Thuko v. State

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

No. 115,662

FIDELIS K. THUKO,
Appellant,

v.

STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
A K.S.A. 60-1507 movant has no constitutional right to the effective assistance of
counsel in the postconviction proceedings, but under K.S.A. 22-4506(b), a district court
has a statutory duty to appoint an attorney to represent an indigent 60-1507 movant
whenever the motion presents substantial questions of law or triable issues of fact.

2.
During the period after receipt of a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion in which the district
court is making its determination of whether the motion, files, and record present a
substantial question of law or triable issue of fact—for example, after the district court
has discerned a potentially substantial issue—the district court may, but is not required
to, appoint an indigent 60-1507 movant an attorney. On the other hand, if the district
court conducts a preliminary hearing to determine whether substantial issues are
presented and the State is represented by counsel at that hearing, due process of law
mandates that the movant be represented by counsel unless he or she has waived that
right. The district court's review of the State's written response to a K.S.A. 60-1507
motion is not the functional equivalent of an actual hearing.

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3.
A movant has the burden to prove his or her K.S.A. 60-1507 motion warrants an
evidentiary hearing; the movant must make more than conclusory contentions and must
state an evidentiary basis in support of the claims, or an evidentiary basis must appear in
the record.

4.
K.S.A. 60-1507(f) places a time limit on filing an action under that statute of one
year from the date the movant's direct appeal becomes final, unless the time limitation is
extended by the court to prevent a manifest injustice. A K.S.A. 60-1507 movant has the
burden of establishing manifest injustice.

5.
A district court is not required to entertain successive K.S.A. 60-1507 motions on
behalf of the same movant unless there are exceptional circumstances.

Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed June 23, 2017.
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; JAMES R. FLEETWOOD, judge. Opinion filed July 12, 2019.
Judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed. Judgment of the district court is
affirmed.

Michael P. Whalen, of Law Office of Michael P. Whalen, of Wichita, and Krystle M.S. Dalke, of
the same firm, were on the brief for appellant.

Lance J. Gillett, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, were on the brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

JOHNSON, J.: Fidelis K. Thuko seeks our review of the Court of Appeals' decision
affirming the district court's summary denial of his second K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. He
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argues that the district court violated his due process rights when it failed to appoint
counsel to represent him after requesting and receiving the State's response to his pro se
motion. Thuko also contends that he is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his motion
based upon exceptions that would permit his untimely and successive filing. Finding no
error, we affirm the lower courts.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW

In 2004, the State charged Thuko in two separate cases with a total of five counts
of rape and one count of attempted rape. The charges were based on incidents involving
four women: M.A.S.; N.N.K; E.A.B.; and S.L.S. On the State's motion, the trial court
consolidated the cases for a jury trial. The jury found Thuko guilty of rape and attempted
rape of M.A.S.; not guilty of another count of rape of M.A.S.; not guilty of rape of
N.N.K.; and not guilty of rape of E.A.B. The jury could not reach a verdict on the charge
of rape of S.L.S. and the State later dismissed this charge. The court sentenced Thuko to
147 months' imprisonment for rape and 55 months' imprisonment for attempted rape, to
run consecutive to each other, for a total of 202 months' imprisonment.

On direct appeal, Thuko argued: (1) the trial court abused its discretion in
consolidating the two cases against him, (2) his speedy trial rights were violated,
(3) prosecutorial misconduct denied him a fair trial, and (4) cumulative error. State v.
Thuko, No. 94,228, 2007 WL 92642 (Kan. App. 2007) (unpublished opinion), rev. denied
284 Kan. 951 (2007) (Thuko I). The Court of Appeals rejected Thuko's claims and
affirmed the district court. 2007 WL 92642, at *4. This court denied review.

In 2008, Thuko filed his first 60-1507 motion. According to the Court of Appeals'
opinion in that case, Thuko raised five claims: (1) he was denied effective assistance of
trial counsel; (2) the district court's failure to guide the jury and answer a jury question
denied him a fair trial; (3) he was denied effective assistance of appellate counsel; (4) he

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was denied his right to DNA testing; and (5) the State withheld exculpatory evidence.
The district court dismissed the motion and Thuko appealed. Thuko v. State, No. 101,168,
2010 WL 1253623, at *1 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion) (Thuko II).

