People v. Sturgeon

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Appellate Court Date: 2019.07.02
14:48:16 -05'00'

People v. Sturgeon, 2019 IL App (4th) 170035

Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption DONALD E. STURGEON, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. Fourth District
Docket No. 4-17-0035

Filed April 12, 2019

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Logan County, No. 16-CF-9; the
Review Hon. William G. Workman, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Joshua M. Bernstein, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

Jonathan Wright, State’s Attorney, of Lincoln (Patrick Delfino, David
J. Robinson, and Allison Paige Brooks, of State’s Attorneys Appellate
Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
Presiding Justice Holder White and Justice Knecht concurred in the
judgment and opinion.
 OPINION

¶1 In February 2016, the State charged defendant, Donald E. Sturgeon, with (count I)
unlawful participation in methamphetamine manufacturing in that defendant knowingly
participated in the manufacture of 900 grams or more of a substance containing
methamphetamine, (count II) aggravated unlawful participation in methamphetamine
manufacturing in that defendant knowingly participated in the manufacture of 400 grams or
more of a substance containing methamphetamine and the manufacturing occurred within
1000 feet of a school, (count III) unlawful possession of methamphetamine precursors, and
(count IV) unlawful possession of methamphetamine with the intent to deliver. 720 ILCS
646/15(a)(2)(E), 15(a)(2)(D), 15(b)(1)(H), 20(a)(2)(C), 55(a)(2)(A) (West 2016).
¶2 In September 2016, a jury found defendant not guilty of count I but guilty of counts II, III,
and IV. In November 2016, the trial court sentenced defendant to 45 years in prison for count
II, 45 years in prison for count III, and 14 years in prison for count IV and ordered the
sentences to run concurrently.
¶3 Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt for aggravated participation in the manufacture of 400 or more grams of
methamphetamine within 1000 feet of a school, (2) he received ineffective assistance of
counsel, (3) the trial court erred during sentencing by considering his drug addiction as an
“aggravating” factor, (4) the trial court erred by “punishing” him for going to trial after he
rejected the State’s guilty plea offer, and (5) the trial court erred by not identifying various
fines and fees which it imposed. We affirm.

¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 A. The Charges Against Defendant
¶6 In February 2016, the State charged defendant with (count I) unlawful participation in
methamphetamine manufacturing in that defendant knowingly participated in the manufacture
of 900 grams or more of a substance containing methamphetamine, (count II) aggravated
unlawful participation in methamphetamine manufacturing in that defendant knowingly
participated in the manufacture of 400 grams or more of a substance containing
methamphetamine and the manufacturing occurred within 1000 feet of a school, (count III)
unlawful possession of methamphetamine precursors, and (count IV) unlawful possession of
methamphetamine with the intent to deliver. Id.

¶7 B. The Rule 402 Conference
¶8 In August 2016, the trial court conducted a conference pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court
Rule 402(d) (eff. July 1, 2012) (“Upon request by the defendant and with the agreement of the
prosecutor, the trial judge may participate in plea discussions.”).
¶9 At the conference, in exchange for defendant’s pleading guilty to count I, the State offered
to dismiss counts II, III, and IV and agree to a 25-year prison sentence. The trial court noted
that based upon the information in the complaint and defendant’s prior criminal history, the
court was “more inclined to sentence [defendant] in the extended term range of at least 30
years, if not more.” Ultimately, defendant rejected the State’s offer, and a jury trial was
conducted.

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¶ 10 C. The Jury Trial
¶ 11 1. Sergeant Robert Sherren
¶ 12 In September 2016, at defendant’s jury trial, Sergeant Robert Sherren of the Lincoln Police
Department testified that defendant and Ashley Davis were suspected of using and
manufacturing methamphetamine. Sherren stated that on the evening of January 14, 2016, he
saw a vehicle pull into the driveway of the residence located at 1006 7th Street, Lincoln,
Illinois (hereinafter the residence). Sherren observed defendant get out of the vehicle and
ordered him to get on the ground. Sherren stated that defendant “took off running” but that
Sherren caught him a few moments later. Sherren testified that defendant had “thrown an
object” during the chase and that a jar containing a white powdery substance was later found
where the chase had occurred. Sherren stated that after defendant was subdued, he was
handcuffed and placed into the back of a police car. Sherren testified that another officer
believed he smelled methamphetamine at the residence.
¶ 13 On cross-examination, Sherren noted that Brandon Lovelett and Robyn Johnson lived at
the residence and that Rodney Lovelett was the brother of Brandon Lovelett. Sherren stated
that when he pulled into the driveway, one of the Lovelett boys was in the driveway.

¶ 14 2. Officer Ryan Sullivan
¶ 15 Officer Ryan Sullivan, a patrol officer with the Lincoln Police Department, stated that he
was investigating activities related to methamphetamine manufacturing on January 14, 2016.
Sullivan testified that, after a vehicle pulled into the residence, defendant ran out of the vehicle
and Sherren caught him. Sullivan further testified that he then searched defendant and found “a
clear plastic sandwich bag with multiple white pills.” He stated that there were approximately
50 pills, and he found no evidence of a prescription.

