

(1) “engage in the business of breeding deer in the immediate locality for which the permit was

issued;” and (2) “sell, transfer to another person, or hold in captivity live breeder deer for the purpose

of propagation or sale.” Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.357(a); see also id. § 43.364. And the Code

does not prohibit ownership acquired pursuant to common law principles. See id. § 43.364 (“All

breeder deer and increase from breeder deer are under the full force of the laws of this state

pertaining to deer.”); see also id. § 43.366 (“[B]reeder deer held under a deer breeder’s permit are

subject to all laws and regulations of this state pertaining to deer except as specifically provided in

this subchapter.” (emphasis added)). That breeder deer must be “legally held under a permit,”

id. § 43.351(1), which regulates the possession and use of the breeder deer, does not deprive the deer

breeder of its common law property interest in the breeder deer through legal captivity and dominion.

See, e.g., Bartee, 894 S.W.2d at 47–48 (Rickhoff, J., concurring) (noting that “the state has not

defined wild animals so as to absolutely exclude from ownership all white-tailed deer within the

the common law principle that ownership rights in wild animals could be acquired by dominion
through legal captivity. As explained more fully below, the answer to that question, in my opinion,
is no.

11
boundaries of the state” and that analogously “[j]ust because the state heavily regulates personalty

such as handguns or automobiles, it does not follow that individuals may not own them”).7

Moreover, although section 1.013 addresses whether fences affect the property status

of wild animals, the provision does not speak to whether “captivity” affects the property status:

This code does not prohibit or restrict the owner or occupant of land from
constructing or maintaining a fence of any height on the land owned or occupied, and
an owner or occupant who constructs such a fence is not liable for the restriction of
the movement of wild animals by the fence. The existence of a fence does not affect
the status of wild animals as property of the people of this state.

Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 1.013 (emphasis added). Section 1.013 limits its discussion to the

existence of fences and therefore does not prevent ownership through “captivity” and possession of

wildlife. See id. The Code defines “[c]aptivity” as “the keeping of a breeder deer in an enclosure

7
In an analogous situation from oil and gas law—where the rule of capture was adopted
from the doctrine of animals ferae naturae—the Texas Supreme Court recognized that “the law of
capture” is “recognized as a property right” that is “subject to regulation under the police power of
this state” and “the right to be protected against confiscation under the Commission’s oil and gas
rules is not unconditional or unlimited.” Texaco, Inc. v. Railroad Comm’n, 583 S.W.2d 307, 310
(Tex. 1979) (citing Corzelius v. Harrell, 186 S.W.2d 961 (Tex. 1945)); see also Coastal Oil & Gas
Corp. v. Garza Energy Tr., 268 S.W.3d 1, 13 (Tex. 2008) (“The rule of capture is a cornerstone of
the oil and gas industry and is fundamental both to property rights and to state regulation.”); City of
San Marcos v. Texas Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, 128 S.W.3d 264, 270–71 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004,
pet. denied) (“The common-law rule of capture is based on the concept that ownership of a migratory
resource occurs when one exerts control over it and reduces it to possession.” (citing Pierson v. Post,
3 Cai. R. 175, 178, 1805 WL 781 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1805))); but see Humble Oil & Ref. Co. v. West,
508 S.W.2d 812, 817 (Tex. 1974) (noting that Murchison rejected “the doctrine of minerals ferae
naturae,” which provides that when “extraneous gas which was ‘turned loose’ in the earth and
wandered to another’s land, the party injecting the stored gas ceased to be the exclusive owner of
gas,” and instead holding that “the extraneous gas injected for storage by Humble having assumed
the character of personal property, remained its property” (citing Lone Star Gas Co. v. Murchison,
353 S.W.2d 870, 879 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1962, writ ref’d n.r.e.))).

12
suitable for and capable of retaining the breeder deer it is designed to retain at all times under

reasonable and ordinary circumstances and to prevent entry by another deer,” id. § 43.351(3), but

requires that “[a] single enclosure for breeder deer may not contain more than 100 acres,”

id. § 43.360. Importantly, however, the captivity must be under permit pursuant to the laws of the

state—to acquire ownership in wild animals through captivity under common law, the animals must

be removed from their natural liberty legally. See Jones, 45 S.W.2d at 614 (qualifying, on rehearing,

original opinion’s proposition that “wild animals become property removed from their natural liberty

and made subjects of man’s dominion” with the additional proposition “when such animals were

‘legally’ removed”); see also Bilida v. McCleod, 211 F.3d 166, 173 (1st Cir. 2000) (collecting cases

and holding “that a claimant has no property interest in ‘per se contraband,’ i.e., something that it

is illegal merely to possess”); Allen v. Pennsylvania Soc’y for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals,

488 F. Supp. 2d 450, 466 (M.D. Pa. 2007) (recognizing that when animal “property was contraband”

there could be “no legitimate property interest in the animals”).

Thus, for example, section 1.103 would prevent a person lacking a permit from

acquiring ownership in deer contained within high fences because the existence of a fence would not

change the property status of the deer and any captivity or possession of the deer would be illegal.

