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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-12804
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:12-cv-01079-AKK
PROGRESSIVE EMU INC.,
f/k/a Johnson EMU Inc,
Plaintiff - Appellant Counter - Defendant,
versus
NUTRITION & FITNESS INC.,
Defendant – Appellee Counter - Claimant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
________________________
(August 13, 2019)
Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
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This is the second appeal in a breach of contract dispute between Plaintiff
Progressive Emu Inc., 1 a supplier of emu oil, and Defendant Nutrition & Fitness
Inc., a seller of commercial products containing emu oil. In the first appeal, we
reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claims for
royalties owed and Defendant’s claim for reimbursement of overpayments.
Progressive Emu Inc. v. Nutrition & Fitness, Inc., 655 F. App’x 785 (11th Cir.
2016). In this appeal, Plaintiff makes three overarching claims.
First, Plaintiff challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Defendant as to the termination date of the parties’ agreement. The court
concluded that the agreement terminated on April 27, 2012, while Plaintiff argues
that the agreement did not terminate until 2015. Second, Plaintiff contends that
even with a termination date of April 27, 2012, Plaintiff was entitled to royalties
based on Defendant’s sales during the months of March and April 2012.
Acknowledging that the jury concluded otherwise, Plaintiff argues that the district
court erred by declining to grant Plaintiff judgment as a matter of law on these
royalty claims or, at least, by refusing to grant Plaintiff a new trial on this claim.
Third, Plaintiff contends that, as to Plaintiff’s claim for past royalties arising from
unreported sales by Defendant prior to March 2012, the district court erred when it
1
Plaintiff was formerly known as “Johnson’s Emu Oil.”
2
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granted Defendant judgment as a matter of law on this claim. After careful review,
we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff, an Alabama corporation, raises and slaughters emus for their oil,
which purportedly has various anti-inflammatory and soothing properties.
Defendant, a North Carolina corporation, manufactures, markets, and distributes
consumer health products, including “Blue Emu,” a topical ointment containing
emu oil.
A. The Sales, Marketing and Operating Agreement
In 2003, the parties entered into a Sales, Marketing and Operating
Agreement (the Agreement). The Agreement provides that Defendant would
purchase emu oil from Plaintiff for $118.18 per gallon and pay Plaintiff a royalty
of 8% of net revenue from Blue Emu sales and a royalty of 5% of net revenue from
sales of any other products containing emu oil. Defendant agreed to place its
orders for emu oil at least 30 days before a requested delivery date.
Notwithstanding the notice requirement, Plaintiff agreed to “use its best efforts” to
fulfill all orders “as quickly as reasonably possible.” Furthermore, if Plaintiff was
unable to satisfy any of Defendant’s orders within 60 days of the order, Defendant
could then purchase emu oil from a third party. However, as soon as Plaintiff
became able to supply Defendant with oil and notified Defendant of the same,
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Defendant would lose its right to purchase oil from a third party. Defendant also
agreed not to order more oil than would reasonably be needed for 60 days of
production.
The Agreement further provides that either party could terminate the
Agreement for cause if the other party (1) was in default (defined, in relevant part,
as a failure to materially comply with any term in the Agreement) or (2) failed to
make a payment due. Before termination could occur, the allegedly breaching
party was to be given an opportunity to cure the breach.
As noted in our previous opinion, the Agreement underwent two substantive
amendments.2 In 2004, the parties stipulated that Plaintiff could develop, market,
and sell products containing emu oil “in markets other than the Mass Retail
Market.”3 A 2008 amendment, which the parties refer to as the “Fourth
Amendment,” worked four major changes to the Agreement. First, it established
an escalating price scale for barrels of oil.4 Second, it prohibited Plaintiff from
marketing, selling, or distributing emu fat or oil to third parties unless Plaintiff
obtained Defendant’s express consent, which was to be granted if Defendant could
2
The parties additionally made two minor modifications to the Agreement, neither of which
bears on this lawsuit.
3
The Agreement defined “Mass Retail Market” as “all national drug store chains, national
supermarket chains, mass market discount retailers and club retailers.”
4
Specifically, for each calendar year, the first 15 barrels would cost $6,500 per barrel. The next
10 barrels would cost $8,000 per barrel. All additional barrels would cost $9,000 per barrel.
4
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not use all of Plaintiff’s available supply. Third, the Amendment released
Defendant from its obligation to pay Plaintiff royalties for products other than
“Original Blue Emu.” Finally, it extended the Agreement’s term to December 31,
2015.
B. The District Court Action and First Appeal
In 2011, the market price of emu oil spiked and the parties’ disagreed over
their rights and obligations under the Agreement. The parties’ dispute eventually
landed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama.
The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Defendant on Plaintiff’s
multiple claims for royalties on sales of products containing emu oil. The district
court also granted summary judgment in favor of Plaintiff on Defendant’s claim
for overpayments. On appeal, we reversed and remanded as to Plaintiff’s royalty-
related claims. 5 Progressive Emu Inc. v. Nutrition & Fitness, Inc., 655 F. App’x
785 (11th Cir. 2016).
