[Cite as State v. Leder, 2019-Ohio-2866.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
CLERMONT COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
Appellee, : CASE NO. CA2018-10-072
: OPINION
- vs - 7/15/2019
:
BRADLEY R. LEDER, :
Appellant. :
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM CLERMONT COUNTY MUNICIPAL COURT
Case No. 2018TRC7515
D. Vincent Faris, Clermont County Prosecuting Attorney, Nicholas A. Horton, 76 South
Riverside Drive, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for appellee
W. Stephen Haynes, Clermont County Public Defender, Robert F. Benintendi, 301 East
Main Street, Batavia, Ohio 45103, for appellant
S. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, Bradley R. Leder, appeals the decision of the Clermont County
Municipal Court denying his motion to suppress. For the reasons outlined below, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
Clermont CA2018-10-072
{¶ 2} On May 29, 2018, a complaint was filed charging Leder with operating a
vehicle while under the influence of alcohol in violation of both R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and
(A)(1)(d). The complaint also charged Leder with two "turn signal violations" for failing to
properly use his turn signal in violation of R.C. 4511.39(A). The charges arose after Trooper
Haggerty with the Ohio State Highway Patrol initiated a traffic stop of Leder's vehicle after
he observed Leder commit what he believed was at least one, if not more, traffic violations;
namely, Leder's failure to properly use his turn signal in violation of R.C. 4511.39(A) on two
separate occasions, as well as a marked lane violation in violation of R.C. 4511.33(A)(1).
Leder later submitted to a breath-alcohol test that indicated he had a breath-alcohol-content
of .150.
{¶ 3} On July 24, 2018, Leder filed a motion to suppress. In support of his motion,
Leder argued Trooper Haggerty lacked a reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop of his
vehicle. The trial court held a hearing on Leder's motion on September 4, 2018. The lone
witness to testify at the suppression hearing was Trooper Haggerty. Trooper Haggerty's
testimony was supplemented by a video recording of the traffic stop taken from Trooper
Haggerty's cruiser camera. The following is a summary of Trooper Haggerty's testimony
and evidence taken from that video recording.
{¶ 4} On May 28, 2018 at 4:03 a.m., Trooper Haggerty was parked perpendicular
to I-275 looking east across all three lanes of northbound traffic near Union Township,
Clermont County, Ohio. At that time, Trooper Haggerty observed a vehicle pass his cruiser
traveling nine miles per hour below the posted 65 mile per hour speed limit. The vehicle
caught Trooper Haggerty's attention due to the vehicles' "slow rate of speed." It is
undisputed that Leder was the driver of the vehicle in question.
{¶ 5} Approximately 15 seconds after observing Leder's pass, Trooper Haggerty
pulled his cruiser onto I-275 and began following Leder northbound towards the exit ramp
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from I-275 to State Route 125. Upon his approach to the exit ramp, Trooper Haggerty
testified that he witnessed Leder change lanes without properly using his turn signal in
violation of R.C. 4511.39(A). Pursuant to that statute, "[w]hen required, a signal of intention
to turn or move right or left shall be given continuously during not less than the last one
hundred feet traveled by the vehicle[.]" Specifically, as Trooper Haggerty testified:
So there's three lanes on the interstate, there's three lanes and
then there's an off ramp to 125 so he merges onto the off ramp
and then turns his turn signal on late; if he used it properly he
would have to use his turn signal on 100 feet prior to changing
lanes or turning right.
{¶ 6} Similarly, when asked if it was his "perception" that Leder was already in the
exit lane when he used his turn signal, Trooper Haggerty testified:
Yes, he already changed lanes and then turned his turn signal
on. It would be the same as if I'm in the left lane then I turn in
the right and I'm in the right lane and then I go and flick my turn
signal on.
Trooper Haggerty testified he witnessed Leder commit this traffic violation from
approximately 900 to 1,000 feet behind Leder's vehicle.