See Tex. Parks & Wild. Code §§ 43.364 (“All breeder deer and increase from breeder deer . . . may

be held in captivity for propagation in this state only after a deer breeder’s permit is issued by the

department under this subchapter.”), 63.002 (prohibiting possession of “a live game animal,”

including white-tailed deer, except for purposes “authorized by this code”); see also Bartee,

894 S.W.2d at 41 (“A wrongful reducing to possession of creature feræ naturæ cannot form the basis

13
of ownership.” (quoting 3A C.J.S. Animals § 8 (1973))); Bilida, 211 F.3d at 173–74 (“State law

makes illegal possession of raccoons taken from the wild without a permit issued by the Department.

. . . This amounts to saying that, under state law, [the pet raccoon] could not be reduced to private

ownership and lawfully possessed as property without a permit. Needless to say, this would be a

different case if Bilida did have a permit, but she no longer claims ever to have had one.” (emphasis

added)); 3B C.J.S. Animals § 10 (2019) (“Wild animals reduced from a wild state in compliance with

the applicable law become the property of the individual.” (emphasis added)). But, on the other

hand, the Code authorizes deer breeders with a valid permit to take captive-bred white-tailed deer

pursuant to the statutory definition of “captivity,” see Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.357(a)(2), and

legal captivity leads to the acquisition of property interests in wild animals under common law

principles, see, e.g., Hollywood Park, 261 S.W.3d at 140.

Accordingly, section 1.013—or, for that matter, the Code—is not inconsistent with

acquiring property interests in captive-bred white-tailed deer under the common law. The provisions

relied on by the Court do not represent “clear legislative intent” to deprive deer breeders of their

rights under common law to acquire property rights in their breeder deer. See Dealers Elec. Supply,

292 S.W.3d at 660; Cash Am., 35 S.W.3d at 16. It is not the existence of a fence that affects the

property status of the breeder deer, but whether the deer are possessed in legal “captivity” in

accordance with common law principles and pursuant to the statutory scheme—i.e., held under a

legal permit and “in an enclosure [that does not contain more than 100 acres] suitable for and capable

of retaining the breeder deer it is designed to retain at all times under reasonable and ordinary

circumstances and to prevent entry by another deer.” Tex. Parks & Wild. Code §§ 43.351(3), .360.

14
Because it is undisputed that Peterson legally held the breeder deer under permit and in captivity, I

conclude that Peterson acquired a constitutionally protected property interest in the breeder deer and

therefore respectfully dissent from the Court’s contrary conclusion.8

2. The Department’s analysis

The Department, on the other hand, relies on the legislature’s 1991 enactment that

statutorily defines “wild” to mean “a species, including each individual of a species, that normally

lives in a state of nature and is not ordinarily domesticated.” Id. § 1.101(4). The Department claims

that deer breeders holding permits are bailees, and the people of the state, acting through the

8
The Court also asserts, “The Legislature has specifically provided that a breeder’s permit
is valid for only a set amount of time” and “nothing in the statute contemplates that the breeder
retains any rights over breeder deer after the permit expires or is revoked by the Department.” Ante
at ___. From this, the Court claims that “allowing private property rights to arise in breeder deer is
incompatible with the Legislature’s direction that breeder deer are ‘held under a permit’” because
“if breeder deer become private property, the owner’s rights would not depend on the status of the
permit because private property rights are ‘not derived from the legislature.’” Ante at ___ (first
quoting Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.351(1), then quoting Kopplow Dev., Inc. v. City of San
Antonio, 399 S.W.3d 532, 535 (Tex. 2013)). However, although the Texas Supreme Court has
“described the right to own private property” as “‘not derived from the legislature and as preexisting
even constitutions,’” Kopplow Dev., 399 S.W.3d at 535 (quoting Eggemeyer v. Eggemeyer,
554 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. 1977)), it is “the common law and statutes [that] define these rights,”
Evanston Ins. Co. v. Legacy of Life, Inc., 370 S.W.3d 377, 383 (Tex. 2012). The legislature can
place conditions on what gives rise to and maintains the common law right to a property interest in
breeder deer by statutorily defining what constitutes legal captivity—e.g., by requiring that
breeder deer are held under permit. See Tex. Parks & Wild. Code §§ 43.351(1), (3), .360; see also
2 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 393 (St. George Tucker ed., 2d ed.
1803) (“In all these creatures, reclaimed from the wildness of their nature, the property is not
absolute, but defeasible . . . . But while they thus continue my qualified or defeasible property, they
are as much under the protection of the law, as if they were absolutely and indefeasibly mine.”). To
the extent the Court is raising the hypothetical question of whether a deer breeder maintains
ownership over the deer if the Department did not renew the breeder’s permit, that question is not
before the Court on this record and I therefore would not resolve it here.

15
Department, are the bailors. Deer breeders, as bailees, “have only a possessory right that they may

assert against third parties who steal from them,” “[t]hey do not have ownership or any rights

superior to the State.” The Department does not dispute that Texas common law and the statutory

framework permitted private ownership through legal captivity and dominion of wild animals before

1991 because “the Legislature had not yet . . . defined ‘wild’ in terms of species.” But the

Department argues that with the 1991 statutory enactment of the definition of “wild” the state

acquired absolute ownership of all wildlife, thereby making the common law rule “obsolete.”