C. Proceedings on Remand
On remand, and now assigned to a new judge, the district court granted
summary judgment as to the question when the agreement terminated, finding that
the parties’ agreement terminated on April 27, 2012. It then conducted a jury trial
to determine any royalties owed Plaintiff before that date. In rendering a verdict
5
We also affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Defendant on a trademark
cancellation claim brought by Plaintiff. That trademark claim is not relevant to this appeal.
5
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on this issue, the jury was asked: “Did [Plaintiff] fail to use its best efforts to
fulfill [Defendant’s] orders for emu oil in March 2012?” The jury answered,
“Yes.” That verdict precluded Plaintiff from obtaining royalties for March and
April 2012. Plaintiff also claimed at trial that Defendant owed royalties for earlier
unreported sales of products containing emu oil going back to January 2006. The
district court, however, granted judgment as a matter of law to Defendant on that
claim and did not submit the issue to the jury.
On appeal, Plaintiff raises 30 issues concerning the district court’s handling
of various matters on remand. As noted, Plaintiff argues that the court erred in:
(1) concluding, as a matter of law, that the contract terminated in April 2012; (2)
failing to grant Plaintiff judgment as a matter of law, or a new trial, on its claims
for March and April 2012 royalties; and (3) directing a verdict for Defendant on
Plaintiff’s claim for royalties due on earlier unreported sales.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The District Court Correctly Ruled that the Agreement
Terminated on April 27, 2012
Plaintiff asserts that it is entitled to royalties on Defendant’s sales of Blue
Emu through December of 2015, which the Agreement indicated to be the
termination date for the contract. In the first appeal, we reversed the district
court’s summary judgment determination that the agreement ended in March 2012,
based on the particular ground relied on by the court. Progressive Emu, 655 F.
6
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App’x at 791–92. However, we instructed the district court to consider on remand
Defendant’s alternative argument that Plaintiff’s filing of this lawsuit on March 28,
2012, triggered termination of the Agreement following a 30-day cure period. Id.
at 792 n.15.
On remand, the district court determined on summary judgment that the
agreement terminated on April 27, 2012 and that Plaintiff was not entitled to
royalties after that date. The district court found that Plaintiff’s complaint, filed on
March 28, 2012, served as a written notice of default triggering Defendant’s time
to cure under the agreement. The court further ruled that the agreement terminated
when Defendant did not cure the alleged breach within the 30-day cure period of
Section 4.2 of the Agreement.6
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
considering all the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff as the
nonmoving party. Sears v. Roberts, 922 F.3d 1199, 1205 (11th Cir. 2019).
Summary judgment is proper only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
6
The district court originally ruled that the Agreement terminated in July 2012, 90 days after
Plaintiff filed its complaint. The court later amended its judgment to reflect that the Agreement
terminated 30 days after Plaintiff filed its complaint.
7
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Plaintiff contends that it “did not terminate the Agreement and summary
judgment is dud [sic] to be reversed” because the district court misinterpreted the
termination provisions of the Agreement in holding that its complaint triggered
termination. Section 4.2 of the Agreement states, in relevant part, that “[e]ither
Party shall have the right to terminate this Agreement for cause at any time by
written notice (a “Termination Notice”) to the other if: (a) the other Party is in
default (as specified in Section 5 below)7 under this Agreement; [or] (b) the other
party has failed to make any payment of amounts owed hereunder when due . . . .” 8
Section 4.2 further provides that upon delivery of a Termination Notice the
defaulting party has thirty days to cure a default for failure to make an owed
payment and ninety days to cure other defaults. “If such default has not been cured
by the end of the relevant cure period, this Agreement shall terminate at the end of
such period immediately without further notice.”
Plaintiff argues that “[p]ursuant to the plain meaning of these provisions, [it]
was ‘entitled’, not ‘required’, to terminate the Agreement” upon Defendant’s
failure to pay royalties owed and that it did not intend for its complaint to be a
7
In relevant part, Section 5 states that “[a] party shall be in default hereunder if (a) such Party
fails to comply in any material respect with any term or condition under this Agreement . . . .”
8
Likewise, Section 5.2 makes clear that an uncured default entitles the notifying party to
terminate the Agreement. While Section 5.2 refers to cure and termination provisions of Section
4.3, the Agreement does not have a Section 4.3 and neither party disputes that Section 4.2
controls.
8
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Termination Notice as defined in Section 4.2. Plaintiff maintains that the
Agreement could only be terminated if it followed “a two-step process.” Plaintiff
asserts that it first had “to send a written default notice with a cure period” and
then had “to send a written termination notice” to Defendant for the Agreement to
terminate in accordance with Section 4.2. Plaintiff reasons that it did neither,
characterizing its complaint as merely reflecting its election to sue for breach of
contract damages, rather than to terminate the Agreement. Plaintiff proclaims that
“[t]here is no allegation in [Plaintiff’s] Complaint that could possibly evidence
[Plaintiff’s] election to terminate the Agreement.”