{¶ 7} Upon exiting onto the off ramp from I-275 to State Route 125, Trooper
Haggerty observed Leder travel down the exit ramp towards a red traffic light. Trooper
Haggerty testified he then watched as Leder "rolls through the red light, he doesn't blow it
but he slightly rolls through it" before making a right hand turn onto State Route 125. Similar
to Leder changing lanes from I-275 onto the exit ramp to State Route 125, Trooper Haggerty
testified Leder made this right hand turn onto State Route 125 "and as he's making it he
turns his right turn signal on late again[.]" The video recording taken from Trooper
Haggerty's cruiser camera confirms this testimony.
{¶ 8} Trooper Haggerty testified he then witnessed Leder commit what he believed
was a marked lane violation when "his right two tires touch the white dotted line to the right
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of the vehicle." Pursuant to R.C. 4511.33(A)(1), "[a] vehicle * * * shall be driven, as nearly
as is practicable, entirely within a single lane or line of traffic[.]" As Trooper Haggerty
testified while watching the video recording taken from his cruiser camera:
Q: Okay, thank you, stop [the video recording]. I guess I missed
it, I didn't see any marked lanes violation there, did you, Officer?
A: I did, sir.
Q: Where did you see it?
A: His right two tires touched the white dotted line, doesn't go
over the line, it just touches them.
Q: You were able to see that from your vehicle?
A: Yes, sir.
{¶ 9} Trooper Haggerty also testified:
Q: So you think right there you were able to see the –
A: Approximately a second after, a second before, yes.
Q: Well, we'll keep moving.
A: Stop. Keep going. Stop. That white line right there he just
passed, he just touched that line, you see a white dotted line
right there.
Q: Well, I don't see him touching anything but that's my
perception. Is that where you think it happened?
A: Yes, sir.
{¶ 10} Following this testimony, the trial court questioned Trooper Haggerty
regarding Leder's exit from I-275 onto the exit ramp to State Route 125, during which
Trooper Haggerty testified:
Q: You had indicated before that you made the observation that
100 feet prior to changing lanes he had changed a lane without
using the turn signal?
A: Yes.
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Q: Which lanes do you believe he moved to and from?
A: You're supposed to turn your signal on to signal that you're
taking the off ramp but he takes the off ramp and then he's about
underneath that sign right there is when he flicks his turn signal
on.
Q: So it's your testimony that he was already on the off ramp
then turned his turn signal on to make that –
A: Correct, Your Honor.
Q: To make that lane change?
A: Yes, Your Honor.
{¶ 11} Thereafter, when asked by the trial court about Leder's right hand turn onto
State Route 125 and the alleged marked lane violation committed a short time later, Trooper
Haggerty testified:
Q: Okay.
A: And then as well when he's turning right onto 125 he's late as
well turning his turn signal on.
Q: Okay. And the marked lanes violation is the one that you had
just indicated?
A: Yes, Your Honor.
{¶ 12} After a brief recess to compare Trooper Haggerty's testimony to that of the
video recording taken from Trooper Haggerty's cruiser camera, the trial court judge returned
to the bench and issued a decision denying Leder's motion to suppress. In so holding, the
trial court noted that it had found Trooper Haggerty's testimony "to be both reasonable and
credible" when comparing it to the video recording taken from his cruiser camera.
Specifically, as the trial court stated when issuing its decision:
[T]he sole issue is whether or not [Trooper Haggerty] had
reasonable and articulable suspicion to stop Mr. Leder's motor
vehicle. The testimony was that on May 28th of 2018 at
approximately I believe 4:03 A.M. starting on I-275 in Clermont
County, Ohio Trooper Haggerty was stationary at that location,
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the defendant's vehicle drove past him, Trooper Haggerty
testified that on I-275 there are three lanes, ultimately there's an
off ramp lane that you can exit onto State Route 125 and that
he indicated that, he being Trooper Haggerty, indicated that he
observed Mr. Leder's vehicle not make a proper lane change
within the 100 feet requirement under 4511.39 as he was trying
to exit at that location.