I agree with the Department that the common law provided for private ownership

through legal captivity and dominion before 1991. But I disagree that the common law rule became

“obsolete” in 1991. If private ownership is per se prohibited because “wild” is defined in terms of

“species” and wild animals are therefore owned by the state regardless of confinement, then the later

1997 statutory enactment declaring that fences do not affect wild animals’ status as property of the

people of this state would be redundant and mere surplusage. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.021

(providing that it is presumed entire statute is intended to be effective); TIC Energy & Chem., Inc.

v. Martin, 498 S.W.3d 68, 74 (Tex. 2016) (“[W]e consider the statute as a whole, giving effect to

each provision so that none is rendered meaningless or mere surplusage.”). The fact that the

legislature specified that the existence of fences does not affect property status, implies that other

conditions—e.g., legal captivity under permit—could affect the property status of wild animals under

common law principles, notwithstanding the 1991 statutory enactment defining “wild” in terms of

species’s characteristics. See Mid-Century Ins. Co. of Tex. v. Kidd, 997 S.W.2d 265, 273 (Tex.

16
1999) (recognizing “the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, the maxim that the

expression of one implies the exclusion of others”).

Moreover, statutory provisions in the Texas Health and Safety Code expressly

contemplate the ownership of wild animals by entities other than the state, which is contrary to the

Department’s theory that the state has absolute ownership in wild animals.9 For example,

section 822.103, enacted in 2001, contemplates that a person may “own . . . a dangerous wild

animal” if “the person holds a certificate of registration for that animal issued by an animal

registration agency.”10 Tex. Health & Safety Code § 822.103. But under the Department’s theory, a

person could not own a dangerous wild animal pursuant to section 822.103 because section 1.011(a)

of the Code prevents any private ownership of any wild animal. Compare id., with Tex. Parks

& Wild. Code § 1.011(a). And the Department’s theory would further upend current property

expectations expressly contemplated by chapter 822—e.g., the ownership of wild animals by circus

companies, biomedical research facilities, zoos and aquariums, and colleges and universities as

9
“In the construction of an act, a court should consider all laws in pari materia, that is to say,
all laws related to the subject of the act and the general system of legislation of which the act forms
a part.” Reed v. State Dep’t of Licensing & Regulation, 820 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. App.—Austin 1991,
no writ); see also State v. Bartee, 894 S.W.2d 34, 45 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1994, no pet.)
(noting that courts may use statutory construction principle of in pari materia in determining
legislative intent where “[s]tatutes that deal with the same general subject . . . or relate to the same
person or thing or class of persons or things, are considered to be in pari materia although they
contain no reference to one another, and although they may have been enacted at different times”).
10
The Department regulated the ownership of dangerous wild animals under chapter 12G
of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code until 1997, when the legislature repealed the chapter. See
House Comm. on Cty. Affairs, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 1362, 77th Leg., R.S. (2001). In 2001,
the legislature passed subchapter E of chapter 822 of the Texas Health and Safety Code,
regulating dangerous wild animals. See Act of April 26, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 54, § 1,
2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 90, 90 (codified at Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 822.101–.116); see also Tex.
Health & Safety Code § 822.102(4) (defining “[d]angerous wild animal”).

17
mascots. See, e.g., Tex. Health & Safety Code § 822.102(a)(6), (8), (10), (11) (exempting these

entities from subchapter E’s requirements); see also id. §§ 822.107–13 (imposing requirements,

restrictions, and liabilities on “[a]n owner of a dangerous wild animal”).11

At issue here, then, is what it means for wild animals—as defined in terms of

species’s characteristics—to be “the property of the people of this state,” see Tex. Parks & Wild.

Code §§ 1.011(a), .101(4), and whether this precludes deer breeders from having private property

rights through legally capturing white-tailed deer in compliance with the Code. “[P]roperty of the

people of this state” is not defined by the Code, although our sister court has explained that “[t]he

phrase ‘property of the people of this state’ has been interpreted . . . to mean that ownership of wild

animals is in ‘the state’ or belongs to ‘the state.’” Hollywood Park, 261 S.W.3d at 140. For this

proposition, Hollywood Park cites Bartee, see id., and Bartee states:

With regard to the ownership of wild animals, we do not find that the various statutes
enacted over the years have departed from the common law. The statutory phrase
‘property of the people of this state’ does not appear to have been interpreted by our
courts. Despite its use in various statutes over the years, our courts have consistently
referred to the ownership of wild animals as being in ‘the state’ or belonging to
‘the state.’

894 S.W.2d at 42. But Bartee relies on three cases that are not interpreting the phrase “the property

of the people of this state” in the statute, rather they are discussing common law principles. See

Wiley, 597 S.W.2d at 5 (“The common law provides that animals ferae naturae belong to the state.”

11
Moreover, the Department’s own rules contemplate private ownership of deer contrary to
its theory of absolute state ownership. See 31 Tex. Admin. Code § 65.133(b) (Tex. Parks & Wildlife
Dep’t, General Provisions) (“[Buck deer held under a scientific breeder’s permit] remain private
property and may be recaptured[.]” (emphasis added)).

18
(citing Jones, 45 S.W.2d at 613–14)); see also Dobie v. State, 48 S.W.2d 289, 290 (Tex. Crim. App.

1932) (describing ownership of wild game as “in the state”); Jones, 45 S.W.2d at 613 (describing

“general principles” of common law and stating “animals ferae naturae belong to the state”). And

one of the cases—Dobie—qualifies its interpretation of public ownership as follows:

The ownership of wild game, so far as it is capable of ownership, is in the state for
the benefit of all its people in common, and it is within the police power of the state
Legislature, subject to constitutional restrictions, to make such general or special
laws as may be reasonably necessary for the protection of public rights in such game,
and within such power is the right to regulate the method of taking or hunting game
in the state.

