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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
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No. 18-13815
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 8:17-cv-01441-JSS
RAY ZOSLOW,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant-Appellee.
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Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
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(July 9, 2019)
Before TJOFLAT, JILL PRYOR, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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Ray Zoslow appeals the district court’s order affirming the administrative
law judge’s (“ALJ”) decision that he was not eligible to continue to receive
disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), because he
could perform jobs that existed in significant numbers in the national economy,
and, thus, he was not “disabled” under the Social Security Act. Zoslow argues that
the ALJ violated Social Security Ruling 00-4p (“SSR 00-4p”), because it did not
expressly resolve conflicts between two Vocational Experts’ (“VE”) testimony that
he could work as both as sales attendant and an advertising materials distributor,
and the U.S. Department of Labor’s Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”)
descriptions of the duties required of those jobs. He also argues that the ALJ erred
by relying on the VEs’ testimony that 236,000 assembler jobs existed in the
national economy.
In a social security case, when appropriate, we review the agency’s legal
conclusions de novo, and its factual findings to determine whether they are
supported by substantial evidence. Ingram v. Comm=r of Soc. Sec., 496 F.3d 1253,
1260 (11th Cir. 2007). “The federal ‘harmless-error’ statute, now codified at 28
U.S.C. § 2111, tells [federal courts of appeal] to review cases for errors of law
‘without regard to errors’ that do not affect the parties’ ‘substantial rights.’”
Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 407 (2009) (bracketed material added). We
have previously applied harmless-error doctrine in social security cases. See
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Diorio v. Heckler, 721 F.2d 726, 728 (11th Cir. 1983) (refusing to reverse on the
grounds that the ALJ committed factual errors, because they were harmless, as
they were irrelevant to the ALJ’s ultimate legal determination).
Substantial evidence is defined as “such relevant evidence as a reasonable
person would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Miles v. Chater, 84
F.3d 1397, 1400 (11th Cir. 1996). We do not reweigh the evidence or substitute
our own judgment for that of the agency. Id. “If the Commissioner’s decision is
supported by substantial evidence we must affirm, even if the proof preponderates
against it.” Id. However, there is no presumption “that the Commissioner
followed the appropriate legal standards in deciding a claim for benefits or that the
legal conclusions reached were valid.” Id.
Social Security Agency regulations outline a five-step, “sequential”
evaluation process used to determine whether a claimant is disabled: (1) whether
the claimant is currently engaged in substantial gainful activity; (2) whether the
claimant has a severe impairment or combination of impairments; (3) whether the
impairment meets or equals the severity of the specified impairments in the Listing
of Impairments; (4) whether, based on an RFC assessment, the claimant can
perform any of his past relevant work despite the impairment; and, if not, (5)
whether there are significant numbers of jobs in the national economy that the
claimant can perform, given the claimant=s RFC, age, education, and work
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experience. See Phillips v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1232, 1237B39 (11th Cir. 2004); 20
C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-(v), 416.920(a)(1), (4)(i)-(v). RFC “is an assessment,
based upon all of the relevant evidence, of a claimant=s remaining ability to do
work despite [his] impairments.” Lewis v. Callahan, 125 F.3d 1436, 1440 (11th
Cir. 1997).
At step five, the Commissioner bears the burden to show that a significant
number of jobs exist in the national economy, which the claimant can perform.
Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1239; 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v), 416.920(a)(4)(v). SSA
regulations provide that “[w]ork exists in the national economy when there is a
significant number of jobs (in one or more occupations) having requirements
which [the claimant] is able to meet with [his] physical or mental abilities and
vocational qualifications.” Washington, 906 F.3d at 1359-60 (citing 20 C.F.R.
§ 416.966(b)).
In making its determination at step five, an ALJ may rely on (1) the Medical
Vocational Guidelines; (2) testimony of a vocational expert (“VE”); or (3) data
drawn from the DOT. Washington, 906 F.3d at 1360; Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1239-
40. “In order for a vocational expert’s testimony to constitute substantial evidence,
the ALJ must pose a hypothetical question which comprises all of the claimant’s
impairments.” Wilson v. Barnhart, 284 F.3d 1219, 1227 (11th Cir. 2002). The
ALJ is not required to include findings in the hypothetical that the ALJ has found
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to be unsupported. Crawford v. Comm=r of Soc. Sec., 363 F.3d 1155, 1161 (11th
Cir. 2004).
