IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 46095
STATE OF IDAHO, )
) Filed: August 6, 2019
Plaintiff-Respondent, )
) Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
v. )
)
JACOB D. FARRELL, )
)
Defendant-Appellant. )
)
Appeal from the District Court of the Second Judicial District, State of Idaho, Nez
Perce County. Hon. Jay P. Gaskill, District Judge.
Order denying motion to suppress, affirmed.
Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Reed P. Anderson, Deputy
Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.
Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kenneth K. Jorgensen, Deputy
Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
________________________________________________
GRATTON, Chief Judge
Jacob D. Farrell appeals from the judgment of conviction and sentence for trafficking in
heroin. Farrell argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress. For the
reasons set forth below, we affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Farrell was originally charged with possession of methamphetamine. The charge arose
after Officer Reese stopped the vehicle in which Farrell was a passenger based on a suspicion
that the windows were tinted darker than permitted by Idaho Code § 49-944(1). After making
the traffic stop, Officer Reese identified the occupants of the vehicle, asked for the driver’s
license, informed the driver and Farrell about his reason for stopping the vehicle, and asked if the
vehicle’s windows had ever been tint tested. Farrell informed Officer Reese that the vehicle
1
belonged to his mother and was purchased with the tint in place. Officer Reese explained that he
was going to conduct a tint test and returned to his patrol vehicle to retrieve his tint meter.
Thereafter, Officer Reese, and another officer who had arrived at the scene, returned to
the vehicle to perform a tint test on the windows. Officer Reese tested both rear passenger
windows and the back window of the vehicle. During the encounter, both Farrell and the driver
claimed that the tint was original to the vehicle. Ultimately, the two officers confirmed that the
rear window had a light transmission of “approximately 25%” and was darker than allowed by
law. At that time, Officer Reese instructed the other officer to issue the driver a citation for the
window tint violation. While the other officer was filling out the citation, Officer Reese
retrieved a drug detection dog from his patrol vehicle and engaged in a drug-dog sweep of the
vehicle. The dog alerted and a subsequent search of both the vehicle and the passengers revealed
the presence of paraphernalia and methamphetamine.
As relevant to the issue on appeal, the officers issued the driver a citation for the window
tint violation pursuant to I.C. § 49-944(1) which states:
It is unlawful for any person to place, install, affix or apply any window
tinting film or sunscreening device to the windows of any motor vehicle, except
as follows:
....
Nonreflective window tinting film or sunscreening devices that have a
light transmission of not less than thirty-five percent (35%) with a tolerance limit
of plus or minus three percent (3%) and a luminous reflectance of no more than
thirty-five percent (35%) with a tolerance limit of plus or minus three percent
(3%) may be applied to the front side vents, front side windows to the immediate
right and left of the driver, and the rear window . . . .
This statute provides an exception which is set forth in I.C. § 49-944(5):
Nothing in this section shall be construed to make illegal the operation or
sale of any motor vehicle, the windshield or windows of which are composed of,
covered by, or treated with, any material, substance, system, or component with
which the motor vehicle was sold when new or could have been equipped for sale
when new as standard or optional equipment from the manufacturer or authorized
dealer under any United States government statute or regulation governing such
sale at the time of manufacture.
In addition to the driver’s citation, the State charged Farrell with possession of
methamphetamine. Farrell filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained in the search. In
support of his motion to suppress, Farrell submitted an affidavit from the registered owner of the
vehicle (Farrell’s father) which included dealer documentation establishing that the window tint
2
was installed on the vehicle by the manufacturer and thus fell within the exception to I.C.
§ 49-944(1). See I.C. § 49-944(5). In addition to the affidavit, Farrell submitted a photograph
which purportedly showed a factory marking on the rear window. 1 Farrell argued that Officer
Reese (1) did not have reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle, and (2) unlawfully prolonged the
stop by conducting the tint test and issuing a citation for a charge unsupported by law.
