People v. Guerrero

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Appellate Court Date: 2019.07.25
09:56:15 -05'00'

People v. Guerrero, 2018 IL App (3d) 170786

Appellate Court THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption ELOY GUERRERO, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. Third District
Docket No. 3-17-0786

Filed September 7, 2018

Decision Under Appeal from the Circuit Court of Knox County, No. 11-CF-494; the
Review Hon. Scott Shipplett, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Vacated; cause remanded with directions.

Counsel on James E. Chadd, Peter A. Carusona, and Bryon Kohut, of State
Appeal Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.

Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Chicago (David L. Franklin,
Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Daniel B. Lewin,
Assistant Attorneys General, of counsel), for appellee.

Panel PRESIDING JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court.
Justice Holdridge specially concurred, with opinion.
Justice Schmidt specially concurred, with opinion.
 OPINION

¶1 Defendant, Eloy Guerrero, appeals from the denial of his motion to withdraw guilty plea,
arguing (1) his postplea counsel labored under a per se conflict of interest, (2) the circuit court
erred in denying his motion to withdraw guilty plea where his plea counsel failed to inform
defendant he was subject to mandatory deportation, and (3) he is entitled to $5-per-day credit
toward his fines. We vacate and remand with directions.

¶2 FACTS
¶3 On August 20, 2012, defendant pled guilty to conspiracy to commit the offense of unlawful
possession of more than 5000 grams of cannabis (720 ILCS 550/4(g) (West 2010); 720 ILCS
5/8-2 (West 2010)) in exchange for a six-year sentencing cap and defendant’s cooperation if
called to testify. Defendant was represented by Daniel O’Brien, a Knox County alternate
public defender. The court explained to defendant that the sentencing cap meant that the State
would not ask for more than six years’ imprisonment, but that the court could sentence
defendant to probation or a period of incarceration, even a period of incarceration greater than
six years. The court asked if defendant understood. Defendant stated, “I understand that but, I
mean, can I think about this? I mean, I wonder if I can get—it wouldn’t affect my immigration
status?” The court stated:
“By pleading guilty here today, this could affect your immigration status. If you’re
here as—illegally or if you’re a holder of a green card, there could be immigration
consequences; but immigration is a federal matter. It’s not a state matter. And while I
could tell you that it’s possible that any—that what you do here could lead to your
deportation from the United States, I have no idea. *** So I suppose that it could
conceivably result in your deportation, but I don’t know what will happen.”
Defendant’s plea counsel then stated, “I’ve explained it to him as best as I understand the
situation with immigration law.” Defendant asked if the sentence could be lower. The court
stated that defendant could ask for probation, but that it would have to hear and consider the
evidence in aggravation and mitigation before deciding on a sentence. Defendant said he
understood. Defendant then stated:
“I wonder if it’s possible to get—I mean, because—the way I see it is when after—even
if I get probation, I might get in trouble with immigration. I’m legally [sic]. I worked
too hard to get [to] this point. And, I mean, I committed a mistake. I—I know this. I
really—but I never intend to help these guys to sell or—.”
The court asked defendant if he believed six years’ imprisonment was excessive. Defendant
said he did. The court explained to defendant that he would have an opportunity to tell the court
he believed six years’ imprisonment was excessive at the sentencing hearing; the court would
consider defendant’s education, record, work history, and any other evidence before deciding
on a sentence; and defendant would not be sentenced on that day. Defendant conferred with his
attorney and then agreed to go forward with the plea.
¶4 As to the factual basis, the State said that agents of multiple federal and state agencies
would testify that defendant was overheard, via wiretaps, agreeing to take possession of more
than 5000 grams of cannabis that was to be delivered to Knox County, Illinois. There was an
interception in excess of 5000 grams of cannabis by Illinois State Police that was to be