The district court found that “[t]he Agreement does not require any specific
language to evince the intent to terminate; rather, it only requires that the
defaulting party receive notice of the default and an opportunity to cure.” The
district court explained that “based on a plain reading of the Agreement, after
notice of a default, in the absence of an attempt to cure, the Agreement
automatically terminates at the end of the relevant time period.” The district court
deemed Plaintiff’s letter notifying Defendant of its lawsuit a notice of default in
accordance with Section 4.2 of the Agreement. In finding that Plaintiff’s
complaint triggered Section 4.2’s automatic termination clause, the district court
noted that the complaint expressly sought a declaration that “[Defendant’s]
breaches of contract are material breaches and excuse [Plaintiff’s] further
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performance under the contract.” (emphasis added). The district court rejected
Plaintiff’s contentions that the parties’ actions, following Plaintiff’s filing of the
lawsuit, evidenced an intent not to terminate the Agreement. The court noted that
(1) Defendant’s President testified that he viewed Plaintiff’s lawsuit as notice of its
intent to terminate the contract; (2) the parties ceased all communications once the
suit was filed; and (3) Plaintiff began selling emu oil to third parties in violation of
Section 3 of the Agreement.
The district court did not err in concluding that, under these facts, Plaintiff’s
letter notifying Defendant of its lawsuit constituted a termination notice in
accordance with Section 4.2 of the Agreement. Plaintiff’s complaint details
Defendant’s alleged material breaches of the Agreement, including non-payment
of royalties, and expressly seeks a declaration that it is excused from further
performance of the contract. Though not formally styled a “Termination Notice,”
Plaintiff’s letter, coupled with its complaint, satisfies the written notice
requirement of Section 4.2. See McDonald’s Corp. v. Watson, 69 F.3d 36, 44 (5th
Cir. 1995) (a complaint that was personally served on defendants satisfied the
notice of termination requirements of a franchise agreement); Del Lago Ventures,
Inc. v. QuikTrip Corp., 764 S.E.2d 595, 598 (Ga. Ct. App. 2014) (“The general
rule in determining contract compliance is substantial compliance, not strict
compliance, and this rule applies to a contract’s termination clause as well.”
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(quotation marks omitted)). That the complaint sought a declaration of material
breach excusing Plaintiff’s performance belies Plaintiff’s contention that its lawsuit
merely sought damages for past breaches and that it intended the Agreement to
remain in force.9 So too does Plaintiff’s subsequent violation of the its contractual
obligation to refrain from selling emu oil to third parties.
We also reject Plaintiff’s contention that the Agreement requires a two-step
process, a default notice and a subsequent termination notice, for termination in
accordance with Section 4.2. The plain language of Section 4.2 makes clear that
only a “Termination Notice” is required and that, if the default specified in the
Termination Notice is not “cured by the end of the relevant cure period, this
Agreement shall terminate at the end of such period immediately without further
notice.”10 We must enforce the clear terms of the Agreement. Azzouz v. Prime
Pediatrics, P.C., 675 S.E.2d 314, 319 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009). Accordingly, the
district court correctly held that the Agreement terminated 30 days following
Plaintiff’s March 28, 2012, filing of the complaint, which sought a declaration that
9
Plaintiff’s argument that “[t]here is no precedent . . . in which a non-defaulting party cannot
sue for breach of contract without first forfeiting the contractual right to recover for a breach of
contract” misses the mark. Plaintiff could have sued for past royalties owed without terminating
the Agreement. It could also have sought a declaration that the Agreement remained in force.
Instead, Plaintiff sought royalties and a declaration that it no longer had any obligations under
the Agreement—a clear indication of its intent to terminate the Agreement.
10
Because Plaintiff’s complaint seeking a declaration that it had no further obligations under the
agreement constitutes a Termination Notice that clearly reflects an intent to terminate the
Agreement, we need not address the district court’s broader finding that a mere notice of default,
followed by a failure to timely cure, is sufficient to terminate the Agreement.
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Plaintiff’s obligations under the Agreement were terminated because of
Defendant’s material breach.11
B. The District Court Properly Denied Plaintiff’s Motions for
Judgment as a Matter of Law, or a New Trial, on the Question
Whether Plaintiff Used Its Best Efforts to Supply Defendant with
Emu Oil
The district court’s conclusion that the agreement terminated on April 27,
2012 meant that Plaintiff might still be entitled to royalties under the agreement for
the months of March and April 2012, assuming that Plaintiff had not, itself,
breached the agreement during this time period. Plaintiff’s hope for royalties
during this two-month period, however, were dashed when the jury, in response to
a special verdict interrogatory, indicated that Plaintiff “fail[ed] to use its best
efforts to fulfill [Defendant’s] orders for emu oil in March 2012.”
Specifically, prior to the jury verdict and at the close of Defendant’s case, Plaintiff
had sought a judgment as a matter of law holding that Plaintiff had used its best
efforts to fill Defendant’s orders. The district court declined to grant the motion.
Following the jury’s verdict finding against Plaintiff on this point, Plaintiff
renewed its motion for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(b) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure seeking a ruling, as a matter of law, that Plaintiff had
11
Plaintiff contends in its reply brief that it is entitled to royalties even after it terminates the
agreement for cause. However, issues raised for the first time in reply are waived. See United
States v. Dicter, 198 F.3d 1284, 1289 (11th Cir. 1999).