¶ 16 3. Rodney Lovelett
¶ 17 Rodney Lovelett testified that he was currently in custody and had five pending criminal
charges against him, including conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine, unlawful
possession of drug paraphernalia, and unlawful possession of hypodermic needles. He stated
that he had a prior conviction for threatening a public official and, in January 2016, he was on
parole for that offense.
¶ 18 Rodney testified that in April 2016, he entered into a cooperation agreement with the State.
In exchange for his testimony, he would plead guilty to a new charge of unlawful possession of
methamphetamine precursors and that the charge for methamphetamine conspiracy would be
dismissed. He noted that he would receive a 5½-year prison sentence.
¶ 19 Rodney stated that both he and Brandon, his brother, were arrested on January 14, 2016.
Rodney testified that Brandon and Robyn Johnson were living at the residence in January
2016. Rodney stated that he used to live at the residence but had recently moved out prior to
defendant’s arrest. Rodney described the general layout of the residence.
¶ 20 Rodney admitted that he used heroin and methamphetamine on January 14, 2016. He
testified that defendant had given him the methamphetamine and prevented him from entering
a room where methamphetamine was later discovered. Rodney further testified that he told the
police that there might be a methamphetamine lab in the residence after defendant was
arrested.

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¶ 21 On cross-examination, Rodney admitted to being a drug addict and that using drugs altered
his thoughts and perception. He also admitted that he did not originally implicate defendant.
Rodney testified that he had never been to prison and did not want to go there. He noted that he
was originally charged with a Class X felony with a 15-year minimum, 60-year maximum
sentence that would be served at 75%. He further noted that as a result of his cooperation
agreement, he would be sentenced only to 5½ years in prison, to be served at 50%.

¶ 22 4. Ashley Davis
¶ 23 Ashley Davis stated that she was currently in custody and that she entered into a
cooperation agreement with the State in September 2016. She noted that as a result of the
agreement, she would plead guilty to unlawful possession of a methamphetamine precursor
and that the State would dismiss a methamphetamine conspiracy charge.
¶ 24 Davis noted that on January 14, 2016, she had used methamphetamine with defendant in a
bedroom at the residence. She stated that the bedroom had Gatorade bottles and funnels. She
testified that later that day, she observed defendant placing methamphetamine into little plastic
bags. She further stated that later that evening, she and defendant were arrested at the
residence.
¶ 25 On cross-examination, Davis conceded that she was a methamphetamine addict and that
she used methamphetamine on January 14, 2016. She noted that she did not implicate
defendant until August 2016. She conceded that as a result of her September 2016 cooperation
agreement with the State, the amount of time she would spend in prison had been drastically
reduced.

¶ 26 5. Special Agent Brian Hayes
¶ 27 Brian Hayes testified that he was a special agent with the Illinois State Police and was
assigned to the Methamphetamine Response Team. Hayes stated that he was dispatched to the
residence. He stated that in one of the bedrooms, he found sulfuric acid, lye, salt, tubing, pliers,
stripped lithium batteries, Gatorade bottles, camp fuel, funnels, coffee filters, and a box of cold
packs. Hayes testified that, based on his experience, these materials were commonly used in
the production of methamphetamine.
¶ 28 Hayes testified that he found two methamphetamine “cooks” at the residence. Hayes noted
that he found a Gatorade bottle in a bedroom, which he believed was used for making
methamphetamine. Hayes stated that he weighed the substance inside the bottle and
photographed the weighing process. Pictures that the trial court admitted into evidence
purported to show that the substance inside the bottle weighed 550.3 grams. Hayes stated that
he took a representative sample of the substance but that the remainder of the substance was
destroyed pursuant to safety protocol. A picture of the representative sample was introduced
into evidence as State’s exhibit 34. Regarding how he weighed the substance, Hayes testified
as follows on direct examination:
“Q. Did you seek to weigh the contents of that [bottle]?
A. Yes.
Q. How do you go about doing that?
A. I take a—I get my scale out. I check the internal components of it with weights.
Then I take a sterile vessel. I will place it on the scale, record the weights on a ***

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 worksheet, as well as photograph it. Then I will empty the contents of the bottle into
that same vessel and record that weight, subtract the empty weight from the total
weight, which gives me my net weight of the contents.
Q. You did that in this case with this [bottle]?
A. Correct.
***
Q. And you calibrated this machine before you used it?
A. Not necessarily calibrated it, but I just checked it against the known weights.”
¶ 29 Hayes stated that he found additional bottles in a bathroom that he believed contained
methamphetamine. Pictures that the trial court admitted into evidence purported to show that
the substance inside the bottles weighed 560.9 grams. Hayes stated that he took a
representative sample of the substance but that the remainder was destroyed for safety
purposes. A picture of this representative sample was introduced into evidence as exhibit 38.
¶ 30 On cross-examination, Hayes noted that he did not attempt to lift fingerprints from the
crime scene. Defense counsel did not cross-examine Hayes regarding how he ensured that the
scale he used to weigh the substance was working properly.

¶ 31 6. Inspector Joseph Meister
¶ 32 Inspector Joseph Meister of the Lincoln Police Department testified that he found
defendant’s state identification card in the bedroom where methamphetamine was found.
Meister stated that he also found an electric grinder that had pseudoephedrine residue inside it.
¶ 33 Meister testified that the residence was “about 609 feet” away from Jefferson Elementary
School. However, Meister never testified how he determined the distance between the
residence and the elementary school. Instead, his only testimony regarding that distance was as
follows:
“Q. As part of your investigation in this case, did you investigate whether 1006 7th
Street [Lincoln, Illinois,] was in proximity to any locations that are considered to be an
aggravating factor?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. And what did your investigation reveal?
A. I learned that [the residence] at 1006 7th Street was about 609 feet from the
Jefferson Elementary School.
Q. And the address of that school is 710 5th Street [Lincoln, Illinois]?
A. Yes.”
¶ 34 The parties later stipulated that Jefferson Elementary School was an active school as of
January 14, 2016. However, the parties did not stipulate that the residence was within 1000 feet
of the school. Defense counsel did not cross-examine Meister regarding how he measured the
distance between the residence and the school.