Id. (emphasis added). Dobie effectively questions whether wild game is even “capable of

ownership” and therefore does not stand for the proposition that wild game is owned by the state as

the term “owned” is traditionally conceived.

Moreover, section 1.011(a) declares wild animals as property “of the people of this

state,” not property of the state. See Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 1.011(a). Wild animals belong to

the state as a sovereign, not as a proprietary owner, so far as wild animals are capable of ownership.

See, e.g., Ex parte Blardone, 115 S.W. 838, 840 (Tex. Crim. App. 1909) (“[T]he common ownership

of game, which otherwise would remain in the body of the people, is lodged in the state, to be

exercised, like all other governmental powers, in the state in its sovereign capacity, to be exercised

in trust for the benefit of the people, and subject, of course, to such regulations and restrictions as

the sovereign power may see fit to impose. Such regulations appropriately fall within the domain

of the police power of the state.” (emphasis added)); 3B C.J.S. Animals § 9 (2019) (“The State’s

ownership of wild animals is in its sovereign, as distinguished from its proprietary, capacity, and it

19
may regulate the taking and reduction to possession of wild animals.”). Thus, we must inquire into

what it means for a sovereign in its sovereign capacity to “own” wild animals, insofar as wild

animals are capable of ownership, and whether this precludes private ownership.

“All statutes are presumed to be enacted by the legislature with full knowledge of the

existing condition of the law and with reference to it.” American Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc.

v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tex. 2001) (quoting McBride v. Clayton, 166 S.W.2d 125, 128

(Tex. 1943)); see also Cities of Conroe, Magnolia, & Splendora v. Paxton, 559 S.W.3d 656, 669

(Tex. App.—Austin 2018, pet. filed) (“Although we generally ascribe the ‘plain’ or ‘ordinary’

meaning to the words chosen, we must also take account of . . . technical meanings apparent

from statutory or jurisprudential context.”). And “we may . . . look to federal cases for guidance

on the meaning of terms not otherwise defined.” Paxton v. City of Dallas, 509 S.W.3d 247, 258

(Tex. 2017).

Here, the development of the U.S. Supreme Court’s understanding of the theory of

public ownership of wild animals from Geer v. Connecticut, 161 U.S. 519 (1896), through Hughes

v. Oklahoma, 441 U.S. 322 (1979), overruling of Geer is instructive,12 and the legislature is

presumed to have enacted the statutory definition of “wild” in 1991 with knowledge of the

U.S. Supreme Court’s jurisprudential statements as to public ownership of wild animals. In

describing this transition, the U.S. Supreme Court explained that “[i]n expressly overruling Geer . . .

12
I agree with the Court that Hughes, 441 U.S. at 335, does not control the validity of
sections 1.011 and 1.101(4) because “Hughes concerned challenges to state statutes under the
Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution” that are not at issue here. Ante at ___.
Nevertheless, Hughes is persuasive in providing an understanding of how sections 1.011 and
1.101(4) should be interpreted, even though Hughes is not binding authority on this issue.

20
this Court traced the demise of the public ownership theory and definitively recast it as ‘but a fiction

expressive in legal shorthand of the importance to its people that a State have power to preserve

and regulate the exploitation of an important resource.’” Sporhase v. Nebraska, ex rel. Douglas,

458 U.S. 941, 950–51 (1982) (quoting Hughes, 441 U.S. at 334); see Hughes, 441 U.S. at 341 & n.5

(Rehnquist, J., dissenting) (noting that State does not own wild creatures within its borders “in any

conventional sense of the word” and even “[t]he Geer Court itself did not use the term ‘ownership’

in any proprietary sense”); see also Baldwin v. Fish & Game Comm’n, 436 U.S. 371, 385 (1978)

(recognizing that “the States’ interest in regulating and controlling those things they claim to ‘own,’

including wildlife, is by no means absolute”); Douglas v. Seacoast Prods., Inc., 431 U.S. 265, 284

(1977) (positing that “[n]either the States nor the Federal Government, any more than a hopeful

fisherman or hunter, has title to these creatures until they are reduced to possession by skillful

capture” and that the “‘ownership’ language” of earlier cases “must be understood as no more than

a 19th-century legal fiction expressing the importance to its people that a State have power to

preserve and regulate the exploitation of an important resource”); Toomer v. Witsell, 334 U.S. 385,

402 (1948) (“The whole ownership theory, in fact, is now generally regarded as but a fiction

expressive in legal shorthand of the importance to its people that a State have power to preserve and

regulate the exploitation of an important resource.”).