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satisfied the “best efforts” requirement of the agreement. Alternatively, Plaintiff
sought a new trial on the question, pursuant to Rule 59(a). The district court
denied both motions, and Plaintiff now appeals.
We review Plaintiff’s Rule 50(b) motion for judgment as a matter of law de
novo, applying the same legal standard as the district court. McGinnis v. Am.
Home Mortg. Servicing, Inc., 817 F.3d 1241, 1254 (11th Cir. 2016). “We review a
ruling on a motion for a new trial for abuse of discretion.” Id. at 1255. “Deference
to the district court ‘is particularly appropriate where a new trial is denied and the
jury’s verdict is left undisturbed.’” Id., quoting Middlebrooks v. Hillcrest Foods,
Inc., 256 F.3d 1241, 1247–48 (11th Cir. 2001).
1. Sufficient Evidence Supports the Jury’s Verdict that Plaintiff
Failed to Use Its Best Efforts to Supply Defendant with Emu
Oil in March 2012
Plaintiff asserts that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law because the
evidence demonstrates it used its “best efforts” to supply Defendant with emu oil
in March 2012. “Under Rule 50, a court should render judgment as a matter of law
when there is no legally sufficient evidentiary basis for a reasonable jury to find for
that party on that issue.” Gowski v. Peake, 682 F.3d 1299, 1310–11 (11th Cir.
2012), citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 50. We review the evidence in the record and draw all
reasonable inferences in favor of Defendant, the nonmoving party. Cleveland v.
Home Shopping Network, Inc., 369 F.3d 1189, 1192–93 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing
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Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prod., 530 U.S. 133, 148–51 (2000)). “[I]f there is
substantial conflict in the evidence, such that reasonable and fair-minded persons
in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions, the motion
must be denied.” Christopher v. Florida, 449 F.3d 1360, 1364 (11th Cir. 2006)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiff argues, as it did below, that it “put forth evidence that it did not
have any oil or fat on hand to fulfill [Defendant’s] orders and its birds were not
ready to process.” Plaintiff further argues that the Agreement did not require it to
obtain emu oil from other sources to supply to Defendant and that Defendant’s sole
remedy was to purchase oil from third parties.
In denying Plaintiff’s motion for judgment as a matter of law, the district
court acknowledged that Plaintiff introduced evidence indicating that “it lacked
both the oil to fill [Defendant’s March 2012] order and the money to purchase
replacement oil from another source.” However, the district court explained that
“[t]he evidence also indicated that [Plaintiff] did not seek to acquire oil in the spot
market via credit, as it subsequently demonstrated the ability to do, did not
communicate with [Defendant] regarding the oil shortage beyond stating it was
unable to fill the order at the same time it provided [Defendant] notice that it had
filed the instant lawsuit, and that it otherwise failed to assist [Defendant] in finding
a replacement source for the oil.” The district court further found that Plaintiff’s
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argument that Defendant’s sole remedy for Plaintiff’s failure to fill an order was to
purchase replacement oil in the market read the “best efforts” provision out of the
Agreement and was foreclosed by a prior unappealed ruling that the Agreement
required Plaintiff “to use all reasonable efforts in good faith to fulfill [Defendant’s]
orders for emu oil.” The district court concluded that Defendant presented
evidence showing that Plaintiff did not take any steps, beyond bare notification, to
supply the requested oil in March 2012 and that this evidence was sufficient to
support a jury verdict finding that Plaintiff failed to use its best efforts to supply
the oil Defendant requested in March 2012.
We agree with the district court and find no basis to overturn the jury
verdict. First, Plaintiff’s suggestion that we resolved this issue in the first appeal is
unpersuasive. While we acknowledged that “[t]he Agreement expressly
contemplates Plaintiff’s inability, despite its best efforts, to fill Defendant’s orders”
by permitting Defendant to purchase oil in the marketplace when not available
from Plaintiff, we specifically stated that “[w]e do not address whether Plaintiff
used its ‘best efforts’ as required under ¶ 2.2” of the Agreement and noted that
“[t]his is a jury question.” Progressive Emu, 655 F. App’x at 791 at n.13. That the
Agreement allows Defendant to purchase oil in the marketplace as a last resort if
Plaintiff fails to supply ordered oil does not excuse Plaintiff from exercising its
best efforts to supply the requested oil.
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Second, a legally sufficient evidentiary basis exists for the jury’s verdict that
Plaintiff failed to use its best efforts to supply Defendant emu oil, especially when
the evidence is evaluated in the light most favorable to Defendant. The Agreement
does not limit Plaintiff’s “best efforts” to supplying requested oil from its
inventory and the evidence showed that Plaintiff made no effort to otherwise fulfill
Defendant’s order when other sources were available.