The Thuko II panel rejected all of Thuko's claims except for his DNA testing
claim, which the panel remanded to the district court for consideration. 2010 WL
1253623, at *1-3 (Kan. App. 2010). On remand, the district court denied Thuko's request
for DNA testing, the Court of Appeals affirmed, and this court denied review. Thuko v.
State, No. 106,535, 2012 WL 5974014 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion), rev.
denied 297 Kan. 1257 (2013) (Thuko III).

In 2013, Thuko filed a K.S.A. 22-3504 motion to correct an illegal sentence,
arguing his convictions for rape and attempted rape of M.A.S. were multiplicitous in
violation of double jeopardy and K.S.A. 21-3107(2)(c). The district court summarily
denied the motion as "without merit." The Court of Appeals summarily affirmed the
district court. Thuko did not petition this court for review.

On December 30, 2014, Thuko filed his second 60-1507 motion, which is the
motion currently before this court. Thuko moved for an evidentiary hearing based on
"[n]ewly discovered evidence that [Thuko] or [Thuko's] attorney was never present
during all communication by the Court to the Jury during trial concerning all jury
questions." He also claimed that (1) the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on
battery as a lesser included offense, and (2) his appellate counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise a multiplicity argument.

With regard to his jury questions claim, Thuko argued "the Court[']s failure to call
the Jury, the defendant, his counsel and the prosecutor in open court in order to answer
the jury question cumulated into a manifest injustice on the defendant because it violated
his sixth amendments [sic] right to confront the jury, offer any assistance to his counsel

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and exert psychological influence on the jury." He additionally asserted a violation of his
right to be present at all critical stages of the proceedings.

On May 19, 2015, the district court requested a response from the State. On July 1,
2015, the State's attorney filed a response to Thuko's motion, asserting that Thuko was
raising trial errors that were evident at the time of trial and that should have been raised
in his direct appeal and/or in his first 60-1507 motion. Further, the State argued Thuko
had not met his burden of establishing manifest injustice and exceptional circumstances
to avoid the procedural bars of 60-1507 and allow the district court to reach the merits of
his untimely and successive motion.

The district court summarily denied Thuko's motion for failure to meet the
procedural requirements of K.S.A. 60-1507. The court found Thuko's motion was
untimely and Thuko did not recognize or request application of the manifest injustice
exception or explain the delay in filing his new claims. The court reasoned that the issues
Thuko raised were evident and actionable since the time of trial. The court further found
the motion was successive and Thuko failed to establish exceptional circumstances to
excuse his failure to raise the issues in his prior 60-1507 motion.

Thuko appealed and the Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's summary
denial. The panel rejected Thuko's claim that the district court violated his due process
rights when it failed to appoint counsel to represent him after requesting and receiving the
State's response. Thuko v. State, No. 115,662, 2017 WL 2709779, at *3 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion) (Thuko IV). The panel further found that Thuko failed to
demonstrate manifest injustice or exceptional circumstances to allow the district court to
consider his untimely, successive motion. 2017 WL 2709779, at *3-6.

Thuko petitioned this court for review. This court has jurisdiction under K.S.A.
20-3018(b), providing for petitions for review of Court of Appeals' decisions.

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 RIGHT TO APPOINTED COUNSEL IN A K.S.A. 60-1507 MOTION PROCEEDING

Thuko contends that the district court violated his due process rights when it
solicited a written response from the State's attorney, but then failed to appoint counsel to
represent Thuko. He also asserts that the failure to appoint him counsel violated the
protocol on handling 60-1507 motions established by caselaw. See, e.g. Lujan v. State,
270 Kan. 163, 170-71, 14 P.3d 424 (2000) (outlining three avenues a district court can
take upon receiving a 60-1507 motion).

One of the cases upon which Thuko relies is the Court of Appeals' decision in
Stewart v. State, No. 115,149, 2017 WL 2901146 (Kan. App. 2017) (unpublished
opinion), which is now supplanted by our decision in that case, Stewart v. State, 309 Kan.
___, ___ P.3d ___ (2019) (No. 115,147, this day decided). See Supreme Court Rule
8.03(k)(2) (2019 Kan. S. Ct. R. 53) (if petition for review granted, Court of Appeals
decision has no force or effect).