¶ 35 7. Christie Dostal
¶ 36 Christie Dostal, a forensic scientist with the Illinois State Police Forensic Science Center,
testified that she analyzed substances found at the residence for the presence of controlled
substances. Dostal testified that the substance depicted in exhibit 34 weighed 3 grams and

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 tested positive for methamphetamine. She further testified that the substance depicted in
exhibit 38 weighed 5.2 grams and tested positive for methamphetamine. Dostal, who was
permitted to testify as an expert witness, also testified how she calibrated her scale:
“Q. Describe how you weighed the samples?
A. When I weigh the sample, I place a weighing dish on my balance. I then zero my
balance, and then I then add the sample to the weighing dish and record the weight.
Q. And maybe you mentioned it, but did you calibrate that machine or certify that it
is working properly in terms of weight?
A. Yes. Once a week we use a standard set of weights to check to make sure that the
balance is weighing properly.”

¶ 37 8. Closing Arguments
¶ 38 The State rested following Dostal’s testimony. Defendant declined to testify and presented
no evidence. During closing argument regarding counts I and II, defense counsel argued at
length about the credibility of Ashley Davis and Rodney Lovelett. In essence, defense counsel
argued that these two individuals were not credible because they were drug addicts and
received generous cooperation agreements from the State. Defense counsel further highlighted
that Brandon Lovelett and Robyn Johnson, the individuals who lived at the residence, did not
testify. Defense counsel also argued that Rodney was further biased because his brother lived
at the residence in which the methamphetamine lab was found.
¶ 39 Defense counsel further argued that the State failed to prove that defendant was responsible
for the methamphetamine manufacturing, arguing in part as follows:
“[The State is] trying to say, I suppose, that [defendant] is in control of this meth
lab, in control of it all. He’s the man. Did you hear one witness, one, come in and say
that [defendant] was cooking meth in his meth lab? *** That he had experience, that he
could do all of this stuff? Not one witness. Not one.”
¶ 40 In closing argument, defense counsel did not specifically mention (1) Hayes’s testimony
regarding the accuracy of the scale or (2) Meister’s testimony regarding the distance between
the residence and the school. However, counsel did argue that there were “unanswered
questions” and “inconsistencies” in the State’s evidence. In pertinent part, counsel argued as
follows:
“[Defendant] is presumed innocent right now, presumed innocent right now.
Burden of proof is on the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. There are, when
you dig a little bit, dig a little bit, so many unanswered questions, so many
inconsistencies, so many flaws in the State’s evidence. Unless you just want to assume
or do some guesswork, there is reasonable doubt all over this case, ladies and
gentlemen.
I ask that you strictly scrutinize the evidence. You take some time, as much time as
it takes, and collectively review the evidence; and I believe when you do and you
scratch below the surface, and you really dig into it, I believe the appropriate verdict, a
verdict that is consistent with the evidence in this case, is a verdict of not guilty.”
¶ 41 Counsel concluded by arguing that the State failed to prove defendant guilty of any of the
charges against him.

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¶ 42 9. The Jury’s Verdict
¶ 43 The jury found defendant not guilty of unlawful participation in methamphetamine
manufacturing in that defendant knowingly participated in the manufacture of 900 grams or
more of a substance containing methamphetamine (count I). 720 ILCS 646/15(a)(2)(E) (West
2016).
¶ 44 However, the jury found defendant guilty of three offenses: (1) aggravated unlawful
participation in methamphetamine manufacturing in that defendant knowingly participated in
the manufacture of 400 grams or more of a substance containing methamphetamine and the
manufacturing occurred within 1000 feet of a school (count II), (2) unlawful possession of
methamphetamine precursors (count III), and (3) unlawful possession of methamphetamine
with the intent to deliver (count IV). Id. §§ 15(a)(2)(D), 15(b)(1)(H), 20(a)(2)(C), 55(a)(2)(A).

¶ 45 D. The Sentencing Hearing
¶ 46 In November 2016, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing at which the State
requested a 40-year sentence on count II, a 30-year sentence on count III, and a 14-year
sentence on count IV. In support of this request, the State highlighted defendant’s prior
convictions and noncompliance with parole. Defense counsel requested a sentence “closer to
the 20-year timeframe” based upon defendant’s history of drug addition, his poor upbringing,
and his lack of family support.
¶ 47 The trial court sentenced defendant to 45 years in prison on count II, 45 years in prison on
count III, and 14 years in prison on count IV, and ordered the sentences to run concurrently. In
support of these sentences, the court highlighted defendant’s criminal history and the need for
deterrence. In response to defendant’s argument that he was a drug addict, the court noted that
defendant had previously failed to take advantage of prior opportunities for drug addiction
counseling while he was in prison. Last, the court also assessed various fines and fees against
defendant.
¶ 48 This appeal followed.

¶ 49 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 50 Defendant appeals, arguing that (1) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt for aggravated participation in the manufacture of 400 or more grams of
methamphetamine within 1000 feet of a school, (2) he received ineffective assistance of
counsel, (3) the trial court erred during sentencing by considering his drug addiction as an
“aggravating” factor, (4) the trial court erred by “punishing” him for going to trial after he
rejected the State’s guilty plea offer, and (5) the trial court erred by not identifying various
fines and fees which it imposed. We address these arguments in turn.

¶ 51 A. Defendant’s Argument That the Evidence Was Not Sufficient
¶ 52 Defendant first argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he
participated in the manufacture of 400 or more grams of methamphetamine within 1000 feet of
a school. To convict defendant of this offense, the State was required to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that (1) defendant knowingly participated in the manufacture of a substance
containing methamphetamine, (2) the weight of the substance containing methamphetamine
weighed 400 grams or more, and (3) the participation took place within 1000 feet of real

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 property comprising a school. Defendant concedes that the State proved the first proposition
but argues it failed to prove the propositions related to weight and distance. We disagree.