Plaintiff unpersuasively argues that “even if [it] would have had a duty to
purchase the oil to sell to [Defendant] or borrow the oil and pay for it later, there is
no evidence that [Plaintiff] could have done either.” However, the evidence
showed that Plaintiff made no effort to do either and thus failed to use its best
efforts to supply the requested oil. For instance, Plaintiff did not contact its regular
processor for emu oil, LB Processors, to try to fill the order. Moreover, the
evidence also showed that Plaintiff had purchased oil on the open market, that oil
was available for Plaintiff’s purchase in March 2012, and that LB Processors sold
oil to Plaintiff on credit a few months later, all facts that significantly undermine
Plaintiff’s excuses for doing nothing to supply Defendant’s March 2012 order.12
Plaintiff’s failure to explore readily available options for supplying the oil ordered
by Defendant in March 2012 supports the jury verdict that Plaintiff did not use its
12
The evidence is sufficient to support the verdict even if Defendant bore the burden of
demonstrating that Plaintiff failed to use its best efforts to supply oil.
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best efforts to supply Defendant’s ordered oil. Accordingly, the district court
properly denied Plaintiff’s Rule 50(b) motion.
2. No Grounds Exist for Granting a New Trial on “Best Efforts”
Plaintiff contends the district court erroneously denied its motion for a new
trial pursuant to Rule 59(a) on the best efforts issue, arguing three points of error:
(1) the court improperly instructed the jury regarding the burden of proof; (2) the
court improperly prevented it from presenting evidence that Defendant did not
require the oil it ordered in March 2012; and (3) the evidence failed to establish a
material breach. We address each of those contentions in turn.
a) The District Court Properly Instructed the Jury on “Best
Efforts”
Plaintiff contends that the district court’s jury instruction wrongly shifted the
burden to it to prove that it had used its best efforts to supply emu oil. The district
court instructed the jury that “[y]ou must determine whether [Plaintiff] has proven,
based on the preponderance of the evidence, that it used its best efforts, as defined
here, to fulfill [Defendant’s] March 2012 order for emu oil.”
Motions for new trial based on erroneous and prejudicial jury instructions
are within the district court’s discretion and are reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Gowski, 682 F.3d at 1310. “In conducting this examination, we review jury
instructions de novo to determine whether they misstate the law or mislead the
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jury.” Simmons v. Bradshaw, 879 F.3d 1157, 1162 (11th Cir. 2018) (quotations
marks omitted).
Without citing any supportive cases, Plaintiff contends that the issue of “best
efforts” is an affirmative defense for which Defendant carries the burden of proof.
Defendant counters that it is an element of the breach of contract claim for which
Plaintiff carries the burden of proof, as the district court explained in rejecting
Plaintiff’s motion for a new trial.
Plaintiff’s allegation of an improper jury instruction does not provide a basis
for granting a new trial. First, Plaintiff cites no authority in support of its position
that Defendant had the burden of proving that Plaintiff failed to comply with the
Agreement. “Issues raised in a perfunctory manner, without supporting arguments
and citation to authorities, are generally deemed to be waived.” N.L.R.B. v.
McClain of Georgia, Inc., 138 F.3d 1418, 1422 (11th Cir. 1998).
Second, we agree with the district court’s assessment that Georgia courts
require a plaintiff seeking breach of contract damages to demonstrate performance
of their obligations under the contract. As we previously noted, “[t]he district
court determined early in the litigation that Georgia law governs the parties’
breach-of-contract claims” and neither party disputes this determination.
Progressive Emu, 655 F. App’x at 791 n.12. Under Georgia law, “[a] person who
seeks recovery under an alleged executed contract must show performance on his
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part or that his nonperformance was caused by the act or fault of the opposite
party.” Clark’s Super Gas, Inc. v. Tri-State Sys., Inc., 200 S.E.2d 472, 473 (Ga.
Ct. App. 1973) (quotation marks omitted); Jones v. Brawner, 287 S.E.2d 255, 256
(Ga. Ct. App. 1981) (“A plaintiff seeking to enforce an alleged contract has the
burden and must show performance on his part; otherwise, he is not entitled to a
verdict against the defendant.”). Plaintiff failed to address those cases, which the
district court cited. Accordingly, we find no error in the jury instruction that
required Plaintiff to prove it used its best efforts to supply oil ordered by
Defendant in March 2012.
b) The Relevance of Evidence that Defendant Did Not
Require Oil in March 2012
Plaintiff cursorily argues that the district court erroneously excluded
evidence that Defendant did not need the oil it ordered in March 2012. We find
this argument unpersuasive because it relies on an outdated version of the
Agreement.
Section 2.2 of the Agreement originally restricted Defendant from “plac[ing]
orders for emu oil in quantities greater than are reasonably expected to be needed
to allow its contract manufacturer to maintain on hand an inventory of emu oil
reasonably expected to be required to fulfill its requirements for sixty (60) days.”