Standard of Review

The extent of Thuko's statutory right to counsel during a K.S.A. 60-1507
proceeding is a question of law over which this court has unlimited review. See Mundy v.
State, 307 Kan. 280, 294, 408 P.3d 965 (2018) (quoting Robertson v. State, 288 Kan. 217,
227, 201 P.3d 691 [2009]); see also Thompson v. State, 293 Kan. 704, 710, 270 P.3d
1089 (2011) (interpretation of statutes and Supreme Court rules reviewable de novo).
Likewise, Thuko's due process claim presents a question of law over which we exercise
unlimited review. See Hogue v. Bruce, 279 Kan. 848, 850, 113 P.3d 234 (2005).

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Analysis

As noted, in Stewart, we addressed the question of whether the district court's
consideration of a written response from an attorney for the State mandated the
appointment of counsel for an indigent 60-1507 movant. We held that the district court's
review of the State's response to a 60-1507 motion, standing alone, did not trigger an
indigent movant's right to be appointed counsel. That portion of the Court of Appeals'
decision was overruled. Stewart, 309 Kan. at ___, slip op. at 3.

In Stewart, we reiterated that a 60-1507 movant has no constitutional right to the
effective assistance of counsel in the postconviction proceedings, but that, under some
circumstances, a statutory right to counsel exists for such a collateral attack. Stewart, 309
Kan. at ___, slip op. at 7-9. Specifically, pursuant to K.S.A. 22-4506(b), "a district court
has a statutory duty to appoint an attorney to represent an indigent 60-1507 movant
whenever the motion presents substantial questions of law or triable issues of fact."
Stewart, 309 Kan. at ___, slip op. at 9.

But during the period in which the district court is making its determination of
whether the motion, files, and record present a substantial question of law or triable issue
of fact—for example, after the district court has discerned a potentially substantial
issue—"the district court may, but is not required to, appoint an indigent 60-1507 movant
an attorney." Stewart, 309 Kan. at ___, slip op. at 11-12. On the other hand, if the district
court conducts a preliminary hearing to determine whether substantial issues are
presented and the State is represented by counsel at that hearing, due process of law
mandates that the movant be represented by counsel unless he or she has waived that
right. Stewart, 309 Kan. at ___, slip op. at 12. The district court's review of the State's
written response to the motion, however, is not the functional equivalent of an actual
hearing. Stewart, 309 Kan. at ___, slip op. at 16.

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 In sum, because the district court determined that the motion, files, and records
conclusively showed that Thuko was entitled to no relief, i.e., determined that there was
no substantial question of law or triable issue of fact, it was not statutorily required to
appoint counsel for Thuko. Further, because the district court did not conduct a hearing to
determine the existence of a substantial question of law or triable issue of fact, the failure
to appoint counsel for Thuko did not violate his due process rights. The Court of Appeals'
holding that counsel was not required to be appointed is affirmed.

MOVANT'S RIGHT TO AN EVIDENTIARY HEARING

The district court summarily denied Thuko's motion without conducting a hearing
on the merits of his claims because it found the motion to be procedurally barred.
Specifically, the district court found the motion to be untimely under K.S.A. 60-
1507(f)(1) and successive under K.S.A. 60-1507(c). Thuko argues that those procedural
bars should not apply to him.

Standard of Review

"When the district court summarily denies a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, an appellate
court conducts de novo review to determine whether the motion, files, and records of the
case conclusively establish that the movant is not entitled to any relief." Wimbley v. State,
292 Kan. 796, 804, 275 P.3d 35 (2011).

Moreover, Thuko argues trial court error and ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel based on a lesser included offense issue. "Whether a particular crime is a lesser
included offense of a charged crime is . . . a question of law." State v. Love, 305 Kan.
716, 736, 387 P.3d 820 (2017).

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 Finally, Thuko argues ineffective assistance of appellate counsel based on a
multiplicity issue. "The issue of whether convictions are multiplicitous is a question of
law subject to unlimited review." State v. Hood, 297 Kan. 388, 391, 300 P.3d 1083
(2013).

Analysis

"'A movant has the burden to prove his or her K.S.A. 60-1507 motion warrants an
evidentiary hearing; the movant must make more than conclusory contentions and must
state an evidentiary basis in support of the claims, or an evidentiary basis must appear in
the record.'" Sola-Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 881, 335 P.3d 1162 (2014).