{¶ 13} Continuing, the trial court then stated:
Trooper Haggerty indicated and the Court saw on the video as
well that when Mr. Leder was turning right from the exit ramp
onto 125 that while there was a turn signal it looked like it was
about at least at the beginning stages of the actual turn and
maybe about halfway through that right turn onto 125. Trooper
Haggerty also indicated a marked lanes violation where he saw
that the defendant's vehicle had touched the white dotted lines
on one occasion.
{¶ 14} Concluding, the trial court stated:
[W]ith the testimony that's here that I have found both to be
reasonable and credible I do find that there was a reasonable
and articulable suspicion for Trooper Haggerty to stop Mr.
Leder's car on that occasion, so at this point in time * * * the
motion to suppress is going to be overruled or denied.
{¶ 15} On September 11, 2018, Leder entered a plea of no contest to driving under
the influence of alcohol in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) in exchange for the other
charges being dismissed. After engaging Leder in the necessary plea colloquy, the trial
court accepted Leder's no contest plea and entered a finding of guilt. The trial court then
sentenced Leder to 90 days in jail, with 87 of those days suspended, placed Leder on
community control for a period of two years, and ordered Leder pay a $375 fine. The trial
court also mandated Leder complete 16 hours of community service and suspended Leder's
driver's license for one year.
Appeal
{¶ 16} Leder now appeals from the trial court's decision denying his motion to
suppress, raising one assignment of error for review. In his single assignment of error,
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Leder argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress upon finding Trooper
Haggerty had reasonable suspicion to initiate an investigative traffic stop of his vehicle. We
find no merit to Leder's claim.
Standard of Review
{¶ 17} Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed
question of law and fact. State v. Gray, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-09-176, 2012-Ohio-
4769, ¶ 15, citing State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8. When
considering a motion to suppress, the trial court, as the trier of fact, is in the best position
to weigh the evidence to resolve factual questions and evaluate witness credibility. State
v. Vaughn, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2014-05-012, 2015-Ohio-828, ¶ 8. Therefore, when
reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, this court is bound to accept the trial court's
findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Durham,
12th Dist. Warren No. CA2013-03-023, 2013-Ohio-4764, ¶ 14. "An appellate court,
however, independently reviews the trial court's legal conclusions based on those facts and
determines, without deference to the trial court's decision, whether as a matter of law, the
facts satisfy the appropriate legal standard." State v. Cochran, 12th Dist. Preble No.
CA2006-10-023, 2007-Ohio-3353, ¶ 12.
Reasonable Suspicion to Initiate an Investigative Traffic Stop
{¶ 18} "Ohio recognizes two types of lawful traffic stops." State v. Stover, 12th Dist.
Clinton No. CA2017-04-005, 2017-Ohio-9097, ¶ 8. One of those lawful traffic stops "is an
investigative stop, also known as a Terry stop, in which the officer has reasonable suspicion
based on specific or articulable facts that criminal behavior is imminent or has occurred."
State v. Bullock, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2016-07-018, 2017-Ohio-497, ¶ 7, citing Terry v.
Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868 (1968). While the concept of "reasonable and
articulable suspicion" has not been precisely defined, "[t]he reasonable-suspicion standard
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is less demanding than the probable-cause standard used when analyzing an arrest." State
v. Hairston, Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-1622, ¶ 10, citing United States v. Sokolow, 490
U.S. 1, 7, 109 S.Ct. 1581 (1989). The determination whether an officer had reasonable
suspicion to initiate an investigative stop "must be based on the totality of circumstances
'viewed through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene who
must react to events as they unfold.'" Id., quoting State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87-
88 (1991).