The district court concluded that the affidavit submitted by Farrell’s father “establishe[d]
that the window tint on the vehicle was placed there at the factory, and thus [was] a feature of the
vehicle when it was sold as new.” However, the district court denied Farrell’s motion to
suppress explaining,
In the case at hand, Officer Reese had reasonable and articulable suspicion
to stop the vehicle based upon his observation that the back window tint appeared
dark, in violation of I.C. § 49-944. Officer Reese then investigated his
observation by applying the tint meter to the window, which confirmed the tint
was darker on the back window tha[n] allowed by the statute. At that point,
Officer Reese directed the second officer to complete the paperwork to issue a
citation. While the officer was doing so, the drug dog was deployed and
immediately hit on the odor of narcotics, which expanded the scope of the
investigation to a drug investigation.
The evidence before this Court regarding the factory installation of the tint
establishes that there was not a basis for the driver to be found guilty of the
equipment violation infraction. However, that evidence does not negate the
officer’s reasonable articulable suspicion that the tint was darker than permitted
by I.C. § 49-944, and thus, [the] basis for the traffic stop.
Thereafter, the State amended the charge to trafficking in heroin, 2 I.C.
§ 37-2732B(a)(6)(A), and Farrell entered into a conditional guilty plea. Farrell timely appeals.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review of a suppression motion is bifurcated. When a decision on a
motion to suppress is challenged, we accept the trial court’s findings of fact that are supported by
substantial evidence, but we freely review the application of constitutional principles to the facts
as found. State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d 1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). At a
1
The photograph of the window marking, which is contained in the record, is difficult to
decipher. Farrell argued to the district court that the marking reads “Tempered G, DOT - 476
AS-3 M-AT 014, TRANS. 20%.”
2
After Farrell was arrested, officers discovered that the paraphernalia found in the vehicle
contained heroin residue. In addition, a search of the driver revealed 20.6 grams of heroin.
3
suppression hearing, the power to assess the credibility of witnesses, resolve factual conflicts,
weigh evidence, and draw factual inferences is vested in the trial court. State v. Valdez-Molina,
127 Idaho 102, 106, 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789, 979 P.2d
659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999).
III.
ANALYSIS
Farrell argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress because his
traffic stop was unlawfully prolonged in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures of
persons or property. A traffic stop by an officer constitutes a seizure of the vehicle’s occupants
and implicates the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653 (1979); State v. Atkinson, 128 Idaho 559, 561, 916 P.2d
1284, 1286 (Ct. App. 1996). Under the Fourth Amendment, an officer may stop a vehicle to
investigate possible criminal behavior if there is a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the
vehicle is being driven contrary to traffic laws. United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417
(1981); State v. Flowers, 131 Idaho 205, 208, 953 P.2d 645, 648 (Ct. App. 1998).
Here, Farrell claims that his investigative detention was unlawfully prolonged when
Officer Reese measured the window tint and issued a citation for violation of I.C. § 49-944
without first checking to see if the window tint fell within the exception to the statute. Farrell
claims that the officer could have quickly dispelled any reasonable suspicion that the window tint
was in violation of the traffic law if he would have looked at the factory marking on the window.
Because the officer failed to do so, Farrell argues that the officer did not use the least intrusive
means of investigation and did not act reasonably. 3
In order to frame his argument, Farrell articulates the following rule which is set forth in
United State v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 686 (1985):
In assessing whether a detention is too long in duration to be justified as an
investigative stop, we consider it appropriate to examine whether the police
3
In addition to this argument, Farrell changes positions in his reply brief. He argues that
the investigation was not reasonable because “only through further investigation” could Officer
Reese determine if the tint fell within the exception and Officer Reese was “required” but failed
to investigate the exception. It is unclear how this argument can be reconciled with Farrell’s
initial argument that the stop was unlawfully extended. Regardless, this Court will not consider
arguments raised for the first time in the appellant’s reply brief. See Idaho Appellate Rule 35.
4
diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel
their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the
defendant.
Farrell references key words from that case, and others, and argues that his detention was
unconstitutional. However, that particular rule applies when a court analyzes whether the overall
duration of a detention is too long to be justified as an investigative stop. See Sharpe, 470 U.S.
at 686; see also State v. Buti, 131 Idaho 793, 796-97, 964 P.2d 660, 663-64 (1998). In this case,
Farrell ultimately takes issue with the order in which Officer Reese conducted his investigation.