The theory of public ownership of wildlife was questioned because there is no basis

for state ownership as understood in the traditional proprietary sense. See, e.g., Baldwin, 436 U.S.

at 392 (Burger, C.J., concurring) (“A State does not ‘own’ wild birds and animals in the same way

that it may own other natural resources such as land, oil, or timber.”). The rationale underlying the

21
demise of the public ownership theory is summarily stated by Justice Holmes in Missouri v. Holland:

“To put the claim of the State upon title is to lean upon a slender reed. Wild birds are not in the

possession of anyone; and possession is the beginning of ownership.” 252 U.S. 416, 434 (1920);

see Idaho ex rel. Evans v. Oregon, 462 U.S. 1017, 1025 (1983) (“[N]o State has a pre-existing

legal right of ownership in the fish[.]” (citing Hughes, 441 U.S. at 329–36)); Geer, 161 U.S. at 540

(Field, J., dissenting) (“The wild bird in the air belongs to no one, but when the fowler brings it to

the earth and takes it into his possession, it is his property. He has reduced it to his control by his

own labor, and the law of nature and the law of society recognize his exclusive right to it.”); Bartee,

894 S.W.2d at 47 (Rickhoff, J., concurring) (noting “property in [wild] animals is acquired by

occupance only” and “[a]s a general rule, wild fish, birds and animals are owned by no one[,

p]roperty rights in them are obtained by reducing them to possession” (first quoting Pierson v. Post,

3 Cai R. 175, 1805 WL 781 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1805); then quoting United States v. Long Cove

Seafood, Inc., 582 F.2d 159, 163 (2d Cir. 1978))); see also Hollywood Park, 2004 WL 390807, at

*5 (“Deer, like fish, are ferae naturae, capable of ownership only by possession and control.”);

3B C.J.S. Animals § 8 (2019) (“No one owns animals in the proprietary sense when they are in

their natural habitat unless and until they are reduced to something akin to possession.”);

Richard A. Epstein, The Modern Uses of Ancient Law, 48 S.C. L. Rev. 243, 251 & n.28 (1997)

(noting that Geer majority relied on “early Roman sources, which were duly mistranslated from

res nullius to res communis”; “[t]he better conclusion was that because wild animals had no

owner, they were considered unowned”); Carol M. Rose, Possession as the Origin of Property,

52 U. Chi. L. Rev. 73, 74 (1985) (“For the common law, possession or ‘occupancy’ is the origin of

22
property.”). This explanation provides context to the qualification enunciated in the Dobie opinion

that “ownership of wild game, so far is it capable of ownership, is in the state for the benefit of all

its people in common.” Dobie, 48 S.W.2d at 290.

In short, “[a] state does not stand in the same position as the owner of a private game

preserve and it is pure fantasy to talk of ‘owning’ wild fish, birds, or animals. Neither the States nor

the Federal Government, any more than a hopeful fisherman or hunter, has title to these creatures

until they are reduced to possession by skillful capture.” Toomer, 334 U.S. at 402; see also Baldwin,

436 U.S. at 405 (Brennan, J., dissenting) (“The lingering death of the [state-ownership] doctrine as

applied to a State’s wildlife, begun with the thrust of Mr. Justice Holmes’ blade in Missouri

v. Holland, 252 U.S. [at 434] . . . and aided by increasingly deep twists of the knife in [intervening

cases] finally became a reality in Douglas v. Seacoast Products, Inc., [431 U.S. at 284].”).

Following the understanding of “public ownership” enunciated in these cases, the

statutory provisions declaring that wild animals are the “property of the people of this state” and

defining “wild” to be a species’s characteristic should not be understood as a traditional conception

of ownership—i.e., proprietorship—over all animals within the species regardless of possession, but

rather as a fiction expressive in legal shorthand of the importance to its people that the state has the

power to preserve and regulate the exploitation of an important resource. See Clajon Prod. Corp.

v. Petera, 854 F. Supp. 843, 851 (D. Wyo. 1994) (interpreting Wyoming’s statutory declaration that

state owns wildlife as “such a claim of ownership [that] is nothing more than a shorthand expression

for preserving the state’s power to regulate natural resources within its borders” (citing Hughes,

441 U.S. at 335–365)), aff’d in part, appeal dismissed in part, 70 F.3d 1566 (10th Cir. 1995);

23
Simpson v. Dep’t of Fish & Wildlife, 255 P.3d 565, 573 (Or. Ct. App. 2011) (interpreting similar

statute as “the state’s property interest in wildlife is sovereign, not proprietary” and that it follows

that “the state’s property interest in wildlife under ORS 498.002(1) is not a proprietary or possessory

interest that amounts to ownership, as ownership is commonly understood” (citing Or. Rev. Stat.

§ 498.002(1))); Potts v. Davis, 610 A.2d 74, 75 n.2 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1990) (interpreting similar

statute as “‘ownership language’” that should be understood “‘as no more than a 19th-century legal

fiction’” (citing Pa. Cons. Stat. § 103; quoting Douglas, 431 U.S. at 284;)), aff’d, 610 A.2d 42 (Pa.