¶ 53 1. The Standard of Review
¶ 54 The State bears the burden of proving each element of an offense beyond a reasonable
doubt. People v. Gray, 2017 IL 120958, ¶ 35, 91 N.E.3d 876. When a defendant challenges his
conviction arguing that the evidence was not sufficient to prove him guilty, a reviewing court
must (1) consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and (2) determine
whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. People v. Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48, 1 N.E.3d 888.
¶ 55 “It remains the firm holding of this court that the testimony of a single witness, if positive
and credible, is sufficient to convict, even though it is contradicted by the defendant.” People v.
Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213, 228, 920 N.E.2d 233, 242 (2009). “It is the responsibility of
the trier of fact to resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable
inferences from the facts.” People v. Bradford, 2016 IL 118674, ¶ 12, 50 N.E.3d 1112.
“Accordingly, a reviewing court will not substitute its judgment for that of the fact finder on
questions involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses.” People v.
McGath, 2017 IL App (4th) 150608, ¶ 26, 83 N.E.3d 671.
¶ 56 A reviewing court will not reverse a defendant’s conviction “simply because there is
contradictory evidence or because the defendant claims a witness was not credible.” People v.
Mendez, 2013 IL App (4th) 110107, ¶ 17, 985 N.E.2d 1047. Instead, a reviewing court will
reverse a defendant’s conviction only when the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or
unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt. People v. Daniels,
2016 IL App (4th) 140131, ¶ 94, 58 N.E.3d 902.

¶ 57 2. Enhancing Factors Based Upon Weight and Location
¶ 58 The Methamphetamine Control and Community Protection Act (Act), as it existed at the
time of the offense, stated that it was “unlawful to knowingly participate in the manufacture of
methamphetamine with the intent that the methamphetamine or a substance containing
methamphetamine be produced.” 720 ILCS 646/15(a)(1) (West 2016). A defendant who
participated in the manufacture of 400 or more grams but less than 900 grams of
methamphetamine or a substance containing methamphetamine was guilty of a Class X felony
and subject to a term of imprisonment of 12 to 50 years. Id. § 15(a)(2)(D). The Act further
provided that an individual committed aggravated participation in methamphetamine
manufacturing if “the methamphetamine manufacturing occurs within 1,000 feet of a place of
worship or parsonage, or within 1,000 feet of the real property comprising any school.” Id.
§ 15(b)(1)(H). If an individual was convicted of aggravated participation in the manufacture of
400 grams or more of methamphetamine, he was guilty of a Class X felony and subject to a
term of imprisonment of not less than 15 years and not more than 60 years. Id. § 15(b)(2)(D).

¶ 59 3. Sufficiency of the Evidence: Weight
¶ 60 Defendant argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he
participated in manufacturing 400 or more grams of methamphetamine because Hayes did not
“calibrate” his scale. We disagree.

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¶ 61 In this case, Hayes testified that he weighed two methamphetamine “cooks,” which
respectively weighed 550.3 and 560.9 grams. Regarding how he weighed the first “cook,”
Hayes testified as follows:
“Q. Did you seek to weigh the contents of that [bottle]?
A. Yes.
Q. How do you go about doing that?
A. I take a—I get my scale out. I check the internal components of it with weights.
Then I take a sterile vessel. I will place it on the scale, record the weights on a ***
worksheet, as well as photograph it. Then I will empty the contents of the bottle into
that same vessel and record that weight, subtract the empty weight from the total
weight, which gives me my net weight of the contents.
Q. You did that in this case with this [bottle]?
A. Correct.
***
Q. And you calibrated this machine before you used it?
A. Not necessarily calibrated it, but I just checked it against the known weights.”
(Emphasis added.)
¶ 62 We first note that the jury had the responsibility, not this court, to determine Hayes’s
credibility and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from his testimony. McGath, 2017 IL
App (4th) 150608, ¶ 26. Certainly, based on Hayes’s testimony, a jury could have found that
the scale was not calibrated and therefore any resulting measurement was invalid. However, as
shown by the jury’s verdict, the jury in this case found that the scale was working correctly and
that Hayes’s testimony was credible. This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the
jury on questions involving the weight of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses. Id.
Moreover, the testimony of a single witness, if positive and credible, is sufficient to prove a
defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 228.
¶ 63 Second, this court must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State.
Brown, 2013 IL 114196, ¶ 48. In this case, Hayes stated that he “checked [the scale] against the
known weights.” Christie Dostal, a forensic scientist tendered as an expert witness, later
testified that she ensured that her scale was working by using “a standard set of weights to
make sure that the [scale] is weighing properly.” Dostal’s expert testimony essentially
endorsed Hayes’s lay testimony regarding how he ensured that his scale was working properly.
When Hayes’s testimony is considered in the light most favorable to the State, a reasonable
jury could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Siguenza-Brito,
235 Ill. 2d at 228.
¶ 64 We add that the testimony of Hayes upon which defendant relies in support of this
argument is inherently ambiguous. That is, a jury could reasonably find that the steps Hayes
described in his testimony regarding his efforts to ensure the scale was accurate constituted
“calibrating the machine.” Yet, when Hayes was specifically asked if he calibrated the
machine before he used it, he responded, “Not necessarily calibrated it, but I just checked it
against the known weights.” We note that neither the prosecutor nor defense counsel asked
Hayes to clarify this answer.
¶ 65 Part of the difficulty in understanding Hayes’s testimony on this matter is uncertainty
regarding the term “calibrated.” That is, what did Hayes understand that term to mean and was

