MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2019 ME 135
Docket: Kno-18-340
Argued: June 26, 2019
Decided: August 15, 2019
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
Majority: SAUFLEY, C.J., and MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
Dissent: ALEXANDER, J.
RICHARD TRANFIELD et al.
v.
PATRICIA ARCUNI-ENGLISH
MEAD, J.
[¶1] Patricia Arcuni-English appeals from a judgment of the Superior
Court (Knox County, Wheeler, J.) in favor of Richard Tranfield and Karla
Doremus-Tranfield (the Tranfields) on their complaint alleging that
Arcuni-English’s installation of trees on the parties’ boundary line constituted
a nuisance pursuant to both Maine’s spite fence statute, 17 M.R.S. § 2801
(2018), and common law. We affirm the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The court found the following facts, which are supported by
competent record evidence. See Rice v. Cook, 2015 ME 49, ¶ 3, 115 A.3d 86. In
January 2016, the Tranfields purchased a parcel of land that abuts and is uphill
2
from Arcuni-English’s property. At that time, the Tranfield property had a slot
view of the ocean out across Arcuni-English’s property, but Arcuni-English was
still afforded privacy by trees and overgrown shrubbery at lower levels on the
parties’ boundary line.
[¶3] On the day the Tranfields moved in, Mr. Tranfield went onto
Arcuni-English’s property to ask if he could use some of her firewood. She was
not home, and he took some wood. Arcuni-English saw him in her driveway,
did not recognize him, and thought that he was stealing her firewood. Later,
Mr. Tranfield was removing a tree near a shed on his property and limbing dead
branches on his property along the parties’ boundary line. Arcuni-English
approached him, expressing anger that he was cutting trees without discussing
it with his neighbors beforehand. Arcuni-English then told Mr. Tranfield that
she would put up a ten-foot fence to block the Tranfields’ view. Additionally,
Arcuni-English expressed displeasure with the Tranfields removing a koi pond
on their property and with the fact that their dogs had urinated and defecated
on her property.
[¶4] Later, while Arcuni-English was traveling, a local landscaper who
works for both parties sent Arcuni-English a photograph of the parties’
boundary line. The Tranfields had cleared much of the deadwood and debris
3
on their property, thereby opening up a view of their house to Arcuni-English’s
property. Arcuni-English was devastated by the Tranfields’ action on their
property. She called the landscaper and told him that she needed trees and
privacy, and they discussed how to do it.
[¶5] In April 2016, the landscaper planted approximately twenty-four
arborvitaes along the boundary line. These trees were ten to twelve feet in
height; some shorter trees were also installed to create an additional row to fill
in any gaps. The landscaper installed seven four-to-six-foot pine trees near a
structure on Arcuni-English’s property.
[¶6] The Tranfields filed a complaint against Arcuni-English1 in the
Superior Court alleging that the plantings constituted a nuisance and seeking
damages and injunctive relief.2 A bench trial was held on September 29, 2017,
and on February 9, 2018, the court entered a judgment in favor of the
Tranfields. In determining that Arcuni-English had installed a spite fence, the
court relied on the following facts, all of which are supported by competent
evidence in the record:
Arcuni-English is a party to this litigation individually and as the trustee of two trusts that have
1
ownership interests in her property.
2 Pursuant to 17 M.R.S. § 2701 (2018), “Any person injured in his comfort, property or the
enjoyment of his estate by a common and public or a private nuisance may maintain against the
offender a civil action for his damages, unless otherwise specially provided.”
4
[T]he relationship between the Tranfields and Arcuni[-]English
was poor from the first day the Tranfields moved to the
neighborhood and tried to borrow firewood. The relationship
became increasingly contentious . . . [and b]y the time[]
Mr. Tranfield limbed the dead branches from the trees on his side
of the property line opening up his property to . . .
Arcuni[-]English’s property, . . . Arcuni[-]English decided to take
action . . . and she instructed [the landscaper] to put up trees and to
bring back her privacy.