Analysis
{¶ 19} After a thorough review of the record, we find no error in the trial court's
decision denying Leder's motion to suppress. That is to say the trial court did not err by
finding Trooper Haggerty had reasonable suspicion to initiate an investigative traffic stop of
Leder's vehicle after he observed Leder commit what he believed was at least one, if not
more, traffic violations; namely, Leder's failure to properly use his turn signal in violation of
R.C. 4511.39(A) on two separate occasions, as well as a marked lane violation in violation
of R.C. 4511.33(A)(1). Although we find no mistake occurred in this case, this outcome
would not change even if Trooper Haggerty was mistaken in his belief that a traffic violation
had in fact occurred. This is because "[a] police officer's objectively reasonable belief that
a traffic violation has occurred, including reasonable mistakes of law, can constitute
reasonable suspicion to justify a traffic stop." State v. Kirkpatrick, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos.
C-160880 thru C-160882, 2017-Ohio-7629, ¶ 6, citing Heien v. North Carolina, __ U.S. __,
135 S.Ct. 530, 540 (2014). Trooper Haggerty's belief that Leder committed at least one, if
not more, traffic violations was objectively reasonable under the facts and circumstances of
this case.
{¶ 20} Despite this, Leder argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to
suppress since Trooper Haggerty's testimony was "not worthy of belief." However, the trial
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court, as the trier of fact, was free to accept or reject any or all of the testimony presented
by Trooper Haggerty offered at the suppression hearing. State v. Cummins, 12th Dist.
Clermont No. CA2018-07-051, 2019-Ohio-1496, ¶ 45, citing State v. Frye, 5th Dist. Stark
No. 2006CA00363, 2007-Ohio-7111, ¶ 48. The trial court found Trooper Haggerty's
testimony "both credible and reliable." This court cannot, and will not, "second-guess a trial
court's decision to believe the testimony in the record." State v. Young, 12th Dist. Clermont
No. CA2005-08-074, 2006-Ohio-1784, ¶ 17. This is particularly true here when considering
the trial court had the benefit of comparing – and in fact did compare – Trooper Haggerty's
testimony with that of the video recording of the traffic stop taken from his cruiser camera.
{¶ 21} Leder also argues the video recording taken from the cruiser camera
"debunks" Trooper Haggerty's testimony that he observed Leder commit what he believed
were two violations of R.C. 4511.39(A) and one violation of R.C. 4511.33(A)(1). This court,
also having the benefit of reviewing the video recording taken from Trooper Haggerty's
cruiser camera, finds no merit to Leder's claim. Although not recorded in high definition,
the video recording taken from the cruiser camera contains sufficient competent, credible
evidence to support the trial court's decision finding Trooper Haggerty had reasonable
suspicion to believe Leder committed at least one, if not more, traffic violations. This court
is bound to accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent,
credible evidence. Durham, 2013-Ohio-4764 at ¶ 14. Such is the case here.
{¶ 22} For instance, as it relates to Leder's failure to properly use his turn signal in
violation of R.C. 4511.39(A), this court is unable to determine from our review of the video
recording the exact distance from which Leder used his turn signal to exit from I-275 onto
the exit ramp to State Route 125. However, just as Trooper Haggerty testified, the video
recording clearly shows Leder did not use his turn signal 100 feet before turning from the
exit ramp on I-275 to State Route 125. The video recording instead shows Leder activated
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his turn signal while in the process of making that right-hand turn as he rolled through a red
traffic light. This gave Trooper Haggerty reasonable suspicion that he had just observed
Leder, at the very minimum, commit a violation of R.C. 4511.39(A). See, e.g., Bowling
Green v. Barger, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-05-082, 2006-Ohio-6187, ¶ 28 (arresting officer
had reasonable suspicion to initiate an investigative traffic stop where appellant failed to
use his turn signal 100 feet prior to turning); State v. Acord, 4th Dist. Ross No. 05CA2858,
2006-Ohio-1616, ¶ 14-15 (arresting officer "held a reasonable belief and/or had probable
cause" to initiate an investigative traffic stop where appellant "activate[d] her turn signal just
before making a left turn").
