NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________
No. 17-3335
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BYRON JONES,
Appellant
v.
CASE MANAGER SPOSATO, Loretto Camp;
COUNSELOR HITE, Loretto Camp
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil Action No. 3-14-cv-00260)
District Judge: Honorable Kim R. Gibson
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
June 12, 2019
Before: KRAUSE, SCIRICA and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: August 5, 2019)
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OPINION *
___________
PER CURIAM
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Pro se appellant Byron Jones appeals the District Court’s order dismissing his
second amended complaint. For the reasons detailed below, we will affirm the District
Court’s judgment.
In August 2015, Jones, a federal prisoner, filed an amended complaint 1 raising
claims under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics,
403 U.S. 388 (1971), against Heather Sposato (a case manager at FCI-Loretto) and Keith
Hite (a counselor at FCI-Loretto). Jones alleged that Hite and Sposato had targeted him
for mistreatment to punish him for filing grievances in his previous facility, USP-
Lewisburg. First, Hite increased Jones’s required payments under the Inmate Financial
Responsibility Program (IFRP) from the minimum of $25 per quarter to $141 per quarter.
Jones refused to pay this amount, and, as a result, was placed in “refuse” status and lost
certain privileges. See 28 C.F.R. § 545.11(d). Then, Jones claims, Hite refused to attend
a review meeting in which a new payment schedule could be calculated. Jones contends
that Sposato also “wanted in on the action,” ECF No. 22 at 6, and denied Jones’s request
for a furlough, did not credit Jones with “full participation” for prison job (from which he
had been terminated), and provided a tardy response to one of his requests. Jones
claimed that Hite and Sposato unconstitutionally retaliated against him and treated him
1
In Jones’s initial complaint, he raised claims against employees of both USP-Lewisburg
and FCI-Loretto, but the District Court transferred the claims against the Lewisburg
defendants to the Middle District of Pennsylvania and ordered Jones to file a new
complaint that omitted those claims.
2
differently from other inmates in violation of his rights under the Equal Protection
Clause.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss. Approving and adopting a Magistrate
Judge’s report and recommendation, the District Court denied the motion as to the claims
against Sposato and granted the motion as to the claims against Hite. The Court granted
Jones 20 days to file “a second Amended Complaint in which Plaintiff shall set forth all
desired allegations and claims against all parties.” ECF No. 55.
Jones then filed a second amended complaint. See ECF No. 58. In this complaint,
he asserted claims against only Hite; these claims were materially identical to the claims
he raised in his previous complaint. Hite filed a motion to dismiss. The Magistrate Judge
recommended that the motion to dismiss be granted as to Hite and that Sposato be
terminated from the case. See ECF No. 66. Jones then filed a motion for leave to file an
amended complaint, alleging that he had mistakenly omitted claims against Sposato in his
second amended complaint because he had misunderstood the District Court’s
instructions to include all claims against all parties.
The Magistrate Judge denied Jones’s motion, stating that allowing Jones to file a
third amended complaint “just before the second of two Motions to Dismiss is fully
litigated would be unduly prejudicial to Defendants and a waste of judicial resources.”
ECF No. 71 at 4. The District Court affirmed this order, approved and adopted the
Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation concerning the motion to dismiss, and
entered judgment in favor of Hite and Sposato. Jones filed a timely notice of appeal.
3
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court’s
denial of leave to amend for abuse of discretion. See City of Cambridge Ret. Sys. v.
Altisource Asset Mgmt. Corp, 908 F.3d 872, 878 (3d Cir. 2018). We exercise plenary
review over the District Court’s dismissal order. See Free Speech Coal., Inc. v. Att’y
Gen., 677 F.3d 519, 529-30 (3d Cir. 2012). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint
must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Jones first challenges the District Court’s order denying his request to amend his
second amended complaint to reassert his allegations against Sposato. Leave to amend
“shall be freely given when justice so requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a), but a district court
may deny leave to amend if the moving party has demonstrated undue delay, bad faith, or
dilatory motives; amendment would be futile; or amendment would prejudice the other
party. Lake v. Arnold, 232 F.3d 360, 373 (3d Cir. 2000). While the District Court denied
leave to amend on the ground that amendment would prejudice the defendants, we need
not address that rationale because we conclude that the request was properly denied as
futile. See Hassen v. Gov’t of V.I., 861 F.3d 108, 114 (3d Cir. 2017) (noting that we may
affirm on any basis supported by the record).
Jones argued primarily that Sposato retaliated against him in violation of his rights
under the First Amendment. However, we agree with the defendants that a Bivens claim
in unavailable in this context. In Bistrian v. Levi, 912 F.3d 79 (3d Cir. 2018), we
4
observed that “[t]he Supreme Court has never recognized a Bivens remedy under the
First Amendment,” id. at 95, and concluded that special factors militated against
recognizing such a remedy in the prison context because the prisoner’s “retaliation claim
involves executive policies, implicates separation-of-power concerns, and threatens a
large burden to both the judiciary and prison officials,” id. at 96. The same analysis
applies here, and we likewise conclude that Jones cannot maintain a Bivens claim
alleging that Sposato retaliated against him. 2 See generally Ziglar v. Abbasi, 137 S. Ct.
1843, 1857 (2017).
Jones also asserted an equal-protection claim. Because he has not claimed to be a
member of a protected class, his claim must be premised on a “class-of-one” theory, see
Engquist v. Or. Dep’t of Agric., 553 U.S. 591, 601 (2008), which requires him to allege
that he “has been intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that
there is no rational basis for the difference in treatment,” Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech,
528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000) (per curiam). While Jones states that Sposato treated him less
favorably than other inmates, this naked assertion does not satisfy the pleading standard.
See Ashcroft, 556 U.S. at 678. Rather, Jones needed to make a plausible allegation that
similarly situated individuals were being treated differently, which he failed to do. See,
2
While Bistrian concerned an allegedly retaliatory cell placement and this case concerns
an allegedly retaliatory denial of furlough, refusal to provide credit for work, and delay in
responding to a request, we believe that these actions also involve “real-time and often
difficult judgment calls” that counsel against recognizing a Bivens cause of action.
Bistrian, 912 F.3d at 96.
5
e.g., Cnty. Concrete Corp. v. Town of Roxbury, 442 F.3d 159, 171 (3d Cir. 2006);
Artway v. Att’y Gen., 81 F.3d 1235, 1267 (3d Cir. 1996). 3 Accordingly, Jones’s
proposed amendment would have been futile, and the District Court did not err in
denying leave to amend.
Nor did the District Court err in dismissing Jones’s claims against Hite. He
asserted, primarily, a retaliation claim under Bivens, which, as we have explained, is not
available in this context. See Bistrian, 912 F.3d at 86. 4 His equal-protection claim fares
no better. He alleges that at the end of the prison job, he was the only participant who
was not offered a reduced payment plan. However, by this time, he was in “refuse”
status, and thus, under BOP policy, would not be offered a new plan unless he
“demonstrate[d] a willingness to continue participation in the program.” BOP Program
Statement 5380.08. Thus, he failed to show that he and the other prisoners were “alike
‘in all relevant aspects.’” Startzell v. City of Phila., 533 F.3d 183, 203 (3d Cir. 2008)
(quoting Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1, 10 (1992)).
Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.
3
Based on this conclusion, we need not determine whether a Bivens remedy is available
in this context.
4
Like the claims at issue in Bistrian, Jones’s retaliation claim against Hite implicates
matters of prison administration that counsel against recognition of a Bivens claim. See
generally United States v. Sawyer, 521 F.3d 792, 794–95 (7th Cir. 2008).
6