But the Fourth Amendment made in 2008 expanded Defendant’s rights to purchase
emu oil by providing Defendant the discretionary right to buy all emu oil that
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Plaintiff had available for purchase. In its original summary judgment order
construing the Agreement, the district court found that after the Agreement was
amended on March 11, 2008, Defendant was no longer bound by the quantity
restrictions of Section 2.2 and could order “any amount of emu oil and emu fat that
[Plaintiff] has available for sale if it gives [Plaintiff] notice of its desire before the
excess is sold by [Plaintiff] to others.” Plaintiff did not appeal that construction of
the Fourth Amendment and we see no error in the construction. Accordingly, the
district court did not err in excluding evidence concerning whether Defendant
ordered more than it needed to fill its requirements for 60 days as originally
provided in Section 2.2. 13
c) Materiality of Plaintiff’s Breach for Failure to Use Best
Efforts to Supply Defendant’s Ordered Oil
Plaintiff argues that its failure to use its best efforts to fulfill Defendant’s
March 2012 order was not a material breach excusing Defendant from paying
royalties because Defendant was able to buy oil in the marketplace. “A breach is
material when it is so substantial and fundamental as to defeat the object of the
contract.” Vidalia Outdoor Prod., Inc. v. Higgins, 701 S.E.2d 217, 219 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2010). Here, the object of the Agreement as amended was for Plaintiff to use
13
The district court permitted Plaintiff to admit evidence and argue that Defendant’s orders
almost doubled in the first quarter of 2012 over their historic orders. Thus, the impact of
Defendant’s increased orders on Plaintiff’s ability to fulfill its obligations under the Agreement
was before the jury.
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its best efforts to fulfill Defendant’s oil orders at the contracted rate. As explained
above, Plaintiff made no effort to fulfill Defendant’s March 2012 order, defeating
the object of the Agreement. That Defendant was able to buy oil in the
marketplace at a price higher than the contracted rate does not render Plaintiff’s
breach immaterial.
For all the reasons above, the district court correctly denied Plaintiff’s
motion for a new trial based on alleged errors in adjudicating the “best efforts”
issue.
C. The District Court Did Not Err in Granting Judgment as a
Matter of Law for Defendant on the Issue of Off-the-Book Sales
Plaintiff argues that the district court erred in granting Defendant’s motion
for judgment as a matter of law on its claim that Defendant failed to pay royalties
on alleged off-the-book sales. “We review a district court’s grant of judgment as a
matter of law de novo, evaluating whether such sufficient conflicts exist in the
evidence to necessitate submitting the matter to the jury or whether the evidence is
so weighted in favor of one side that one party must prevail as a matter of law.”
Nat’l Fire Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Fortune Const. Co., 320 F.3d 1260, 1267–68
(11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted). The evidence is evaluated in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party. Id.
We addressed Plaintiff’s off-the-book sales claim in the first appeal after the
district court granted Defendant summary judgment. Progressive Emu, 655 F.
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App’x at 793–94. We explained that “[t]he district court granted summary
judgment to Defendant on this claim after concluding that Plaintiff ‘put forward no
evidence of concealed sales other than its conjectural, best-case-scenario
mathematical calculation’” that the amount of emu oil that Defendant purchased
would have yielded far more units of Blue Emu than Defendant claims to have
produced and sold. Id. at 793. We noted that the district court contrasted
Plaintiff’s effort with Defendant who “produced all of its sales records, compiled
by computer during the ordinary course of business, and [] further retained an
expert witness, an accountant, who [] reviewed all of [Defendant’s] records and
found that they appear to be correctly compiled and maintained.” Id. We
lamented the lack of clarity in the evidence on both sides but found that, taking the
evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, there were disputed facts as to
whether Defendant could have produced substantially more product from the emu
oil it purchased than what it sold and reported to Plaintiff for royalty purposes. Id.
at 793–94.
On remand, the parties tried Plaintiff’s off-the-book sales claim before the
jury. However, at the close of evidence, the district court granted judgment as a
matter of law for Defendant, deeming Plaintiff’s evidence that Defendant produced
more product than it reported too speculative to warrant consideration by the jury.
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In rejecting Plaintiff’s motion to vacate the judgment, the district court noted
that “[Plaintiff] relied solely on two pieces of documentary evidence,
[Defendant’s] sales figures from 2005 through 2012 and a [Defendant] purchase
order from 2002 which provided data approximating the amount of product
producible per gallon of emu oil.” The court explained that the 2002 purchase
order “is the only evidence in the record providing information pertaining to
production” that could enable the fact finder to draw conclusion about the amount
of product Defendant could have produced with the oil it ordered. The court
considered the 2002 purchase order insufficient to carry Plaintiff’s burden of
proving off-the-book sales because: (1) the purchase order expressly states the
included production figures were approximations; (2) Plaintiff submitted no
evidence explaining the relationship between the approximation and actual
production; (3) the approximation came from Defendant, not Defendant’s
processor responsible for turning the purchased oil into saleable products; (4) the
approximations were from 2002, “years before the relevant time period”; and
(5) Plaintiff presented no evidence linking the 2002 approximations to the relevant
time period or processing company. Compounding the evidentiary weakness of
the 2002 purchase order, the district court noted that Plaintiff failed to: (1) identify
any accounting irregularities; (2) present expert testimony regarding expected sales
figures to rebut the testimony of Defendant’s expert who testified about waste
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generated in production and marketing and promotion methods that resulted in
non-saleable uses of produced product; and (3) failed to present any evidence
related to actual production numbers. The district court concluded that judgment
as a matter of law for Defendant was warranted because “despite litigating this
case for over five years, [Plaintiff] has failed to produce even the most basic
evidence supporting its off-the-book sales claim.”