Given an excuse, . . . Arcuni[-]English finally made good her
threat to put up a fence to block the Tranfields’ view, made when
the Tranfields first moved into the neighborhood. Her dominant
motive was to install a continuous green barrier between the two
properties along the boundary line. The trees were installed
without any advance notice to the Tranfields, along the portion of
the boundary that would block their view and without considering
other types of vegetation that could provide her privacy without
blocking entirely the slot view that the Tranfields had or without
totally closing in their back yard. The trees that were installed
were 8 to 12 feet tall and will top out at 20 feet. They are 4 to 6 feet
wide already creating a continuous wall of green.
[Arcuni-English]’s motive was malicious and without that motive,
she would not have installed the trees as she did, even to vindicate
her privacy interest, which could have been satisfied with a use of
fewer and more contained trees and bushes. Arcuni[-]English, with
a dominant malicious motive, installed a continuous green wall
that was both dense and unnecessary to restore her privacy.
Having considered the intense animosity that Arcuni[-]English
held towards the Tranfields, the court determines that she installed
a spite fence . . . .
[¶7] The court ordered Arcuni-English to remove every other pine tree
along the boundary line, remove the trees that were planted as an additional
row to fill in gaps, and trim all of the arborvitae to a height no greater than ten
5
feet. Additionally, the court prohibited Arcuni-English from replacing any
arborvitae that die off.3 Following the issuance of the judgment, Arcuni-English
timely appealed. See M.R. App. P. 2B(c)(2).
II. DISCUSSION
[¶8] “We review a trial court’s factual findings for clear error and its
application of the law to those facts de novo. The findings will be upheld if they
are supported by competent evidence in the record, even if the evidence might
support alternative findings of fact.” Peters v. O’Leary, 2011 ME 106, ¶ 15,
30 A.3d 825 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
[¶9] Pursuant to 17 M.R.S. § 2801, “Any fence or other structure in the
nature of a fence, unnecessarily exceeding 6 feet in height, maliciously kept and
maintained for the purpose of annoying the owners or occupants of adjoining
property, shall be deemed a private nuisance.” The Tranfields, as the plaintiffs,
bore the burden of demonstrating each of these elements by a preponderance
of the evidence.4 See Ma v. Bryan, 2010 ME 55, ¶ 6, 997 A.2d 755 (stating that
3 Arcuni-English filed a motion for findings of fact and conclusions of law that the court denied,
stating that it had found all of the facts necessary to its decision.
4 Although the Tranfields assert in their brief that a defendant has the burden to prove the absence
of a malicious purpose, at oral argument they abandoned that view and acknowledged that it was
their burden to prove all statutory elements of a spite fence claim, including the existence of malice
as a dominant factor in the erection of the fence.
6
it is the plaintiff’s burden of proof to establish the elements of a cause of action);
see also State v. Gagne, 2019 ME 7, ¶ 30, 199 A.3d 1179. “For purposes of the
[spite fence] statute, a plaintiff need not prove that malice, the purpose to
annoy, was the sole motive for building the fence. The plaintiff need only prove
that such was the dominant motive, meaning that without that malicious
motive, the fence would not have been erected or maintained.”5 Peters,
2011 ME 106, ¶ 16, 30 A.3d 825 (citation, quotation marks, and emphasis
omitted); see also Healey v. Spaulding, 104 Me. 122, 125, 71 A. 472, 473 (1908);
Lord v. Langdon, 91 Me. 221, 222, 39 A. 552, 552 (1898).
[¶10] Arcuni-English argues that the court erred in determining that the
Tranfields demonstrated that she had a dominantly malicious motive. We
disagree. The court’s finding of malice is supported by the history of animosity
between the parties; the court’s determination that Arcuni-English’s claimed
reason for building a fence was not credible; Arcuni-English’s installation of the
fence without advance notice to the Tranfields; and the size, extent, and
anticipated growth of the trees. See Peters, 2011 ME 106, ¶ 17, 30 A.3d 825
5 The dissent introduces the novel notion that provocation constitutes some manner of
affirmative defense to the malicious construction of a spite fence. Dissenting Opinion ¶¶ 20, 22.
No authority is cited for this proposition because none exists. The spite fence statute is a creation of
the Legislature, and the Legislature deemed fit to make the dominant motive of malice the singular
“mens rea” element of the cause of action. No justifications or mitigating factors were included in the
statute. The dissent’s faulting of the trial court for not considering whether Arcuni-English was
provoked is therefore misplaced.
