In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-18-00109-CR
___________________________
WILLIAM PAUL WEST, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
On Appeal from the 415th District Court
Parker County, Texas
Trial Court No. CR16-0789
Before Kerr, Birdwell, Bassel, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant William Paul West for driving while intoxicated, his
third such offense and thus a felony. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.09(b)(2).
West’s appeal stems from a trial exchange between the prosecutor and a
witness, during which the prosecutor described an exhibit as having been edited for
“inadmissible” material. Specifically, West complains about this sequence:
[PROSECUTOR]: Trooper, I’m handing you what’s marked as State’s
Exhibit 3. It’s a CD.
[THE WITNESS]: Yes, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: Have you observed the contents of that CD?
[WITNESS]: Yes, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: Do you believe that fairly and accurately represents
your observations that evening?
[THE WITNESS]: Yes, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: Other than the agreed-upon edits by defense counsel
and counsel for the State of inadmissible1 material, has that been edited in
any way to your knowledge? [Emphasis added.]
[THE WITNESS]: No, sir.
[PROSECUTOR]: Your Honor, I move to submit State’s Exhibit No.
3 into evidence.
1
It is uncertain what the prosecutor meant by “inadmissible” material in this
instance. The CD video in question contains arrest footage from the witness’s patrol-
car dashcam. Audio was redacted from some video sequences to exclude references to
West’s prior DWI convictions. Even so, West grounds his appeal on the prosecutor’s
using the word “inadmissible” and not on the prosecutor’s revealing actual
inadmissible material to the jury.
2
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Judge, can we approach?
(Conference at the bench.)
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I don’t know why he just said that there’s
been redactions to this video of evidence that’s not admissible. I mean,
that’s very prejudicial.
The judge then excused the jury, and the parties conferenced further. Defense
counsel then formally objected to the prosecutor’s question, specifically his using the
word “inadmissible.” Defense counsel requested the trial court to instruct the jury to
disregard and moved for a mistrial on the ground that the question, as worded, was
prejudicial because it suggested to the jury that the parties had manipulated the
evidence. The trial court denied the motion but instructed the jury to disregard any
statement made by the prosecutor concerning “admissibility” because that would be a
legal issue for the court. West now appeals the denial of his motion for a mistrial.
Standard of Review
When a trial court denies a mistrial motion, our review is for an abuse of
discretion. Ocon v. State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). “A mistrial is an
appropriate remedy in ‘extreme circumstances’ for a narrow class of highly prejudicial
and incurable errors.” Id. (citing Hawkins v. State, 135 S.W.3d 72, 77 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004)). We consider the arguments before the trial court when it denied the motion,
and we view all evidence in the light most favorable to that ruling. See id. A trial court
abuses its discretion if its ruling falls ouside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.
3
Discussion
Assuming that the prosecutor’s question was improper, we examine whether it
was harmful. See Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77 (stating that whether a trial court abuses
its discretion in denying a mistrial involves most, if not all, of the same considerations
that attend a harm analysis). Both the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals and our court
apply the three-factor harmless-error test to determine whether a trial court abused its
discretion in denying a motion for mistrial due to prosecutorial misconduct,
examining (1) the severity of misconduct, (2) any curative measures, and (3) the
certainty of the conviction. See, e.g., Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 767 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007) (addressing improper argument); Ramon v. State, 159 S.W.3d 927, 929–
32 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (involving prosecutorial testimony); Harper v. State,
508 S.W.3d 461, 470 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, pet. ref’d) (stating the test applies
to improper question). After applying these factors, we hold that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in denying West’s motion.
1. Severity of Misconduct
Prejudicial effect is the first factor’s touchstone. Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 77. We
consider whether the prosecutor’s question was clearly calculated to inflame the
jurors’ minds and was of such a character as to suggest that withdrawing the
impression was impossible. Harper, 508 S.W.3d at 470 (citing Gonzalez v. State,
685 S.W.2d 47, 49 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985)). A mistrial is warranted if the question was
obviously harmful to the defendant. Id.
4
West contends that the purported misconduct—the prosecutor’s uttering the
word “inadmissible” within his question—was prejudicial because the jury was led to
believe that counsel manipulated the evidence and that they were not getting the full
story. West likens his case to Vu Hoang Nguyen v. State, in which the defendant moved
for mistrial during witness examination after a prosecutor accused defense counsel of
attempting to “mislead the jury.” No. 14-07-00322-CR, 2008 WL 2262054, at *6 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 29, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). There, the trial court denied the defendant’s motion and the appellate
court affirmed, holding that the statement’s effect was “minimal under the
circumstances.” Id. at *7.