1992) (per curiam).13

Thus, I conclude that deer breeders with a permit have a property interest in their

breeder deer under common law principles after legally taking the deer from their natural liberty and

13
Moreover, if this Court were to construe section 1.011(a) of the Texas Parks & Wildlife
Code taken to its extreme as giving the state actual ownership of all wild animals, rather than
sovereign ownership, the Court’s interpretation may have significant implications for takings or
liability claims against the state for private property damaged by wildlife. See Christy v. Hodel,
857 F.2d 1324, 1334 (9th Cir. 1988) (collecting cases that have rejected a takings claim for private
property damages by protected wildlife and noting federal government does not owe compensation
because “[t]he federal government does not ‘own’ the wild animals it protects, nor does
the government control the conduct of such animals” (citing Douglas v. Seacoast Prods., Inc.,
431 U.S. 265, 284 (1977)); Clajon Prod. Corp. v. Petera, 854 F. Supp. 843, 853 (D. Wyo. 1994)
(“Because wild animals are owned, in the proprietary sense, by no one, including the state, it follows
a fortiori that there has been no physical invasion of the plaintiffs’ property which is attributable to
the state” and thus “the state cannot be held accountable for the animals’ presence or any forage
damage that they cause, and therefore, the plaintiffs’ physical takings claims must fail.”), aff’d in
part, appeal dismissed in part, 70 F.3d 1566 (10th Cir. 1995); Metier v. Cooper Transp. Co.,
378 N.W.2d 907, 914 (Iowa 1985) (interpreting statute that gives “title and ownership” of all wild
game to the state as more properly “characterized as an ownership or title in trust, to conserve natural
resources for the benefit of all Iowans” and “[t]o hold the State liable for all the conduct of its wild
animals in every situation would pose intractable problems, and intolerable risks to the ultimate
ability of the State to administer its trust”); see also Union Pac. R.R. v. Nami, 498 S.W.3d 890,
896–97 (Tex. 2016) (“Broadly speaking, and with various exceptions . . . a person who owns,
possesses, or harbors a wild animal is strictly liable for its actions.”).

24
keeping them in captivity pursuant to state law, while the state maintains sovereign “ownership”—as

a legal fiction and distinguished from proprietary ownership.14 See Hughes, 441 U.S. at 335–36 (“At

the same time, the general rule we adopt in this case makes ample allowance for preserving, in ways

not inconsistent with the commerce clause, the legitimate state concerns for conservation and

protection of wild animals underlying the 19th-century legal fiction of state ownership.”); Munn

v. State of Illinois, 94 U.S. 113, 134 (1876) (“Rights of property which have been created by the

common law cannot be taken away without due process; but the law itself, as a rule of conduct, may

be changed at the will, or even at the whim, of the legislature, unless prevented by constitutional

limitations.”); Bartee, 894 S.W.2d at 47 (Rickhoff, J., concurring) (“Federal and state authority over

wildlife is not based on ownership, but upon the state’s police power to preserve and regulate an

important resource.” (citing Toomer, 334 U.S. at 402)).15 In sum, sovereign “ownership” describes

the state’s authority to regulate wildlife for the benefit of the people in a manner consistent with our

Constitution and the laws of our state, but sovereign ownership of wildlife is not proprietary

14
Because I conclude that Peterson has a constitutionally protected property interest under
common law, I do not address whether Peterson has a property interest under the terms of his permit
as provided by statute. See, e.g., Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.357(a).
15
But see Anderton v. Texas Parks and Wildlife Dep’t, 605 F. App’x 339, 347 (5th Cir.
2015) (per curiam); In re Wheeler, 431 B.R. 158, 160 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2005). However, Anderton
and Wheeler never considered how common law principles applied to taking ownership of wild
animals in relation to the state. Anderton, 605 F. App’x at 348 n.4; Wheeler, 431 B.R. at 160.
Moreover, the Andertons were not permit holders when the deer were killed, making possession
illegal. Anderton, 605 F. App’x at 348 (“Nowhere do the statutes or regulations state that breeder
deer become the property of a permit holder. Regardless, even if they did give ownership of breeder
deer to permit holders, the Andertons were not permit holders when the deer were killed.”).

25
ownership and therefore does not necessarily preclude an individual from acquiring ownership

through legal possession and captivity of wild animals.16

16
The Department makes two additional arguments. First, it argues that “[t]he State’s
conservation of natural resources is premised on public ownership,” citing section 59(a) of article
16 of the Texas Constitution. But section 59(a) of the Texas Constitution is not self executing and
instead requires that “the Legislature shall pass all such laws as may be appropriate thereto.” Tex.
Const. art. XVI, § 59(a); see City of Corpus Christi v. City of Pleasanton, 276 S.W.2d 798, 803 (Tex.
1955) (holding that section 59(a) “was not self enacting” and “[b]y the very terms of the Amendment
the duty was enjoined upon the Legislature to implement the public policy found therein”; “[n]o such
duty was or could have been delegated to the courts” but “[i]t belongs exclusively to the legislative
branch of the government”); see also Neeley v. West Orange-Cove Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist.,
176 S.W.3d 746, 782 (Tex. 2005); Hendee v. Dewhurst, 228 S.W.3d 354, 373 (Tex. App.—Austin
2007, pet. denied). Thus, even assuming that the Conservation Amendment was premised on public
ownership, it is not the province of the judiciary to apply the Conservation Amendment and declare
public ownership of natural resources under that Constitutional provision.
Second, the Department argues that the Texas Supreme Court “held that when the State
grants use of a public resource through a permit, the State retains ‘rights as the owner of the’
resource.” Texas Water Rights Comm’n v. Wright, 464 S.W.2d 642, 648 (Tex. 1971). But in Wright,
“the permittees received only the right to use the water for beneficial purposes,” i.e., “to divert water
for irrigation purposes from the Rio Grande River.” Id. at 644, 647. Here, in contrast, the Code
authorizes a “holder of a valid deer breeder’s permit” to “sell, transfer to another person, or hold in
captivity live breeder deer for the purpose of propagation or sale,” a significantly greater portion of
the bundle of rights constituting property. Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.357(a)(2); see Evanston
Ins. Co. v. Legacy of Life, Inc., 370 S.W.3d 377, 383 (Tex. 2012) (listing core rights in “bundle of
property rights” and noting “[w]e have never required a person to possess the full, unfettered bundle
of property rights for a thing to be classified as their property”). And, as I have shown above, the
common law provides for ownership of wild animals through legal captivity. Moreover, the issue
in Wright concerned the forfeiture of water rights from nonuse of the permit—i.e., the permittees no
longer appropriated any water for beneficial use from the “corpus of the water” that “[t]he State was
at all times the owner.” 464 S.W.2d at 647–48. Thus, the Wright Court held that “Permittees at no
time were vested with the right of non-use of the water for an indefinite period of time. At all
relevant times, the State had rights as the owner of the water.” Id. at 648. In contrast, Peterson held
the breeder deer in legal captivity, was granted more than just a usufructuary right in his permit, and
never stopped relying on his permit to continue breeding his deer consistent with the laws of the
state. Wright is inapposite here.