7
(concluding that “[t]he court’s finding of malice [was] supported by evidence of
the number of trees planted; the size, extent, and anticipated rapid growth of
the trees; . . . [the fence-builder]’s secrecy in making arrangements for the
plantings; [and the fence-builder]’s own testimony regarding” interactions
between the parties); Rice, 2015 ME 49, ¶ 16, 115 A.3d 86 (stating that the trial
court is in the best position to determine the credibility of the testimony and is
not required to believe any particular witness); see also Obelensky v. Trombley,
2015 VT 34, ¶ 30, 115 A.3d 1016 (reasoning that the trial court properly
considered the history of intense animosity and conflict between the parties
and the credibility of the fence-builder’s claimed reasons for building the
fence). Although the court stated that it did “not doubt that her privacy was
part of her concern,” it determined that Arcuni-English’s “motive was malicious
and without that motive, she would not have installed the trees as she did, even
to vindicate her privacy interest.”
[¶11] Arcuni-English further argues that it was erroneous to assign a
malicious motive to her because she deferred to the landscaper on decisions
about what to plant and where. The court stated, however, that its analysis of
whether this was a spite fence was informed by the acrimonious encounters
between the parties that had occurred before any decisions concerning what to
8
plant were made. The court specifically found that, after Arcuni-English had
warned the Tranfields that she would put up a fence to obstruct their view, she
“decided to take action” by “instructing [the landscaper] to put up trees.”
Arcuni-English and the landscaper then “discussed how to do it.” These
findings, based in the record, support the court’s determination of a dominantly
malicious motive.
[¶12] Finally, Arcuni-English argues that the court erred by finding that
the height of the trees unnecessarily exceeded six feet because she presented
the landscaper’s uncontradicted testimony that trees of this height were
necessary to protect her privacy. Contrary to Arcuni-English’s assertion, the
court was not required to believe the testimony of any particular witness, even
if that testimony was uncontradicted. See Rice, 2015 ME 49, ¶ 16, 115 A.3d 86;
see also Handrahan v. Malenko, 2011 ME 15, ¶ 14, 12 A.3d 79. Because this trial
began with a “view” of the property, the court was able to weigh the testimony
it heard during the trial in light of the information it acquired during that view.
As its judgment indicates, the court specifically considered the number and size
of the plantings, as well as Arcuni-English’s malicious motive, in finding that the
trees were “unnecessarily” taller than six feet. See Rice, 2015 ME 49, ¶ 15,
115 A.3d 86.
9
[¶13] In summary, the court did not err by determining that
Arcuni-English’s installation of trees on the parties’ boundary line constituted
a spite fence pursuant to section 2801 because her installation of more than
thirty trees, which created a dense and continuous wall, was done with malice.6
Furthermore, the court crafted a fair and limited remedy based on its findings;
the plantings that constituted a legitimate privacy barrier between the
properties were allowed to remain.7 Arcuni-English’s plantings will continue
to provide the privacy that she previously enjoyed and, at the same time, the
slotted view of the water from the Tranfields’ property will be protected.
6 Because the court did not err by determining that Arcuni-English’s installation of trees
constituted a spite fence, we need not reach the issue of whether the fence constituted a common law
nuisance. Rice v. Cook, 2015 ME 49, ¶ 16 n.2, 115 A.3d 86; see also Peters v. O’Leary, 2011 ME 106,
¶ 18, 30 A.3d 825.
7 The dissent states that the court’s mandate to eliminate every other pine tree that had been
planted far exceeded what was needed to return the parties to the status quo. Dissenting Opinion
¶¶ 24, 25. However, this remedy was fashioned, as the court stated in its judgment, to reduce the
stress on the trees and to more closely approximate preexisting conditions. Indeed, by the time of
trial, the court—which had the benefit of seeing the properties, including the plantings, first-hand
during the view—observed that some of the trees had died because they had been planted too close
together. In addition, the court found that the Tranfields had not removed any trees on the parties’
boundary line to begin with but had merely removed overgrown shrubbery, deadwood, and debris.
Thus, this relief, which allows a significant number of trees to remain along the boundary line, was
appropriate and necessary.
10
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
_____________________________
ALEXANDER, J., dissenting.