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 his understanding of that term commonly shared by the public—in this case, the jury? Further,
Hayes’s qualifying his answer by using the adverb “not necessarily” causes additional
uncertainty as to what he meant.
¶ 66 Given that the State needed to prove this element of weight beyond a reasonable doubt, the
prosecutor could have—and should have—asked Hayes to clarify his testimony. In the absence
of that clarification, defense counsel might have argued in closing that Hayes’s testimony was
too uncertain to warrant a guilty verdict, or the jury might have reached that conclusion on its
own. And we note that defense counsel did make this argument (although somewhat obliquely)
when he asserted in closing argument that there were “so many unanswered questions, so many
inconsistencies, so many flaws” in the State’s case.
¶ 67 In any event, for the reasons previously stated, we conclude that the jury could have found
Hayes’s testimony sufficient to prove that the weight of the substance containing
methamphetamine weighed 400 grams or more.

¶ 68 4. Sufficiency of the Evidence: Distance
¶ 69 Defendant next argues that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the
residence was within 1000 feet of a school. 720 ILCS 646/15(b)(1)(H) (West 2016). We
disagree.
¶ 70 In this case, Inspector Meister testified that the residence was “about 609 feet” away from
Jefferson Elementary School. However, as shown below, Meister never testified how he
determined the distance between the residence and the school:
“Q. As part of your investigation in this case, did you investigate whether 1006 7th
Street [Lincoln, Illinois,] was in proximity to any locations that are considered to be an
aggravating factor?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. And what did your investigation reveal?
A. I learned that [the residence] at 1006 7th Street was about 609 feet from the
Jefferson Elementary School.
Q. And the address of that school is 710 5th Street [Lincoln, Illinois]?
A. Yes.”
¶ 71 We first note that the jury, not this court, was responsible for determining Meister’s
credibility. McGath, 2017 IL App (4th) 150608, ¶ 26. Certainly, based on Meister’s rather
limited testimony regarding distance, the jury could have found that the State had failed to
establish the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. However, as shown by the
jury’s verdict, the jury in this case found Meister’s testimony to be credible and sufficient and
therefore found that the manufacturing occurred within 1000 feet of the school.
¶ 72 Second, we must consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the State. Id.
Meister testified that the residence was “about 609 feet” away from the school. Defendant did
not cross-examine Meister nor did he introduce any evidence that casts doubt upon Meister’s
testimony.
¶ 73 Before this court, defendant challenges Meister’s testimony by raising the following
questions: “How did Meister ‘learn’ that the school is 609 feet away? Did he use an
instrument? If so, what instrument?”

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¶ 74 These are all legitimate questions that could have been pursued at trial by either the
prosecutor or defense counsel but were not. So, this court, like the jury, must determine the
meaning of Meister’s testimony absent any helpful clarification.
¶ 75 In construing Meister’s testimony, we conclude that his response to the question, “And
what did your investigation reveal,” that he learned the residence “was about 609 feet” from
the school does not necessarily imply this information was something Meister was told by a
third party. Instead, in context, his response could mean—and probably did—that this distance
of “about 609 feet” was something he “learned” as a result of his personal efforts.
¶ 76 When Meister’s testimony is considered in the light most favorable to the State, a
reasonable jury could find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 228. Therefore, we affirm defendant’s conviction because a
reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant participated in the
manufacture of 400 or more grams of methamphetamine within 1000 feet of a school. See
Daniels, 2016 IL App (4th) 140131, ¶ 94.
¶ 77 Although we have affirmed defendant’s conviction, this is not an endorsement of the
State’s handling of this case. The State should have introduced more evidence to demonstrate
that the residence was within 1000 feet of the school. Such evidence should have included a
foundation for Meister’s testimony, such as testimony regarding how he determined the
distance between the residence and the school.

¶ 78 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 79 Alternatively, defendant argues that his attorney was ineffective for failing to
cross-examine (1) Meister regarding how he measured the distance and (2) Hayes regarding
how he calibrated the scale. We disagree.

¶ 80 1. The Applicable Law
¶ 81 The sixth amendment guarantees a defendant the right to effective assistance of counsel at
all critical stages of a criminal proceeding. U.S. Const., amend. VI; People v. Hughes, 2012 IL
112817, ¶ 44, 983 N.E.2d 439. To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the
defendant must show that counsel’s performance was (1) deficient and (2) prejudicial. People
v. Westfall, 2018 IL App (4th) 150997, ¶ 61, 115 N.E.3d 1148.
¶ 82 To establish deficient performance, a defendant must demonstrate that his attorney’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Id. ¶ 62. This court is highly
deferential of counsel’s performance. McGath, 2017 IL App (4th) 150608, ¶ 38. We use this
deferential standard because there “are countless ways to provide effective assistance in any
given case. Even the best criminal defense attorneys would not defend a particular client in the
same way.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689 (1984).
¶ 83 The defendant must overcome the strong presumption that the challenged action or
inaction may have been the product of sound trial strategy. People v. Manning, 241 Ill. 2d 319,
327, 948 N.E.2d 542, 547 (2011). Counsel’s strategic choices are virtually unchallengeable on
appeal. Id. at 333. Whether and how to conduct a cross-examination is generally a matter of
trial strategy. People v. Jackson, 2018 IL App (1st) 150487, ¶ 26, 105 N.E.3d 996. The content
of a closing argument is generally a matter of trial strategy. People v. Shamlodhiya, 2013 IL