To the extent, if any, that Nguyen supports West’s argument, it is
distinguishable. The prosecutor’s objection in that case directly accused defense
counsel of attempting to mislead the jury. Id. at *6. Here, the prosecutor’s question
informed the jury, in substance, only that both parties had mutually agreed to redact
some of the audio—the jury was not told what had been said—because it was
inadmissible. This question was far less egregious than the State’s accusational
objection in Nguyen, which, again, the appellate court labeled as “minimal under the
circumstances.” Id. at *7.
West’s case is more analogous to Hawkins, where the defendant moved for
mistrial after objecting to a prosecutor’s “misstatement of law.” 135 S.W.3d at 74.
There, the prosecutor erroneously said that, under parole law, the defendant would be
5
released back into the community after serving only one-fourth of his sentence. Id.
The statement was false because the defendant would only become eligible for parole
after that time period. Id. The trial court denied the mistrial motion, and the court of
criminal appeals concluded, after applying a version of the three-factor harmless-error
test, that the trial court had not abused its discretion because the misstatement was
isolated, not egregious, and curable by instruction. Id. at 74, 77, 83–85. For the
reasons discussed below, we reach the same conclusion.
Here, the prosecutor’s question was technically a legal misstatement because it
suggested that counsel themselves could determine matters of admissibility.2 See
Sherman v. State, 428 S.W.2d 338, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 1968) (stating that questions of
admissibility are at the trial judge’s exclusive discretion). While the prosecutor
described the edited material as “inadmissible,” he neutralized any possible prejudice
when he simultaneously stated that both parties, including West, 3 had agreed to the
edits: “Other than the agreed-upon edits by defense counsel and counsel for the State of
2
West’s attorney acknowledged as much during the conference when she said,
of the curing instruction, “Well, I want it to be what the law is and . . . the Judge
determines admissibility or inadmissibility, not [the prosecutor] and I or the Trooper
or what we’ve all agreed to is the hand cherry-picked evidence that we’re going to
show . . . .”
3
During the conference, both parties acknowledged the mutuality of the edits.
Defense counsel asserted, “[W]e’ve admitted we have actually manipulated evidence
and taken out something,” and the prosecutor later stated, “My comment was the State
and defense counsel agreed to these manipulations. And that is the truth.” [Emphasis
added.]
6
inadmissible material, has that been edited in any way to your knowledge?” [Emphasis
added.] The impression created for the jury, if any, was simply that the parties had
mutually agreed to the edits, whatever they might have been. West fails to show, and
we struggle to see, how this impression prejudiced him.4
The question’s nature also matters. See Rideaux v. State, 498 S.W.3d 634,
640 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (reasoning that an improper
question’s prejudicial effect was minimal when it was brief and not emphasized);
Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 83–84 (reasoning that an isolated and perceivably accidental
legal misstatement lessened the misconduct’s severity). The alleged misconduct at
issue here is just one word, an adjective, within an otherwise proper question asked
during witness examination. West does not argue that the State emphasized the word
“inadmissible,” and the record indicates that this was the only time the jury heard the
prosecution say it. In fact, the defense did not object to the prosecutor’s rephrasing
the question in a substantially similar way: “To your knowledge, other than approved
edits by State and defense counsel, has this been altered in any way?”
Finally, the prosecutor’s question was necessary to authenticate the video. See
generally Tex. R. Evid. 901(b) (listing satisfactory ways to authenticate evidence). The
prosecution explained that the question, as phrased, provided context for why certain
4
West’s attorney suggested during the conference that the question could
actually advantage him: “[W]e’ve admitted we have actually manipulated evidence . . .,
be it to Mr. West’s advantage or disadvantage.”
7
video sequences lacked audio. The prosecutor needed to give this context so that the
state trooper could testify truthfully about the extent of the video’s authenticity.5 See
Crivello v. State, 4 S.W.3d 792, 802 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1999, no pet.) (stating that a
police officer’s testimony helped authenticate a DWI arrest videotape when he said it
was what it claimed to be.)
In sum, we cannot say that the prosecutor’s initial phrasing was clearly
calculated to inflame jurors’ minds or was otherwise obviously harmful to West. The
first factor weighs favorably to the State.
2. Curative Measures
Whether a jury instruction suffices to cure error depends on the case’s facts.