Farrell does not contend that his investigative detention “was too long in duration to be justified
as an investigative detention” or rose to the level of a de facto arrest. Id. Therefore, we will
analyze Farrell’s appellate argument by assessing the reasonableness of the investigative stop.
Id.
The determination of whether an investigative detention is reasonable requires a dual
inquiry--whether the officer’s action was justified at its inception and whether it was reasonably
related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place. State v.
Roe, 140 Idaho 176, 181, 90 P.3d 926, 931 (Ct. App. 2004); State v. Parkinson, 135 Idaho 357,
361, 17 P.3d 301, 305 (Ct. App. 2000). An investigative detention is permissible if it is based
upon specific articulable facts which justify suspicion that the detained person is, has been, or is
about to be engaged in criminal activity. State v. Sheldon, 139 Idaho 980, 983, 88 P.3d 1220,
1223 (Ct. App. 2003). Such a detention must be temporary and last no longer than necessary to
effectuate the purpose of the stop. Roe, 140 Idaho at 181, 90 P.3d at 931; State v. Gutierrez, 137
Idaho 647, 651, 51 P.3d 461, 465 (Ct. App. 2002). Where a person is detained, the scope of
detention must be carefully tailored to its underlying justification. Roe, 140 Idaho at 181, 90
P.3d at 931; Parkinson, 135 Idaho at 361, 17 P.3d at 305. In this regard, we must focus on the
intensity of the detention, as well as its duration. Roe, 140 Idaho at 181, 90 P.3d at 931. The
scope of the intrusion permitted will vary to some extent with the particular facts and
circumstances of each case. Roe, 140 Idaho at 181, 90 P.3d at 931; Parkinson, 135 Idaho at 361,
17 P.3d at 305.
We conclude that Farrell’s detention was not unlawfully prolonged. First, it is
undisputed that Officer Reese had reasonable suspicion to stop the vehicle. Therefore, part one
of the two-part test is satisfied. We need only analyze whether the officer’s actions were
reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference in the first place.
5
Roe, 140 Idaho at 181, 90 P.3d at 931. Based on his suspicion, it was reasonable for Officer
Reese to investigate for a possible tint violation by conducting a tint test. Id. After determining
that the rear window was darker than allowed by law, it was reasonable for the officers to issue
the driver a citation. Id.
The scope of Farrell’s detention was carefully tailored to its underlying justification.
Although Farrell argues that the duration of the detention could have been shorter because the
officer’s suspicion of a tint violation could have been easily dispelled by looking at the window
marking, Officer Reese’s reasonable suspicion was never dispelled. Factually, there was no
evidence or testimony presented that Officer Reese saw the window marking or that the marking
was readily apparent. Even so, there was no evidence that it was apparent from the marking that
the window tint was installed when the vehicle was new or that further on-scene investigation
would have established an exception to I.C. § 49-944(1)(b). To the contrary, nothing in the
marking indicated that the window tint was installed when the vehicle was new. While it is true
that, in some instances, an officer’s reasonable suspicion can be dispelled and any continued
investigation into that suspicion is no longer lawful, that did not occur in this case. See State v.
Salois, 144 Idaho 344, 160 P.3d 1279 (Ct. App. 2007).
The fact that there is an exception in a statute making otherwise unlawful conduct
acceptable does not itself dispel an officer’s reasonable suspicion. After the fact, Farrell was
able to show through an affidavit and supporting dealer documentation that the vehicle tint was
applied to the rear window when the vehicle was new, and thus fell within the exception to I.C.
§ 49-944(1)(b). See I.C. § 49-944(5). This showing, however, only proves that the driver cannot
be convicted of the traffic infraction. Regardless, Officer Reese engaged in a lawful stop based
on reasonable suspicion of a traffic violation and carefully tailored the scope of the detention to
its underlying justification. Farrell’s detention met the Fourth Amendment standard of
reasonableness. Thus, the district court did not err in denying Farrell’s motion to suppress
because his detention was not unlawfully extended.
III.
CONCLUSION
The district court correctly denied Farrell’s motion to suppress. Therefore, the district
court’s order denying Farrell’s motion to suppress is affirmed.
Judge LORELLO and Judge BRAILSFORD CONCUR.
6