{¶ 23} The Ninth District Court of Appeals reached a similar result in State v. Panaro,
9th Dist. Medina No. 16CA0067-M, 2018-Ohio-1005. In that case, appellant was charged
with driving under the influence of alcohol in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) and (A)(1)(h).
Id. at ¶ 2. Appellant was also charged with failing to properly use his turn signal in violation
of R.C. 4511.39(A). Id. Upon entering a not guilty plea, appellant filed a motion to suppress.
In support of his motion, appellant alleged the arresting officer lacked reasonable suspicion
to initiate an investigative traffic stop of his vehicle. Id. at ¶ 5. The trial court disagreed and
found the arresting officer had reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop based on
appellant's "failure to properly use a turn signal 100 feet prior to making a left hand turn as
observed by the officer" in violation of R.C. 4511.39(A). Id. at ¶ 12.
{¶ 24} Appellant appealed the trial court's decision arguing the trial court erred by
finding he "failed to put his turn signal on 100 feet prior to turning." Id. at ¶ 5. The Ninth
District disagreed and held:
[T]he trial court's finding that [appellant] failed to use his turn
signal for 100 feet prior to turning left was supported by
competent, credible evidence. From the video, it is impossible
to tell how far [appellant] was from the intersection when he
activated his turn signal. [The arresting officer], however, did
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testify that while [appellant] did use his turn signal when turning,
he failed to use it 100 feet prior to turning. The officer further
testified that it was not until [appellant] was nearly at the
intersection that he utilized his turn signal. It is clear that the
trial court found [the arresting officer's] testimony credible, as
the trial court relied on it. As the video does not discredit [the
officer's] testimony, we cannot say that the trial court's finding is
unsupported by the evidence.
(Internal citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 14. Therefore, because appellant did not argue that "if
he indeed failed to use his turn signal 100 feet prior to turning left he would have violated
the statute," the Ninth District found appellant "has not demonstrated that the initial stop
violated the constitution." Id. at ¶ 15.
{¶ 25} The Ninth District's decision in Panaro is analogous to the case at bar. The
trial court in this case, just like the trial court in Panaro, was able to compare Trooper
Haggerty's testimony with that of the video recording taken from Trooper Haggerty's cruiser
camera. Upon review of that video recording, both the trial court in Panaro and the trial
court in this case found the arresting officer had reasonable suspicion to believe the officer
had just witnessed the defendant commit a violation of R.C. 4511.39(A). We agree that this
observation, standing alone, provided Trooper Haggerty with reasonable suspicion to
initiate an investigative traffic stop of Leder's vehicle. See State v. Lowman, 82 Ohio App.3d
831, 837 (12th Dist.1992) (reasonable suspicion existed for trooper to conduct an
investigative traffic stop where the trooper witnessed appellant fail to properly use his turn
signal when entering the highway). This is true irrespective of whether Leder also
committed a marked lane violation in violation of R.C. 4511.33(A)(1). "A police officer's
observation of a person violating a traffic law is sufficient to give rise to the officer's
reasonable conclusion that the person is engaged in criminal activity." State v. Campbell,
9th Dist. Medina No. 05CA0032-M, 2005-Ohio-4361, ¶ 11.
{¶ 26} The fact that Leder may not have been found guilty of any of the charges
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alleged in the complaint bares no significance on this court's holding. Whether the evidence
would be sufficient to support a finding of guilt is beyond the scope of this opinion. Again,
the issue to be resolved at the suppression hearing was whether Trooper Haggerty had a
reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop of Leder's vehicle. "That the state may fail to
prove an offense by proof beyond a reasonable doubt does not mean that the much lower
standard of probable cause did not exist to support the offense in the first instance." State
v. Mansour, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2015-06-051, 2016-Ohio-755, ¶ 26. The same is true
as it relates to the even lower, less-demanding reasonable suspicion standard.