Here, Thuko has two procedural hurdles to clear. First, because his motion was
filed more than seven years after his direct appeal was final, it is untimely, and he must
establish manifest injustice. See K.S.A. 60-1507(f)(1) and (2) (one-year time limit to file
motion may be extended by the court only to prevent a manifest injustice). And because
this is his second 60-1507 motion, he must establish exceptional circumstances. See
Dunlap v. State, 221 Kan. 268, 270, 559 P.2d 788 (1977) ("The sentencing court should
not entertain a second or successive motion for relief under K.S.A. 60-1507 on behalf of
the same person unless the errors affect constitutional rights and there are exceptional
circumstances which justify entertaining a second or successive motion."). We begin by
looking at manifest injustice.

Manifest Injustice

In the context of a habeas corpus proceeding, "manifest injustice" means
"'"obviously unfair"'" or "'"shocking to the conscience."'" Vontress v. State, 299 Kan.
607, 614, 325 P.3d 1114 (2014), superseded by statute as stated in White v. State, 308
Kan. 491, 421 P.3d 718 (2018). Because Thuko's motion was filed before July 1, 2016,

9
the 2016 amendments to K.S.A. 60-1507(f) do not apply to him; rather, our holding in
Vontress controls. White, 308 Kan. at 498, 503. Vontress set out a nonexclusive list of
factors for judges to consider in conducting a manifest justice inquiry, including whether:

"(1) the movant provides persuasive reasons or circumstances that prevented him or her
from filing the 60-1507 motion within the 1-year time limitation; (2) the merits of the
movant's claim raise substantial issues of law or fact deserving of the district court's
consideration; and (3) the movant sets forth a colorable claim of actual innocence,
i.e., factual, not legal, innocence." Vontress, 299 Kan. at 616.

In evaluating these factors, "courts consider all factors under the totality of the
circumstances rather than balancing factors against each other, need not give the factors
equal weight, and should not consider any single factor dispositive." White, 308 Kan. at
504. Thuko has "the burden to establish manifest injustice by a preponderance of the
evidence." 308 Kan. at 496.

On the first factor—reasons or circumstances explaining the failure to meet the
one-year time limit—Thuko claims that he just recently discovered evidence that neither
he nor his trial attorney was present during all communications between the trial court
and the jury dealing with the jury's questions. The record reflects that there were two jury
questions dated January 28, 2005, and two questions dated January 31, 2005. The Court
of Appeals rejected Thuko's argument that his jury question issue was the product of
newly discovered evidence, noting that Thuko had attempted to raise the same issue with
respect to the first two questions in Thuko II, his first 60-1507 motion appeal. The panel
opined that if Thuko was able to discover that there was an issue as to his attorney's
presence when the trial judge formulated her response to the first two jury questions, the
same issue with respect to the other jury questions would have been reasonably
ascertainable and should have been included in the first motion. Thuko IV, 2017 WL
2709779, at *5.

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 Thuko challenges the panel's holding as being "merely speculation by the Court of
Appeals as to whether or not Mr. Thuko could have discovered the error at that time." He
argues that because "there was not an indication when Mr. Thuko discovered that his
attorney was not present," the matter should be remanded for an evidentiary hearing.

Apparently Thuko forgets that his conclusory contentions are not enough to
establish that his 60-1507 motion warrants an evidentiary hearing; he has the burden to
show an evidentiary basis in support of his claim. See Sola-Morales, 300 Kan. at 881. If
Thuko expected to rely on a newly discovered evidence rationale to excuse his untimely
motion, it was incumbent upon him to reveal what was newly discovered, how it was
discovered, and when it was discovered. Otherwise, it was reasonable for the panel to
infer that the evidence was reasonably ascertainable, given that the same issue was raised
in the Thuko II appeal.

Even if we were to accept the conclusory contention that some of the evidence was
newly discovered, that would not end our inquiry. Under the second Vontress factor, we
consider whether the merits of the claim raise substantial issues of law or fact deserving
of the district court's consideration. Thuko relies on the holding in State v. King, 297 Kan.
955, 967, 305 P.3d 641 (2013), that "any question from the jury concerning the law or
evidence pertaining to the case must be answered in open court in the defendant's
presence unless the defendant is voluntarily absent." But King did not hold that such an
absence is structural error; rather, the court went on to analyze whether the State had met
its burden to prove that the error of answering the jury's question without the defendant's
presence was harmless. 297 Kan. at 968.