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 delivered to defendant. Defendant agreed that he still wished to plead guilty. The court
accepted the plea as knowingly and voluntarily made.
¶5 The case proceeded to a sentencing hearing. The State was represented by David Hansen
on the first day of the sentencing hearing. The court sentenced defendant to three years’
probation and 90 days in jail. Defendant was assessed a $1000 drug assessment, a $50 court
fund fine, a $5 teen court fine, a $30 child advocacy center fine, a $5 drug court fine, a $10
State Police Operations Assistance Fund fine, a $10 probation operations fine, a $25 drug
traffic prevention fund fine, and a $100 Trauma Center Fund fine.
¶6 On November 28, 2012, defendant, still represented by O’Brien, filed a motion to
withdraw his guilty plea. The motion stated that the plea was “made in error” as defendant “felt
pressured into pleading guilty although he didn’t fully understand the consequences.” The
motion further stated that defendant’s “attorney didn’t properly explain the consequences that
[defendant’s] conviction would have on his immigration status.” In an affidavit attached to the
motion, defendant averred:
“I feel that I was pressured into pleading guilty in that I didn’t understand the full
consequences that my guilty plea would have on my immigration status.
I also feel that my attorney improperly advised me as to how my guilty plea and
conviction could affect my status as an immigrant.”
¶7 A hearing was held on the motion. Defendant testified that when he pled guilty, he was
aware “that there could possibly be ramifications for [his] immigration status or ability to get
*** citizenship.” Defendant stated that he “hear[d] about being deported” and went to see an
immigration lawyer. The immigration lawyer told him that, even though he was sentenced to
probation, he could still be deported, even if he followed the guidelines of his probation.
Defendant stated he was surprised to hear that. Defendant said O’Brien had told him that he did
not know what would happen to defendant’s immigration status. However, O’Brien never told
him that he would not be deported. Defendant said that, at that time, no immigration
proceedings had been brought against him. O’Brien did try to have the charge amended based
on defendant’s immigration status so that defendant ultimately pled to a lower charge than the
original charge.
¶8 O’Brien then stated:
“I don’t actually feel like I erroneously advised [defendant] of the immigration
consequences, but I do believe that he was left with an erroneous impression of the
immigration consequences through some kind of miscommunication which was
certainly in part because of my own lack of familiarity with immigration law.
I talked to an immigration attorney and I did research on my own but it just isn’t
really my area of expertise and *** as [defendant] testified, I essentially said I didn’t
know what was going to happen in the end, whether he would get deported or wouldn’t
get deported. *** I get the impression that, again, through a combination of my not
fully understanding of the exact process by which immigration works and just the
process of communicating all this back and forth with [defendant], I do believe that he
*** had a misapprehension of what the actual immigration consequences were of this
plea.”
¶9 The court denied the motion, noting:

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 “I don’t think Mr. O’Brien is—has led you astray by telling you that there could be
consequences and neither did I when we were talking about it in court. I told you that
there could be immigration consequences but nobody knows what’s going to happen.
That’s just a risk you have to take. And I think that you were fully aware that
there’s—there is a risk.”
¶ 10 Defendant appealed, and this court summarily remanded the case for proper
admonishments under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 605(c) (eff. Oct 1, 2001). The court
properly admonished defendant, and O’Brien filed another motion to withdraw guilty plea on
defendant’s behalf. The motion stated that defendant felt pressured into pleading guilty when
he did not fully understand the consequences. The motion further stated that the plea was made
in error because defendant “received ineffective assistance of counsel in that his attorney gave
him erroneous advice and failed to properly advise him of the consequences of his guilty plea
and that, but for this objectively unreasonable advice, he would not have pled guilty.” The
motion asserted that there was a doubt as to defendant’s guilt and that he had a meritorious
defense.
¶ 11 A hearing was held on the motion, during which David Hansen, now working for the public
defender’s office (see supra ¶ 5), represented defendant. No evidence was presented. The court
then denied the motion, stating:
“The fact that you could be deported does not mean that the government would deport
you. What you’re entitled to be advised of is that there could be immigration
consequences, and it could be deportation. And Mr. O’Brien said on the record that he
told you about that, and I explained it on the record as well.”