Ocon, 284 S.W.3d at 884. Generally, a prompt instruction to disregard cures error
caused by an improper question and answer. Simpson v. State, 119 S.W.3d 262, 272,
5
On appeal, West does not contest the trooper’s authenticating testimony, and
so we need not discuss it. See State v. Bailey, 201 S.W.3d 739, 744 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006) (holding that a reviewing court cannot reach out on an issue that was not
raised); Cobb v. State, No. 03-05-00159-CR, 2006 WL 1865586, at *2 n.2 (Tex. App.—
Austin July 7, 2006, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (declining to
address an issue that the appellant had not raised). Yet counsel for both parties
discussed this dynamic during the bench conference:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I don’t know how to, you know, explain to
the jury we’ve left out a part of evidence that this man’s going to swear
this an accurate representation of what went on that night.
[PROSECUTOR’S CO-COUNSEL]: And, Judge, I think that’s been
done. That was why the question was asked. I mean, I think the jury
deserves an explanation, but it doesn’t need to be belabored on it.
There’s been some edits and okay.
8
274 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (quoting Ovalle v. State, 13 S.W.3d 774, 783 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000)) (holding that the instruction to disregard cured error from a question
eliciting the victim’s son’s opinion about proper punishment for the defendant); see
also Moore v. State, 882 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (holding that the
instruction cured the harm from a racially suggestive question); Swallow v. State,
829 S.W.2d 223, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (holding that the instruction cured error
from prosecutor’s question suggesting that defendant had prior DWI arrest), overruled
on other grounds by Randolph v. State, 353 S.W.3d 887, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). As
with improper questions and answers, misstatements of law are also curable by
instruction. See Hawkins, 135 S.W.3d at 84–85 (reasoning that such an instruction
accompanied by clarification cured a misstatement about parole law).
The question in dispute here did not actually expose the jury to or otherwise
identify inadmissible evidence. West takes issue solely with the prosecutor’s using the
word “inadmissible.” Like Hawkins, this one-off was curable by an instruction to
disregard and clarification about what constituted the misstatement. See id. at 85. The
trial court here stated: “The Court instructs the jury to disregard and not consider for
any purpose any statement made by counsel for the State regarding editing or
admissibility of evidence in this case as admissibility is a matter of law for the determination
by the Court.” [Emphasis added.]
When a judge instructs a jury to disregard, we presume that the jurors followed
the instruction unless the particular case’s facts suggest otherwise. See Waldo v. State,
9
746 S.W.2d 750, 753–54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); see also Thompson v. State, Nos. 02-18-
00230-CR, 02-18-00231-CR, 02-18-00232-CR, 2019 WL 1065925, at *8 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth March 7, 2019, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(noting the rebuttable presumption that jurors follow the trial court’s instructions in
the manner presented). The record does not indicate, and West does not argue, any
contrary facts. Thus, the second factor also weighs favorably to the State.
3. Certainty of Conviction
The third factor assesses the likelihood that the appellant would have been
convicted without the misconduct. Ramon, 159 S.W.3d at 931. Strong evidence against
an appellant undermines an argument for abuse of discretion. See id. at 931–
32 (weighing eyewitness testimony and DNA evidence in affirming denied mistrial).
In the present case, eyewitness testimony reports seeing a stationary offroad
vehicle in contact with a utlility pole and fence, hearing the engine rev up, and
observing one person, West, later get out of that vehicle. State troopers testified that
West admitted to losing control of his vehicle and sliding off the road and that he
admitted to having consumed five or six beers. They further stated that West slurred
his speech, struggled with balancing and walking, and was uncooperative during the
standard field-sobriety test. The State submitted into evidence patrol-car-dashcam
footage of the arrest, which corroborated the troopers’ testimony. The troopers also
testified that West’s eyes were glassy and bloodshot and that he had an alcohol odor
10
on his breath. Finally, West’s blood-alcohol concentration was 0.361 grams of alcohol
per 100 milliliters of blood, well over the legal limit of .08 grams.
The evidence’s cumulative weight supports the jury’s still convicting West even
without the prosecutor’s having used the word “inadmissible” in his question. Thus,
this final factor also weighs favorably to the State.
Weighing the Factors
In weighing these three factors, we are reminded that “[i]nappropriate
prosecutorial comments, standing alone, would not justify a reviewing court to reverse
a criminal conviction obtained in an otherwise fair proceeding.” U.S. v. Young,
470 U.S. 1, 11, 105 S. Ct. 1038, 1044 (1985).
Given the question’s neutral, brief, and non-emphasized nature, the judge’s
instruction to disregard, and the cumulative evidence against West, we hold that
(assuming the question’s impropriety) the trial court’s ruling was within the zone of
reasonable disagreement, and thus the court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
motion for mistrial.
Conclusion
We overrule West’s only issue and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
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/s/ Elizabeth Kerr
Elizabeth Kerr
Justice
Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
Delivered: August 1, 2019
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