SSR 00-4p explains, in pertinent part, that before relying on VE testimony,
ALJs must address any conflicts “between occupational evidence provided by VEs
. . . and information in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”) . . . and
[e]xplain in the determination or decision how any conflict that has been identified
was resolved.” SSR 00-4p (2000).
In Washington, a panel of this Court concluded that, pursuant to SSR 00-4p
and the overall regulatory scheme governing disability claims:
ALJs within the SSA have an affirmative duty to identify
apparent conflicts between the testimony of a [VE] and the
DOT and resolve them. This duty requires more of the
ALJ than simply asking the VE whether his testimony is
consistent with the DOT. Once the conflict has been
identified, the Ruling requires the ALJ to offer a
reasonable explanation for the discrepancy, and detail in
his decision how he has resolved the conflict. The failure
to discharge this duty means that the ALJ’s decision, when
based on the contradicted VE testimony, is not supported
by substantial evidence.
906 F.3d at 1356 (alteration bracketed; emphasis added). In that case, the panel
found that the ALJ failed to comply with its duty under SSR 00-4P because it did
not notice—and thus did not resolve—a “glaring conflict” between the VE’s
testimony and the DOT. Id. at 1366. As such, the panel concluded that the ALJ
erred in that respect, and its error was not harmless because, in failing to address
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that conflict, the panel did not have a record upon which to conclude that the ALJ
adequately resolved the conflict. Id. Accordingly, the panel reversed and
remanded for further development of the record. Id. at 1366-67.
In this case, Zoslow is correct that the first VE’s testimony that a
hypothetical person with Zoslow’s limitations could perform the sales attendant
job conflicted with the DOT description of that job, which provided that the job
involved significant serving of people. Moreover, Zoslow is also correct that the
ALJ did not strictly comply with SSR 00-4p, because, while the ALJ recognized
that conflict and attempted to resolve it by questioning two VEs as to that apparent
tension, the ALJ did not expressly address or resolve that apparent conflict in its
decision. SSR-004P; Washington, 906 F.3d at 1356.
Nevertheless, here, unlike in Washington, the ALJ’s failure to explicitly
address the aforementioned conflict in its written decision was harmless, because
the record shows that the ALJ (in his colloquy with the second VE) acknowledged
the conflict and resolved it by asking the second VE to clarify the level of public
interactions required of the sales attendant position. See Diorio, 721 F.2d at 728
(applying harmless-error doctrine). As such, there is ample support in the record
upon which we can conclude that the ALJ complied with its duties under SSR 00-
4p.
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Moreover, Zoslow has also failed to demonstrate that the ALJ violated its
duty under SSR 00-4p in determining whether, based on his RFC, he could
perform the duties required of an advertising materials distributor, because the
record undermines Zoslow’s contention that the testimony of the two VEs
conflicted with the DOT’s description of the duties required of that occupation.
Thus, Zoslow has failed to show a conflict between the VEs’ testimony and the
DOT description of the advertising materials distributor position, and,
consequently, he cannot demonstrate that the ALJ abdicated its duty under SSR 00-
4p. See SSR 00-4p.
Finally, Zoslow has failed to demonstrate that the ALJ erred by relying on
the VEs’ testimony as to the number of assembler jobs that existed in the national
economy. In making its step-five determination, the ALJ was permitted to rely on
the VEs’ testimony. Washington, 906 F.3d at 1360; Phillips, 357 F.3d at 1239-40.
And since the ALJ posed the necessary hypothetical question—which included all
of Zoslow’s impairments—to the VEs, the VEs’ testimony as to the number of
assembler jobs in the national economy amounted to substantial evidence. Wilson,
284 F.3d at 1227. Thus, substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusion that
an adequate number of assembler jobs existed in the national economy, and the
ALJ did not err in relying on the VEs’ testimony on that point.
Accordingly, we affirm.
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AFFIRMED.
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Ray Zoslow v. Commissioner of Social Security
Combined Opinion