{¶ 27} Leder nevertheless directs this court's attention to the decision in State v.
Marcum, 5th Dist. Licking No. 12-CA-88, 2013-Ohio-2652, wherein the Fifth District Court
of Appeals found "the Trooper did not have reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop
appellee based on her action in driving on the white fog line[.]" Id. at ¶ 17. Leder also
directs this court's attention to the decision in State v. Shaffer, 3d Dist. Paulding No. 11-13-
02, 2013-Ohio-3581, a case in which the Third District Court of Appeals similarly found
appellant's "driving onto the white fog line one time for a matter of three seconds" was,
standing alone, insufficient to establish requisite reasonable suspicion to stop appellant's
vehicle for a marked lane violation. Id. at ¶ 27; see also State v. Smith, 3d Dist. Marion
County No. 9-17-05, 2017-Ohio-5845 (affirming trial court's decision granting a motion to
suppress upon finding officer had no reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop because
"no traffic violation occurred" when the defendant was observed driving "on top of the white
edge line"); Mentor v. Phillips, 11th Dist. Lake No. 99-L-119, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 6207
(Dec. 29, 2000) (officer did not have probable cause to stop appellant for a marked lane
violation where appellant drove "onto the white markings and then back over").
{¶ 28} However, unlike in Marcum and Shaffer, and by extension Smith and Phillips,
the record in this case indicates Trooper Haggerty initiated a traffic stop of Leder's vehicle
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for much more than observing Leder driving onto a marked lane line one time. Compare
Lebanon v. Evans, 12th Dist. Warren CA2009-08-116, 2010-Ohio-4402, ¶ 13-14 (municipal
court did not err by finding trooper had a reasonable suspicion to initiate a traffic stop where
the trooper testified he observed appellant's "tires hit the dotted lines" "a couple of times").
The record instead indicates Trooper Haggerty initiated a traffic stop of Leder's vehicle after
he observed what he believed constituted two violations of R.C. 4511.39(A) and one
violation of R.C. 4511.33(A)(1).
{¶ 29} "[A]n officer who has probable cause necessarily has a reasonable and
articulable suspicion, which is all the officer needs to justify a stop." State v. Mays, 119
Ohio St.3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, ¶ 22. "Consequently, an officer who reasonably suspects
that a traffic violation has occurred need not determine whether a driver's conduct might be
excused before initiating a traffic stop." State v. Rubsam, 9th Dist. Medina No. 18CA0089-
M, 2019-Ohio-2153, ¶ 8, citing Id. at ¶ 16-17. That is to say "[a]n officer is not required to
determine whether someone who has been observed committing a crime might have a legal
defense to the charge." Mays at ¶ 17. To hold otherwise would necessitate law
enforcement officials to act as the trier of fact – either a jury or the trial court – prior to
conducting an otherwise legally permissible and constitutionally protected traffic stop.
Conclusion
{¶ 30} The trial court did not err by denying Leder's motion to suppress upon finding
Trooper Haggerty had reasonable suspicion to initiate an investigative traffic stop of Leder's
vehicle. This is true "even if the officer had some ulterior motive for making the stop, such
as a suspicion that the violator was engaging in more nefarious criminal activity." Dayton
v. Erickson, 76 Ohio St.3d 3 (1996), paragraph one of the syllabus. "It is the role of a trial
court in a suppression hearing such as this to determine whether there was sufficient
evidence of the officer having reasonable and articulable suspicion to effectuate a traffic
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stop and then whether there was probable cause to arrest the defendant for the charges."
State v. Hatfield, 5th Dist. Morrow No. 10-CA-8, 2011-Ohio-597, ¶ 38. Therefore, because
we find Trooper Haggerty conducted a lawful investigative traffic stop of Leder's vehicle,
Leder's single assignment of error lacks merit and is overruled.
{¶ 31} Judgment affirmed.
PIPER and M. POWELL, JJ., concur.
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Combined Opinion