¶ 12 ANALYSIS
¶ 13 On appeal, defendant argues (1) his postplea counsel, David Hansen, labored under a
per se conflict of interest where he appeared on behalf of the State at defendant’s sentencing
hearing, (2) the court erred in denying his motion to withdraw the guilty plea where plea
counsel was ineffective for failing to affirmatively inform defendant that he was subject to
mandatory deportation if he pled guilty to conspiracy to commit the offense of unlawful
possession of more than 5000 grams of cannabis, and (3) he is entitled to $5-per-day credit
towards his fines. We will consider each argument in turn.

¶ 14 I. Per Se Conflict
¶ 15 Defendant first contends that his postplea counsel labored under a per se conflict of
interest, as he appeared for the State at defendant’s sentencing hearing. The State confesses
error. After reviewing the record, we accept the State’s confession.
¶ 16 The right to effective assistance of counsel includes the right to conflict-free
representation. People v. Hernandez, 231 Ill. 2d 134, 142 (2008). A per se conflict of interest
exists “when defense counsel was a former prosecutor who had been personally involved in the
prosecution of the defendant.” Id. at 143-44. When a per se conflict exists, the defendant need
not show that the conflict prejudiced him, and the court on appeal must reverse unless the
defendant affirmatively waived the conflict. People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d 1, 14-17 (1988).
Where counsel represented the prosecution in the same case, “inquiry into the precise nature

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 and extent of [counsel’s] personal involvement is [n]either necessary [n]or desirable.” People
v. Kester, 66 Ill. 2d 162, 168 (1977).
¶ 17 Here, Hansen appeared on behalf of the State during defendant’s sentencing hearing. He
then went to work for the public defender’s office and represented defendant during his motion
to withdraw guilty plea. Because Hansen represented the interests of the State during
defendant’s case before representing defendant, Hansen labored under a per se conflict of
interest. There is nothing in the record to show that defendant affirmatively waived this
conflict. As stated above (supra ¶ 16), defendant is not required to show that he was prejudiced
by such conflict.
¶ 18 Therefore, we vacate the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s motion to withdraw
guilty plea and remand for new postplea proceedings, including (1) the appointment of
conflict-free counsel, (2) the opportunity to file a new motion to withdraw guilty plea, if
counsel deems a new motion is necessary, (3) certification under Illinois Supreme Court Rule
604(d) (eff. Mar. 8, 2016), and (4) a new hearing on the motion to withdraw guilty plea.

¶ 19 II. Ineffective Assistance of Plea Counsel
¶ 20 Defendant next argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion to withdraw guilty
plea. Specifically, defendant argues that plea counsel was ineffective for failing to
affirmatively inform defendant that he was subject to mandatory deportation if he pled guilty
to conspiracy to commit the offense of unlawful possession of more than 5000 grams of
cannabis. Because we vacated defendant’s motion to withdraw guilty plea and remanded for
new postplea proceedings (supra ¶ 18), we need not answer the question of plea counsel’s
ineffectiveness. Instead, the circuit court will be tasked with determining anew whether
defendant should be allowed to withdraw his guilty plea and, thus, whether plea counsel was
ineffective.
¶ 21 However, we would be remiss if we did not provide some guidance to the circuit court to
use when making such a determination. In order for defendant to withdraw his guilty plea
based on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, defendant has to show that (1) counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable
probability that the result of the proceedings would have been different but for counsel’s
errors. People v. Valdez, 2016 IL 119860, ¶ 14; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984). “It is quintessentially the duty of counsel to provide her client with available advice
about an issue like deportation, and the failure to do so ‘clearly satisfies the first prong of the
Strickland analysis.’ ” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 371 (2010) (quoting Hill v.
Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 62 (1985) (White, J., concurring in judgment)).
¶ 22 We note that Padilla is particularly applicable here. In Padilla, the defendant pled guilty to
drug distribution charges in Kentucky. Id. at 359. His plea counsel not only failed to inform
him that he faced deportation consequences if he pled guilty, but told him he “ ‘ “did not have
to worry about immigration status since he had been in the country so long.” ’ ” Id. The United
States Supreme Court determined that “constitutionally competent counsel would have
advised [the defendant] that his conviction for drug distribution made him subject to automatic
deportation.” Id. at 360. In doing so, the Court stated:
“In the instant case, the terms of the relevant immigration statute are succinct, clear,
and explicit in defining the removal consequence for Padilla’s conviction. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) (‘Any alien who at any time after admission has been convicted of a