26
B. What process is due?

Having established that Peterson has a constitutionally protected property interest,

I now turn to what process is due and whether the trial court properly granted the Department’s

motion for summary judgment and denied Peterson’s motion for summary judgment as to Peterson’s

due process claims. As an initial matter, I note that “[t]he constitutional sufficiency of procedures

provided in any situation, of course, varies with the circumstances.” Harrell v. State, 286 S.W.3d 315,

319 (Tex. 2009) (quoting Landon v. Plasencia, 459 U.S. 21, 34 (1982)). Thus, an essential

component of a due process claim is determining the amount of process due given the circumstances.

To determine the amount of process due, three Eldridge factors are balanced: (1) “the private

interest that will be affected by the official action;” (2) “the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such

interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute

procedural safeguards;” and (3) “the Government’s interest, including the function involved and the

fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute procedural requirement would

entail.” Id. at 319–20 (quoting Matthews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 334 (1976)).

Peterson’s motion for summary judgment, however, did not cite, analyze, or provide

evidence of these factors establishing the amount of process due, given his circumstances. Nor did

Peterson address these factors on appeal. Because he did not establish the amount of process

due, Peterson failed to meet his burden of establishing as a matter of law that he is entitled to

summary judgment on his procedural due process claims. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a; City of

Richardson, 539 S.W.3d at 259. The district court did not err in denying Peterson’s motion for

summary judgment.

27
 In addition to arguing that Peterson has no constitutionally protected property interest,

the Department in its motion for summary judgment argued that “even if [Peterson] had a protected

interest and even if he had been denied a transfer permit, the deer-breeder industry’s interest in

prompt permits would outweigh the incidental benefit of the burdensome procedures Peterson

demands: a contested-case hearing for transfer permits.”17 Assuming without deciding that the

Department had sufficiently established that the Eldridge factors weigh against Peterson’s proposed

procedures, the Department nevertheless has not met its summary judgment burden to establish that

the procedures already established under the Code and the CWD Rules satisfy the amount of process

due. In other words, demonstrating that Peterson’s putatively proposed procedures are unduly

burdensome and more than the amount of process due does not meet the Department’s burden to

17
The Department also argued that Peterson lacks standing because he testified in his
deposition that the Department never denied his transfer permit and therefore his alleged injury is
not “concrete and particularized, actual or imminent, not hypothetical.” See DaimlerChrysler Corp.
v. Inman, 252 S.W.3d 299, 304 (Tex. 2008). Peterson responded that he obtained the necessary
transfer permits “because he tested to the level required by the CWD [R]ules to obtain such permits”
and if he had not properly tested and then transferred deer “he would have been subject to criminal
sanctions” and would “have jeopardized his [deer breeder] permit.” See 31 Tex. Admin. Code
§§ 65.89 (Penalties), .99(c) (Violations and Penalties). Peterson also submitted an affidavit that he
“had to reduce the size of [his] herd [from 100 deer to 56] because of the . . . new CWD testing rules
and because the CWD [R]ules, the Parks & Wildlife questioning of ownership, and the restrictions
on release sites have combined to depress the market for breeder deer” and that he would have a
“loss that is more like $7,000.00 to $20,000.00” to comply with the testing requirements. By
alleging that the Code and CWD Rules restricted Peterson’s use of his property and caused him to
incur additional expenses, Peterson has demonstrated “the required actual, concrete, and
particularized infringement of [his] legally protected interests necessary for standing.” See Stop the
Ordinances Please v. City of New Braunfels, 306 S.W.3d 919, 928 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no
pet.) (collecting cases; holding that alleging ordinance restricted use of property, caused additional
expenses, and damaged or destroyed market satisfied standing requirement; and noting plaintiff is
not required to allege “deprivation of a ‘vested right’ constituting a due-process violation to
demonstrate the requisite infringement of a ‘legally protected interest’”).