On appeal, Plaintiff contends that the district court was obligated to send the
off-the-book sales claim to the jury because our earlier opinion found the evidence
sufficient to survive summary judgment and because the district court ignored or
improperly excluded evidence which would have established sufficient evidence to
send the off-the-book sales claim to the jury. We disagree.
1. The District Court Did Not Err in Granting Judgment as a
Matter of Law to Defendant on Plaintiff’s Claim for Off-the
Book Sales
We are not persuaded by Plaintiff’s assertion that our summary judgment
decision precluded judgment as a matter of law. Although the evidentiary
standards for summary judgment under Rule 56 and judgment as a matter of law
under Rule 50 are the same, the trial record assessed by the district court differed
from that on summary judgment, where we expressly noted that “neither party has
been entirely clear in explaining the evidence in support of its respective position”
on off-the-book sales and also indicated that we had endeavored to “decipher[] the
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parties’ positions as best we [could].” Progressive Emu, 655 F. App’x at 793. The
evidence (or lack thereof) is now clear and the record as developed at trial supports
the district court’s grant of judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a).
It was important to our summary judgment decision that Plaintiff’s meager
evidence concerning the amount of emu product that could be produced from the
sold oil was “unrebutted.” Id. Indeed, on the summary judgment before the earlier
panel, Defendant offered attorney argument but did “not . . . point[] to evidence
that would counter the assertion that substantially more product was producible
than reflected in its sales figures.” Id. at 794. That was not the case at trial. As
the district court noted, Defendant “presented unrebutted testimony regarding the
level of waste typically generated during the production process and its aggressive
marketing strategy utilizing free samples and other product promotion methods
which resulted in non-saleable uses of product.” 14
14
Larry Chriscoe, a former President of Defendant, testified that the manufacturing process
typically resulted in 5 to 10 percent waste of an ingredient like emu oil. He further testified that
Defendant gave away “[p]robably a couple million” samples of Blue-Emu product containing
emu oil purchased from Plaintiff. Chriscoe also testified that “probably [] a couple of hundred
thousand units” were included in “buy one get one free” offers for which no royalties were owed.
Defendant similarly included two ounces of free product in sales promotions at Walmart totaling
“probably a couple of hundred thousand units.” Chriscoe also testified that roughly 2000 units
were returned, salvaged or destroyed by retailers and that Defendant provided a ten percent
discount to certain retailers that reduced revenue per unit. Supporting the contention that sold
items, samples, and product promotions account for the allegedly missing product revenue and
royalties, Defendant’s financial auditors never found any unreported revenue from the sale of
any of Defendant’s products and that financial auditors never found that there were any sales of
Blue-Emu product that weren’t recorded in Defendant’s financials.
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Further diminishing an already weak case, as explained below, Plaintiff
ultimately failed to tender the testimony of Doug Johnson upon which it relied on
summary judgment. Johnson operated Cosmetic Labs, a lab that initially produced
emu product for Plaintiff in 2002. His testimony could have provided some
support for the notion that the product yield approximations provided in the 2002
sales order were reasonable, although he apparently had no experience with the
process used by Defendant’s lab, Garden State Nutritionals,15 in the relevant time
period. Without Johnson’s testimony, the trial record is even less compelling than
what Plaintiff submitted on summary judgment.
Further undermining Plaintiff’s off-the-book sales claim, it is now apparent
that Plaintiff’s argument that Defendant’s lab (Garden State Nutritionals) produced
and Defendant sold more emu-oil product than it reported is based on estimates of
what a different manufacturer (Cosmetic Labs) could produce at a different time
(2002) with a different process that yielded a different product from products
produced in the relevant time period. The earlier product formulation for which
production estimates were made in 2002 used 10 percent emu oil. Products
produced during the relevant period contained 7 percent emu oil. Plaintiff failed to
In contrast, Plaintiff offered no rebuttal evidence, much less from a financial expert, suggesting
that Defendant’s financial records failed to accurately report all sold products for which
Defendant owed Plaintiff a royalty.
15
Garden State Nutritionals is also referred to in the record as Celmark.
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admit any probative evidence demonstrating that the process used by Garden State
Nutritionals to produce 7 percent product in the relevant time period would be
expected to yield proportionally the same production per gallon of oil as the
process used by Cosmetic Labs to produce a product with a different formulation.
To the extent Plaintiff’s witnesses suggested that the process used by Garden State
Nutritionals in the relevant period would be expected to yield the same production
as Cosmetic Labs’ process for producing a product with a different formulation,
they offered no foundation for that testimony. To the contrary, they admitted not
having knowledge of the process used to make product in the relevant period.
In view of the unrebutted testimony and evidence at trial concerning the
production process employed to produce Defendant’s products during the relevant
time period, and the amount of product lost to waste, promotion, or salvage,
Plaintiff’s unsubstantiated speculation concerning approximately how much of a
different product a different manufacturer could make at an earlier time is
insufficient to reasonably establish that Defendant produced and sold more product
than it reported in the relevant time period and avert judgment as a matter of law.
“[Judgment as a matter of law] need not be reserved for situations where there is a
complete absence of facts to support a jury verdict.” Hipp v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins.