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 violation of (or a conspiracy or attempt to violate) any law or regulation of a State, the
United States or a foreign country relating to a controlled substance …, other than a
single offense involving possession for one’s own use of 30 grams or less of marijuana,
is deportable’). Padilla’s counsel could have easily determined that his plea would
make him eligible for deportation simply from reading the text of the statute, which
addresses not some broad classification of crimes but specifically commands removal
for all controlled substances convictions except for the most trivial of marijuana
possession offenses. Instead, Padilla’s counsel provided him false assurance that his
conviction would not result in his removal from this country. This is not a hard case in
which to find deficiency: The consequences of Padilla’s plea could easily be
determined from reading the removal statute, his deportation was presumptively
mandatory, and his counsel’s advice was incorrect.” Id. at 368-69.
The Court went on to advise that
“When the law is not succinct and straightforward ***, a criminal defense attorney
need do no more than advise a noncitizen client that pending criminal charges may
carry a risk of adverse immigration consequences. But when the deportation
consequence is truly clear, as it was in this case, the duty to give correct advice is
equally clear.” Id. at 369.
Therefore, the Court determined that plea counsel’s performance was deficient and remanded
for the Kentucky courts to determine whether Padilla had been prejudiced by his counsel’s
deficient performance. Id.
¶ 23 Here, defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit the offense of unlawful possession
of more than 5000 grams of cannabis falls under section 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) of title 8 (8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) (2006)), the same federal statute as Padilla’s conviction. See supra ¶ 22.
The Supreme Court determined that that portion of the statute explicitly provided for
mandatory deportation and that Padilla’s counsel was required to inform him of that mandatory
deportation. Therefore, for a defendant whose conviction falls under the same statute,
deportation is also “presumptively mandatory” and plea counsel must inform him or her of
such. See Padilla, 559 U.S. at 368-69; see also People v. Guzman-Ruiz, 2014 IL App (3d)
120150, ¶¶ 19-20.
¶ 24 We take no position on whether plea counsel’s advice to defendant regarding the
deportation consequences satisfied the requirement set forth in Padilla. Instead, we leave that
finding for the circuit court to make on remand. Should the court find that counsel’s
performance was deficient, defendant must then establish that he was prejudiced by counsel’s
deficient performance. To establish prejudice, defendant must show a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pled guilty and would have insisted on going
to trial. People v. Rissley, 206 Ill. 2d 403, 457 (2003). To do so, defendant must present “either
a claim of innocence or the articulation of a plausible defense that could have been raised at
trial.” People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d 324, 335-36 (2005).

¶ 25 III. $5-Per-Day Credit
¶ 26 Lastly, defendant argues that he is entitled to $5-per-day credit toward his fines. The State
confesses error, but argues that defendant is not entitled to credit towards the $10 probation
operations assessment, contending that it is a fee and not a fine. After reviewing the record, we