In its brief to the Court of Appeals, the State pointed out that in Thuko II, the panel
opined that the movant could not establish ineffectiveness of trial counsel based on a
failure to object to a jury question response that was not defective. The State then argues
that, just as in Thuko II, movant does not explain what is objectionable about the district

11
court's responses to the jury questions; he does not identify any alternate response that
Thuko would have proposed, if present; and he does not articulate how the jury's verdicts
would have been different if he had been present. In short, Thuko has not established that
the merits of his jury question claims were deserving of district court consideration.

The third Vontress factor looks at whether Thuko has set forth a colorable claim of
actual innocence. Here, the newly discovered evidence claimed by Thuko involved his
presence at a court hearing, rather than evidence supporting his innocence. Cf. Beauclair
v. State, 308 Kan. 284, 301-02, 419 P.3d 1180 (2018) (holding that to show actual
innocence, movant has the burden to show it is "'more likely than not that no reasonable
juror would have convicted him in the light of the new evidence'"). Thuko does contend
that the district court erred when it did not, on its own, give a lesser included offense
instruction on battery. But even if that instruction had been proper, one cannot say that it
would have been more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him
of attempted rape, rather than simple battery.

In sum, under the totality of circumstances, Thuko has failed to carry his burden of
proving manifest injustice that would excuse his untimely filing of his 60-1507 motion.

Exceptional Circumstances

"[U]nder K.S.A. 60-1507(c), a court is not required to entertain successive
motions on behalf of the same prisoner." State v. Trotter, 296 Kan. 898, 904, 295 P.3d
1039 (2013). Nevertheless, "[t]his court has decades of caselaw holding that K.S.A. 60-
1507's prohibition on successive motions is subject to exceptions." Nguyen v. State, 309
Kan. 96, 107, 431 P.3d 862 (2018).

"To avoid having a second or successive K.S.A. 60-1507 motion dismissed as an
abuse of remedy, the movant must establish exceptional circumstances." Beauclair, 308

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Kan. at 304. But cf. Nguyen, 309 Kan. at 108 ("[A] plain reading of [Supreme Court Rule
183(d) on successive motions] would suggest that a district court is permitted to decline
to consider a successive motion only 'when . . . justice would not be served by reaching
the merits of the subsequent motion.'"). See Supreme Court Rule 183(d) (2019 Kan. S.
Ct. R. 230). "'Exceptional circumstances are unusual events or intervening changes in the
law that prevented the defendant [from] raising the issue in a preceding [K.S.A.] 60-1507
motion.' The burden to make such a showing lies with the movant. [Citations omitted.]"
Beauclair, 308 Kan. at 304.

Thuko claims that justice requires consideration of his claims even though this is
his second 60-1507 motion because his appellate attorney on direct appeal was
ineffective for failing to raise his claims regarding jury questions, battery as a lesser
included offense of attempted rape, and multiplicity of the rape and attempted rape
convictions. See Rowland v. State, 289 Kan. 1076, 1087, 219 P.3d 1212 (2009)
("Ineffective assistance of counsel can qualify as an exceptional circumstance."). But any
ineffectiveness of Thuko's direct appeal counsel occurred prior to the 2008 filing of his
first 60-1507 motion, i.e., ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal was not an
intervening event that would excuse omitting the issue in the first 60-1507 motion.
Indeed, as the State points out, Thuko's first motion actually made the claim that he had
been denied the effective assistance of appellate counsel. Thuko II, 2010 WL 1253623,
at *1, 4-5. In other words, Thuko seeks successive consideration of the same issue, albeit
his supporting arguments might differ. That is not an exceptional circumstance. See
Dawson v. State, No. 94,720, 2006 WL 3877559, at *2 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished
opinion) (holding movant did not establish exceptional circumstances that prevented him
from presenting all permutations of ineffective assistance of counsel in first 60-1507
motion; therefore movant "should not be permitted to piecemeal an issue of ineffective
assistance of counsel to circumvent Supreme Court Rule 183[d]").

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 Moreover, as discussed above, Thuko's jury question issue does not compel
exceptional treatment. Likewise, he fails to persuade us that battery was a legally and/or
factually appropriate lesser included offense instruction in this case or that the rape and
attempted rape of M.A.S. were multiplicitous. The district court did not err in finding that
exceptional circumstances did not exist which would excuse Thuko's failure to make his
claims in his first 60-1507 motion.

Affirmed.

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