Co., 252 F.3d 1208, 1230 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting Carter v. City of Miami, 870
F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir. 1989). “If the facts and inferences point overwhelmingly
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in favor of one party, such that reasonable people, in the exercise of impartial
judgment, could not arrive at a contrary verdict, then the motion was properly
granted. Bailey v. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs of Alachua Cty., Fla., 956 F.2d 1112, 1119
(11th Cir. 1992) (“A mere scintilla of evidence does not create a jury question;
there must be a substantial conflict in evidence to create a jury question.”). Based
on the evidence admitted at trial, no reasonable juror could conclude that
Defendant’s yield of product per gallon of emu oil purchased from Plaintiff was
lower than it should have been given the process its lab used and the product
formulation it was making, much less that Defendant made and sold more product
than its production and sales records reflect.
2. The District Court Did Not Err in Excluding Evidence
Concerning Plaintiff’s Off-the-Book Sales Claim
Plaintiff contends the district court erroneously excluded evidence that
would have rebutted Defendant’s evidence regarding the amount of product that
could be produced with the oil purchased by Defendant during the relevant time
period. We disagree.
Plaintiff principally complains that the district court erroneously excluded
the Johnson deposition testimony, discussed above, regarding the number of oil-
based products Cosmetic Labs could produce from a gallon of emu oil when it was
manufacturing emu-oil product in 2002. However, the district court never
excluded this testimony.
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At trial, the district court addressed two aspects of Johnson’s deposition
testimony. The district court first declared Johnson’s testimony regarding “who
created the Blue-Emu mark” as “not relevant to the case anymore.” 16 Then the
district court addressed Johnson’s deposition testimony regarding production
calculations and elected to “carry over the issue about his calculations to the extent
that it becomes an issue based on the actual documents that support the claim
itself.” After discussing deficiencies in Johnson’s deposition testimony, 17 the
district court stated again that the issue would be carried over: “I will give
[Plaintiff’s counsel] the courtesy of carrying over Mr. Johnson’s testimony as to
his calculations and to revisit the issue based on . . . [Defendant’s] records.”
We disagree with Plaintiff’s contention that the district court “erroneously
excluded . . . Doug Johnson’s testimony, on relevance grounds . . . .” The district
court’s carrying over of the issue does not constitute an exclusion of Johnson’s
testimony. Most importantly, Plaintiff never requested a final ruling on the
admissibility of Johnson’s deposition testimony following introduction of
16
In the first appeal, we affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Defendant on Plaintiff’s trademark claim.
17
The district court noted that Johnson has not had “any dealings involving this case or this
product since 2002. His data about how much product his lab can produce based on quantities of
oil does not generally address the claim that’s in this case as to failure to pay royalties for
unreported sales for the relevant time period because he was not involved.”
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Defendant’s records.18 It was incumbent upon Plaintiff to seek admission of
evidence presented in summary judgment briefing, as the court had earlier invited
Plaintiff to do.
Plaintiff also stated in its Statement of the Case that the district court
“excluded Andy Martin’s testimony using accepted mathematics and [Defendant’s]
business records to explain the step by step calculation by erroneously classifying
simple math as expert testimony subject to Rule 26 disclosure.” But Plaintiff did
not provide any argument to support that assertion and that claim of error is
waived. See, e.g., United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1284 n.8 (11th Cir.
2003) (finding that a party that had not argued an evidentiary issue in its brief but
had only made “four passing references” to the issue in headings had waived the
argument); Univ. of Alabama Bd. of Trustees v. New Life Art, Inc., 683 F.3d 1266,
1280 n.41 (11th Cir. 2012) (finding that a party waived an argument when, inter
alia, the party only made a “bald and conclusory” statement in the summary of the
argument and did not expand on this statement anywhere else in the initial brief).
18
Defendant cited Plaintiff’s failure to obtain a ruling on Johnson’s deposition testimony in
opposing Plaintiff’s post-trial motions and the district court relied on that fact in denying
Plaintiff’s post-trial motions. Nevertheless, on appeal Plaintiff persisted in unequivocally stating
that the district court excluded Johnson’s testimony without addressing the district court having
stated that “[Plaintiff never requested a final ruling on the admissibility of this testimony—a
contention that [Plaintiff] does not appear to contest.” Plaintiff again ignored the issue in its
reply brief on appeal, even though Defendant argued that “[Plaintiff] rested its case without ever
attempting to introduce the deposition testimony of Mr. Johnson.” Absent an explanation from
Plaintiff, we are compelled to conclude, as the district court did, that “[Plaintiff] abandoned any
attempt to rely on Johnson’s testimony at trial.”
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In any event, Plaintiff belatedly raised this argument post-trial and we see no basis
to conclude the district court erred in excluding Martin’s calculations as improper
expert testimony under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a)(2), especially since
Martin was unaware of the process used by Defendant’s lab to make product
during the relevant time period. To the extent Martin was to testify regarding
simple mathematical calculations derived from the 2002 sales order
approximations, the jury was fully informed of Plaintiff’s argument. The district
court correctly excluded any testimony applying those simple calculations, derived
from a different process and different formulation, to the process used by
Defendant’s laboratory to produce product in the relevant time period absent
foundation and proper disclosure under Rule 26.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district
court.
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