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 App (2d) 120065, ¶ 15, 986 N.E.2d 204. To this point, the United States Supreme Court has
reasoned as follows:
“[C]ounsel has wide latitude in deciding how best to represent a client, and deference to
counsel’s tactical decisions in his closing presentation is particularly important because
of the broad range of legitimate defense strategy at that stage. Closing arguments
should sharpen and clarify the issues for resolution by the trier of fact [citation], but
which issues to sharpen and how best to clarify them are questions with many
reasonable answers.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Yarborough v. Gentry, 540
U.S. 1, 5-6 (2003).
¶ 84 To establish prejudice, a defendant must show that, but for counsel’s errors, there is a
reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different. Westfall,
2018 IL App (4th) 150997, ¶ 63. A reasonable probability is a probability which undermines
confidence in the outcome of the trial. Id.
¶ 85 A defendant’s failure to satisfy either prong negates a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel. People v. Fellers, 2016 IL App (4th) 140486, ¶ 23, 77 N.E.3d 994. When a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel was not raised at the trial court, this court’s review is de novo.
People v. Lofton, 2015 IL App (2d) 130135, ¶ 24, 42 N.E.3d 885.

¶ 86 2. This Case
¶ 87 a. Defense Counsel’s Performance Was Not Deficient
¶ 88 We first conclude that defendant fails to show that counsel’s performance was deficient. In
this case, defense counsel did not directly challenge the weight of the methamphetamine or the
distance between the residence and the school. However, counsel argued that defendant was
not responsible for manufacturing the methamphetamine. To this point, counsel argued as
follows:
“[The State is] trying to say, I suppose, that [defendant] is in control of this meth
lab, in control of it all. He’s the man. Did you hear one witness, one, come in and say
that [defendant] was cooking meth in his meth lab? *** That he had experience, that he
could do all of this stuff? Not one witness. Not one.”
¶ 89 If the jury found this argument persuasive (as it could have), it would have found defendant
not guilty of manufacturing 400 or more grams of methamphetamine within 1000 feet of a
school. Counsel could have reasonably concluded that a jury would find this argument more
credible than explicitly arguing that the State failed to prove the weight of the
methamphetamine or the distance between the residence and the school. We conclude this
“all-or-nothing” argument was not an unreasonable trial strategy. See Shamlodhiya, 2013 IL
App (2d) 120065, ¶¶ 16-25 (counsel’s “all-or-nothing” closing argument that defendant was
not guilty on grounds of self-defense and characterizing the possibility of involuntary
manslaughter as a “compromised” verdict was not ineffective assistance of counsel).
¶ 90 Counsel also argued at length about the credibility of Davis and Rodney. Defense counsel
emphasized they were drug addicts who, after receiving generous cooperation agreements
from the State, testified against defendant. Davis and Rodney both admitted to using
methamphetamine and other narcotics on the day of defendant’s arrest. Their testimony was
crucial to convict defendant of participation in drug manufacturing. We conclude that it was
reasonable trial strategy for counsel to focus his efforts on attacking their credibility instead of

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 directly focusing on the weight of the methamphetamine and the distance between the
residence and the school. We note again this strategic decision is “virtually unchallengeable”
on appeal. Manning¸ 241 Ill. 2d at 333.
¶ 91 Furthermore, whether and how to cross-examine the State’s witnesses is generally a matter
of trial strategy. Jackson, 2018 IL App (1st) 150487, ¶ 26. Counsel could have reasonably
concluded that (1) cross-examining Hayes regarding the weight of the methamphetamine and
(2) cross-examining Meister regarding the distance between the residence and the school
would serve no purpose other than to give the State an opportunity to strengthen its case on
redirect examination.
¶ 92 Moreover, although defense counsel’s closing argument did not explicitly mention
Hayes’s testimony regarding weight or Meister’s testimony regarding distance, counsel did
argue that the State’s evidence was insufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. Counsel argued there were “so many unanswered questions, so many inconsistencies,
so many flaws in the State’s evidence,” and he encouraged the jury to “strictly scrutinize the
evidence.” Apparently, the jury ultimately rejected counsel’s argument regarding the
sufficiency of the State’s evidence. Nonetheless, counsel had “wide latitude” regarding the
style and substance of his closing argument. Gentry, 540 U.S. at 5-6. We conclude that
defendant falls far short of demonstrating that his attorney’s performance during closing
argument fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.
¶ 93 In passing, we note that the jury found defendant not guilty of count I (unlawful
participation in methamphetamine manufacturing in that defendant knowingly participated in
the manufacture of 900 grams or more of a substance containing methamphetamine). This not
guilty verdict on count I is evidence that counsel’s strategy of attacking the credibility of Davis
and Lovelett and arguing that defendant was not the individual responsible for
methamphetamine manufacturing was reasonable.

¶ 94 b. Defendant Fails to Show That He Was Prejudiced by Counsel’s Performance
¶ 95 Second, even if we were to assume that counsel’s performance was deficient, we conclude
that defendant fails to show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s performance. For example, if
counsel would have cross-examined Meister about how he determined distance, the State
would likely have engaged in a lengthy redirect examination in which Meister would have
testified about how he determined the residence was within 1000 feet of a school. Likewise,
had counsel cross-examined Hayes about whether the scale was working accurately, this likely
would have prompted a thorough redirect examination from the State during which Hayes
could have testified about his experience and what efforts he took to ensure that the scale was
working properly. In short, cross-examination as defendant suggests would have almost
certainly resulted in the State introducing further evidence on redirect examination, thereby
“tuckpointing” its case.
¶ 96 An experienced defense counsel might understand and appreciate the deficiencies in the
State’s presentation of the testimony of Hayes and Meister (which deficiencies we have
already discussed) and choose—entirely appropriately—to not pursue cross-examination of
these witnesses that would give the State the opportunity to present the additional information
to the jury that the State should have provided in the first place. Accordingly, defendant’s
ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails.