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 accept the State’s confession and award defendant the credit towards his fines. We further find
that the probation operations assessment is a fine for which credit can be applied.
¶ 27 “Any person incarcerated on a bailable offense who does not supply bail and against whom
a fine is levied on conviction of such offense shall be allowed a credit of $5 for each day so
incarcerated upon application of the defendant.” 725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2012). The
application for monetary credit for time spent incarcerated prior to sentencing may be raised at
any time and at any stage of court proceedings. People v. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d 79, 88 (2008).
¶ 28 At sentencing, defendant was given 354 days of presentence custody credit, but was not
given any monetary credit. Defendant was also assessed the following fines, which are subject
to be offset by the $5-per-day credit (see People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (3d) 140364
(appendix)): (1) $1000 drug assessment (People v. Jones, 223 Ill. 2d 569, 588 (2006)); (2) $50
court fund fine (People v. Graves, 235 Ill. 2d 244, 253 (2009)); (3) $5 teen court fine (People v.
Richards, 394 Ill. App. 3d 706, 709 (2009)); (4) $30 child advocacy center fine (People v.
Jones, 397 Ill. App. 3d 651, 660-61 (2009)); (5) $5 drug court fine (People v. Williams, 2011
IL App (1st) 091667-B, ¶ 19); (6) $10 State Police Operations Assistance Fund fine (People v.
Bell, 2012 IL App (5th) 100276, ¶ 42); (7) $25 Drug Traffic Prevention Fund fine (People v.
Devine, 2012 IL App (4th) 101028, ¶ 10); and (8) $100 Trauma Center Fund fine (Jones, 223
Ill. 2d at 593).
¶ 29 Moreover, this court has held that the probation operations assessment is a fine subject to
$5-per-day credit. People v. Carter, 2016 IL App (3d) 140196, ¶¶ 55-56. In doing so, we
stated,
“The probation operations assistance fee is assessed against all criminal defendants
‘upon a judgment of guilty or grant of supervision’ regardless of whether probations
services were actually utilized in each defendant’s case. 705 ILCS 105/27.3a(1.1)
(West 2012). As such, we conclude the probation operations assistance assessment
qualifies as a fine, created to generate a fund to support probation and court services,
regardless of a defendant’s actual utilization of those services.” Carter, 2016 IL App
(3d) 140196, ¶ 56.
We noted that in People v. Rogers, 2014 IL App (4th) 121088, ¶ 37, the Fourth District created
a dichotomy: finding the assessment would be a fee when a defendant was sentenced to
probation and a fine when a defendant was not sentenced to probation. Carter, 2016 IL App
(3d) 140196, ¶ 57. We declined to follow this, instead solely finding that the assessment was a
fine. Id. We continue to reject Rogers, and instead adhere to our holding in Carter that the
assessment was a fine. Defendant is therefore entitled to $5-per-day credit toward the $10
probation operations assessment as well.
¶ 30 Accordingly, as defendant was incarcerated 354 days before he was sentenced, he is
entitled to a full reduction of his $1235 of eligible fines.

¶ 31 CONCLUSION
¶ 32 The judgment of the circuit court of Knox County is vacated and remanded with directions.

¶ 33 Vacated; cause remanded with directions.

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¶ 34 JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE, specially concurring:
¶ 35 I join in the majority’s judgment, and I agree with Justice Carter’s analysis, with one
exception. Citing People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d 324, 335-36 (2005), Justice Carter states that, to
establish prejudice in this case, the defendant must present “ ‘either a claim of innocence or the
articulation of a plausible defense that could have been raised at trial.’ ” Supra ¶ 24 (quoting
Hall, 217 Ill. 2d at 335-36). However, this standard for establishing prejudice does not apply
where, as here, the defendant’s claim for ineffective assistance of counsel is predicated on his
plea counsel’s failure to inform him of the potential immigration consequences of pleading
guilty. People v. Deltoro, 2015 IL App (3d) 130381, ¶¶ 21-27. To establish prejudice in this
context, a defendant must merely demonstrate that his decision to reject the plea bargain
“would have been rational under the circumstances.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372
(2010); Deltoro, 2015 IL App (3d) 130381, ¶ 22. “A defendant facing potential deportation
may show that his decision to reject a plea offer and go to trial is rational without showing that
he would have likely succeeded at trial.” Deltoro, 2015 IL App (3d) 130381, ¶ 22.
¶ 36 For the reasons set forth in Deltoro (and in my dissent in People v. Valdez, 2015 IL App
(3d) 120892, ¶¶ 46-47 (Holdridge, J., dissenting), and my partial concurrence in People v.
Guzman, 2014 IL App (3d) 090464, ¶¶ 77-80 (Holdridge, J., dissenting in part and specially
concurring in part)), I disagree with Justice Carter’s articulation of the governing standard for
establishing prejudice in this case. I join Justice Carter’s analysis in all other respects.

¶ 37 JUSTICE SCHMIDT, specially concurring:
¶ 38 I concur in the judgment.

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