28
establish as a matter of law that it is entitled to summary judgment because the current established

process under the Code and CWD Rules satisfies the amount of process due.18 Because the

18
The Department argued in its motion that a “‘statewide transport ban’ applied to all deer
breeders would not violate due process” because “Peterson was afforded the process he was due
during the enactment of the legislation and adoption of the rules following notice-and-comment
procedures,” citing Lee v. Texas Workers’ Comp. Comm’n, 272 S.W.3d 806, 818 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2008, no pet.). Before this Court, it asserts that “[e]ven if we assume that Peterson
owns the breeder deer the State has allowed him to possess, he still would have no due-process
claim, because he has received all the process he was due concerning his ability to transfer deer.”
The reasoning, according to the Department, is that the Lee Court held that procedural due process
rights “do not attach where the action resulting in the alleged deprivation of property rights is
legislative, rather than administrative”; “[w]hen the legislature enacts a law that affects a general
class of person, those persons have received procedural due process by the legislative process itself”;
and the same principle applies to administrative procedures when the legislature provides the agency
with discretion and chooses not “to grant further administrative procedures.” See id. at 818.
However Lee concerned an entitlement benefit created by a statute—i.e., Lee’s admission to
an agency’s approved doctor list required for eligibility to treat injured patients and to receive
payment under the workers’ compensation system. See id. at 809 (citing Tex. Labor Code
§ 408.022); see also id. at 816–17. Thus, Lee concerned an alleged property interest that was
“created and . . . defined largely by the language of the statute and the extent to which the entitlement
is couched in mandatory terms.” Id. at 817. The Lee Court then noted the principle that “[w]here,
however, the legislature leaves final determination of which eligible individuals receive benefits to
the unfettered discretion of administrators, no constitutionally protected property interest exists.”
Id. at 817–18 (citing Board of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 567 (1972)).
Concluding that the statute provided the agency with discretion to decide whether a doctor’s
application will be approved, the Lee court held that “there is no constitutionally protected property
interest in being admitted to the approved doctor list under the Texas Workers’ Compensation Act.”
Id. at 819.
Here, in contrast, the property interest is not an entitlement benefit created by statute, but one
arising out of longstanding common law principles, although regulated by statute. Nor does the
Department have “unfettered discretion” in restricting that interest. Although the Department is
authorized to establish “procedures and requirements for the purchase, transfer, sale, or shipment of
breeder deer,” Tex. Parks & Wild. Code § 43.357(b)(5), the legislature also provided that a “holder
of a valid deer breeder’s permit may . . . transfer to another person . . . live breeder deer for the
purpose of propagation or sale,” id. 43.357(a)(2); see Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.016(1) (“‘May’ creates
discretionary authority or grants permission or a power.”). Lee does not control here. By citing Lee
and asserting that due process was satisfied through “the enactment of the legislation and adoption
of the rules following notice-and-comment procedures,” the Department did not meet its burden to
establish that it was entitled to summary judgment on Peterson’s due process claims.

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Department failed to meet its burden to establish as a matter of law that it was entitled to summary

judgment on Peterson’s due process claims, I conclude that the district court erred in granting the

Department’s summary judgment motion and would reverse the order as to that issue.19 See Tex.

R. Civ. P. 166a; City of Richardson, 539 S.W.3d at 259.

C. Attorney’s fees

As to the question of attorney’s fees, I agree with the Court that the district court had

jurisdiction to award attorney’s fees under the Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act (UDJA), including

against Bailey. But “[w]here the extent to which a party prevailed has changed on appeal, our

practice has been to remand the issue of attorney fees to the trial court for reconsideration of what

is equitable and just.” Morath v. Texas Taxpayer & Student Fairness Coal., 490 S.W.3d 826, 885

(Tex. 2016) (remanding attorney’s fee issue “as to all parties”); see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

§ 37.009; Barshop v. Medina Cty. Underground Water Conservation Dist., 925 S.W.2d 618, 637–38

(Tex. 1996). Because my disposition on appeal would substantially affect the district court’s

judgment, I would reverse the district court’s order on attorney’s fees and remand so that the trial

court can address what attorney’s fees, if any, should be awarded under the UDJA. See Morath,

19
On appeal, the Department also challenges jurisdiction over Peterson’s due process claims
under the UDJA as redundant with Peterson’s APA claims. See Texas Dep’t of State Health Servs.
v. Balquinta, 429 S.W.3d 726, 746 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, pet. dism’d) (“[A] trial court lacks
jurisdiction over an additional claim under the UDJA that would merely determine the same issues
and provide what is substantively the same relief that would be provided by the other statutory
remedy.”). Nevertheless, when a party challenges both rules and statutes, as Peterson did, the
“UDJA claims are not barred by the redundant remedies doctrine” because “the [plaintiffs] cannot
attack the constitutionality of the statutes pursuant to Section 2001.038 of the APA.” Patel v. Texas
Dep’t of Licensing & Regulation, 469 S.W.3d 69, 80 (Tex. 2015).

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490 S.W.3d at 885; Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 637–38; Bank of N.Y. Mellon v. Soniavou Books, LLC,

403 S.W.3d 900, 907 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.).

III. CONCLUSION

For these reasons, I concur with the Court’s holding affirming the dismissal of

Peterson’s declaratory judgment and ultra vires claims, but respectfully dissent from affirming the

district court’s order granting the Department’s summary judgment motion, awarding attorney’s fees

to the Department, and denying Peterson’s motion for attorney’s fees. I would instead reverse and

remand as to those issues.

__________________________________________
Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Justices Goodwin, Baker, and Smith

Filed: June 28, 2019

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