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¶ 97 Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim also fails because defendant’s claim of
prejudice is entirely speculative. That is, defendant’s argument is premised upon the claim that
had defense counsel “appropriately” cross-examined Hayes and Meister, he would have forced
them to disclose that their respective testimonies about weight and distance had flawed or no
foundation. However, nothing in this record supports this claim. And, indeed, as we noted
earlier, we suspect that counsel’s efforts in this regard would have served only to “tuckpoint”
the State’s case.
¶ 98 We emphasize again that to establish prejudice, a defendant must show that, but for
counsel’s errors, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have
been different. Westfall, 2018 IL App (4th) 150997, ¶ 63. The sort of speculation that
defendant asks this court to engage in here falls far short of that requirement.

¶ 99 C. Defendant’s Drug Addiction
¶ 100 Defendant next argues that the trial court erred during sentencing because it considered his
drug addiction as an “aggravating factor” rather than a “mitigating factor.” We categorically
reject defendant’s argument.

¶ 101 1. The Applicable Law
¶ 102 “All penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with
the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. “The
trial court has broad discretionary powers when selecting an appropriate sentence.” People v.
Garcia, 2018 IL App (4th) 170339, ¶ 37, 99 N.E.3d 571. The trial court’s sentence must be
based upon the particular circumstances of the case, including (1) the defendant’s history,
character, and rehabilitative potential; (2) the seriousness of the offense; (3) the need to protect
society; and (4) the need for punishment and deterrence. Id.
¶ 103 Whether the trial court relied upon an improper factor at sentencing is a question of law
reviewed de novo. People v. Arbuckle, 2016 IL App (3d) 121014-B, ¶ 39, 60 N.E.3d 185.
“There is a strong presumption that the trial court based its sentencing determination on proper
legal reasoning, and a court of review should consider the record as a whole, rather than
focusing on a few words or statements by the trial court.” People v. Canizalez-Cardena, 2012
IL App (4th) 110720, ¶ 22, 979 N.E.2d 1014. The defendant bears the burden to affirmatively
establish that the sentence was based on an improper factor. People v. Williams, 2018 IL App
(4th) 150759, ¶ 18, 99 N.E.3d 590. The appellate court will not reverse a sentence unless it is
evident that the trial court relied upon an improper factor. People v. Bowen, 2015 IL App (1st)
132046, ¶ 49, 38 N.E.3d 98.
¶ 104 The weight to be given to any proper factor, however, is left to the sound discretion of the
trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Id. A sentence
imposed within the statutory range provided by the legislature is presumed to be proper.
People v. Charleston, 2018 IL App (1st) 161323, ¶ 16. A trial court’s sentence is an abuse of
discretion only if it is greatly at odds with the spirit and purpose of the law or is manifestly
disproportionate to the nature of the offense. Arbuckle, 2016 IL App (3d) 121014-B, ¶ 47.
¶ 105 The Unified Code of Corrections (Unified Code) (730 ILCS 5/1-1-1 et seq. (West 2016))
prescribes mitigating and aggravating factors that the trial court must consider when
determining an appropriate sentence. People v. Brunner, 2012 IL App (4th) 100708, ¶¶ 43-45,

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 976 N.E.2d 27. Under the Unified Code, drug addiction is not an explicit factor in mitigation or
aggravation. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1, 5-5-3.2 (West 2016). Thus, the trial court is not required to
view drug addiction as a mitigating factor. People v. Madej, 177 Ill. 2d 116, 139, 685 N.E.2d
908, 920 (1997). Instead, a history of substance abuse is a “double-edged sword” that the trial
court may view as a mitigating or aggravating factor. People v. Mertz, 218 Ill. 2d 1, 83, 842
N.E.2d 618, 662 (2005). To this point, the Illinois Supreme Court has explained as follows:
“[Defendant’s] premise is that since drugs are partly to blame for his actions, the
defendant is somehow less culpable and should not suffer the ultimate penalty for his
criminal behavior. Simply stated, the sentencing judge was under no legal obligation to
subscribe to this suggestion. To the contrary, the sentencing judge was free to
conclude, under the circumstances, that defendant’s drug history simply had no
mitigating value but was, in fact, aggravating.” People v. Shatner, 174 Ill. 2d 133, 160,
673 N.E.2d 258, 270 (1996).

¶ 106 2. This Case
¶ 107 In hyperbolic language, defendant argues that the trial court’s “reliance on [defendant’s]
criminal history without acknowledging the patently obvious connection of these offenses to
his substance abuse problem weaponized his addiction against him. It turned a mitigating
factor into an aggravating factor.” We reject defendant’s argument.
¶ 108 First, we conclude that defendant’s drug addiction is not a per se mitigating factor. See 730
ILCS 5/5-5-3.1 (West 2016). Instead, the trial court may view drug addiction as an aggravating
factor, if it is so inclined. Shatner, 174 Ill. 2d at 160. Accordingly, the trial court did not
“weaponize” defendant’s addiction while sentencing him. Instead, the court could have
properly concluded that defendant’s drug addiction lessened his rehabilitative potential,
increased the seriousness of the offense, increased the need to protect society, and increased
the need for deterrence. Id.; see Garcia, 2018 IL App (4th) 170339, ¶ 37. Thus, we conclude
that the trial court did not consider an improper factor when sentencing defendant. Arbuckle,
2016 IL App (3d) 121014-B, ¶ 39.
¶ 109 Second, although the trial court’s sentence exceeded the State’s request, the sentence was
still within the statutory range provided by the legislature. See 720 ILCS 646/15(a)(2)(D)
(West 2016). We also note that the trial court was not bound by the State’s sentencing
recommendation. People v. Means, 2017 IL App (1st) 142613, ¶ 16, 74 N.E.3d 43. Further, the
court reasoned that defendant’s prior criminal history and the need for deterrence required a
longer criminal sentence. See Garcia, 2018 IL App (4th) 170339, ¶ 37. Based upon all of this,
we conclude that the trial court’s sentence was not an abuse of discretion. Charleston, 2018 IL
App (1st) 161323, ¶ 16.

¶ 110 D. The “Trial Tax”
¶ 111 Defendant next argues that the trial court “improperly punished” him for exercising his
right to trial. We disagree.

¶ 112 1. The Applicable Law
¶ 113 A trial court may not punish a defendant for exercising his right to a trial. People v.
Johnson, 2018 IL App (1st) 153634, ¶ 18, 107 N.E.3d 333. It must be “clearly evident” that a

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 harsher sentence resulted from a defendant’s demand for a trial. People v. Jones-Beard, 2019
IL App (1st) 162005, ¶ 26. “This evidence can come when a trial court makes explicit remarks
concerning the harsher sentence [citations], or where the actual sentence is outrageously higher
than the one offered during plea negotiations [citation].” Id. However, “the mere fact that the
defendant was given a greater sentence than that offered during plea bargaining does not, in
and of itself, support an inference that the greater sentence was imposed as a punishment for
demanding a trial.” People v. Carroll, 260 Ill. App. 3d 319, 348, 631 N.E.2d 1155, 1174
(1992). In determining whether it is clearly evident that a harsher sentence resulted from a
defendant’s demand for a trial, the appellate court considers the record as a whole instead of
focusing on isolated statements made by the trial court. Jones-Beard, 2019 IL App (1st)
162005, ¶ 26.
¶ 114 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 402(d)(1) (eff. July 1, 2012) states that the trial court “shall
not initiate plea discussions.” However, at the request of both the State and the defendant, the
rule provides that the trial court “may participate in plea discussions.” Id. At the end of the
Rule 402(d) conference, the trial court “may make a recommendation as to what an appropriate
sentence would be.” Id.

¶ 115 2. This Case
¶ 116 Here, the trial court conducted a conference pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule
402(d) (eff. July 1, 2012), in which in exchange for defendant’s pleading guilty to count I, the
State offered to dismiss counts II, III, and IV and agreed to a 25-year prison sentence. The trial
court noted that based upon the information in the complaint and defendant’s prior criminal
history, the court was “more inclined to sentence [defendant] in the extended term range of at
least 30 years, if not more.” Ultimately, defendant rejected the State’s offer and proceeded to
trial. The trial court later sentenced defendant to 45 years in prison for count II, 45 years in
prison for count III, and 14 years in prison for count IV and ordered the sentences to run
concurrently.
¶ 117 We conclude that it is not “clearly evident” that the trial court punished defendant for
exercising his right to a trial. See Jones-Beard, 2019 IL App (1st) 162005, ¶ 26. First, the trial
court was not bound by the State’s sentencing recommendation. Means, 2017 IL App (1st)
142613, ¶ 16. Second, it is not clearly evident that the trial court imposed a harsher sentence
because of defendant’s jury demand. Regarding the Rule 402(d) conference, the trial court
stated that it was “inclined to sentence [defendant] in the extended term range of at least 30
years, if not more.” The phrase “if not more” certainly includes the trial court’s ultimate
sentence of 45 years. Defendant fails to cite any other statement which could establish that the
trial court punished him for exercising his right to a trial. Accordingly, we conclude that the
trial court did not impose a harsher sentence as a result of defendant’s demand for a jury trial.
See Jones-Beard, 2019 IL App (1st) 162005, ¶ 26.
¶ 118 In passing, we note that trial courts may avoid the issue raised in this appeal by declining to
engage in Rule 402(d) conferences. Ill. S. Ct. R. 402(d) (eff. July 1, 2012). Rule 402(d) permits
but does not require trial courts to engage in such conferences, and many experienced trial
judges refuse to engage in such conferences because those judges deem them both unseemly
and unnecessary. Experience also shows that the number of negotiated guilty pleas before such
judges is no less than the number of negotiated guilty pleas arising from Rule 402(d)
conferences.

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¶ 119 E. Fines and Fees
¶ 120 Last, defendant argues we “should remand this matter with instructions to the trial court to
identify and specify the elements of the ‘Court Costs’ imposed, as well as the statutory
authority for those elements.” Commendably, the State investigated this matter and concedes
that the trial court improperly fined defendant $240. Defendant has accepted the State’s
concession. However, while this appeal was pending, the Illinois Supreme Court promulgated
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 472 (eff. Mar. 1, 2019). This rule provides that in criminal cases,
the trial court “retains jurisdiction” even during “the pendency of an appeal” to correct
“[e]rrors in the imposition or calculation of fines, fees, assessments, or costs.” Ill. S. Ct. R.
472(a)(1) (eff. Mar. 1, 2019). Accordingly, we decline to address this matter because the trial
court still has jurisdiction to correct the error.

¶ 121 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 122 For the reasons stated, we affirm defendant’s conviction. As a part of our judgment, we
award the State its $75 statutory assessment against defendant as costs of this appeal. 55 ILCS
5/4-2002(a) (West 2016).

¶ 123 Affirmed.

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