[¶14] The evidence in this case, as outlined in the Court’s opinion,
demonstrates that from the time they moved onto their property, Richard
Tranfield and Karla Doremus-Tranfield provoked, promoted, and continued an
adverse relationship with their elderly neighbor, Patricia Arcuni-English. I
respectfully dissent, because (1) the trial court failed to sufficiently consider
the role the Tranfields’ provocations played in Ms. Arcuni-English’s efforts to
restore her privacy after the Tranfields had eliminated the privacy barrier
between the two properties, and (2) the trial court’s finding that
Ms. Arcuni-English requested her landscaper to plant trees “to ensure her
privacy” and did not tell him “to block their view,” is inconsistent with its
finding that malice—a purpose to annoy—was the dominant motive in planting
the trees at issue.
[¶15] The record establishes, without significant dispute, that Patricia
Arcuni-English, a woman in her eighties, lives alone in the Camden residence
she has occupied for more than forty years. The date the Tranfields moved in,
11
a cold January day in 2016, Ms. Arcuni-English arrived home to find
Mr. Tranfield apparently stealing firewood from her home. The trial court
found that the Tranfields “left a note on her door” indicating that they had taken
the firewood. That finding has no support in the record evidence.8 In any event,
a note, if there ever was one, would have done little to ameliorate the bad first
impression already created. The Tranfields followed up the negative start to
the neighborly relationship by releasing their dogs to urinate and defecate on
Ms. Arcuni-English’s property. Then, without notifying Ms. Arcuni-English,
they cut a couple of trees near her property.
[¶16] After these events, and understandably provoked and angry,
Ms. Arcuni-English made the threat to erect a fence to block the Tranfields’ view
of the ocean. Sometime later, without notice to Ms. Arcuni-English and while
she was away from her residence, the Tranfields chopped down the barrier of
greenery on the Tranfields’ property that had provided privacy to
Ms. Arcuni-English’s home for several decades.
[¶17] When informed of the removal of the privacy barrier by a local
landscaper, the court found that Ms. Arcuni-English “was devastated,” and that
she called the landscaper and said, “I need trees.” The court further found that
8 Some reference is made to this note in the Tranfields’ attorney’s opening statement, but no
testimony or exhibit offering related to this note appears in the transcript.
12
“She never told [the landscaper] to block their view, however[,] he was her agent
when he sent the photo to her of the trees cut down. She only said she needed
trees and privacy and directed [the landscaper] to install trees but left to him
decisions concerning what trees and where to place them to ensure her privacy.”
(Emphasis added.) Later, the court found that it “does not doubt that her
privacy was part of her concern.”
[¶18] These findings—the only findings regarding Ms. Arcuni-English’s
motive in requesting the planting of trees—are contrary to the court’s
conclusion that malice was Ms. Arcuni-English’s dominant motive in having
trees planted on her side of the boundary. The fact that the landscaper may
have been Ms. Arcuni-English’s agent in planting the trees, and may have
over-planted the trees necessary to restore her privacy, does not support the
finding that Ms. Arcuni-English’s dominant motive was malice. Notably, the
court did not find that the landscaper, acting on Ms. Arcuni-English’s behalf,
acted maliciously or with malice.
[¶19] The spite fence statute specifies that “[a]ny fence or other
structure in the nature of a fence, unnecessarily exceeding 6 feet in height,
maliciously kept and maintained for the purpose of annoying the owners or
occupants of adjoining property, shall be deemed a private nuisance.” 17 M.R.S.
13
§ 2801 (2018). The statute does not define “malice.” In other contexts, we have
defined “malice” or “malicious” conduct as “conduct . . . motivated by ill will
toward the plaintiff.” Tuttle v. Raymond, 494 A.2d 1353, 1361 (Me. 1985)
(addressing malice related to award of punitive damages).
[¶20] The spite fence statute does not appear to contemplate the
situation, as occurred in this case, where the adversity in the relationship that
the court found led to the planting of the trees was provoked, at least in part,
by the hostile actions of the plaintiffs, and where the “fence or other structure”
only replaced a barrier that previously existed.
[¶21] Interpreting the spite fence statute, we have said that for the
purposes of that statute, “a plaintiff need not prove that malice, the purpose to
annoy, was the sole motive for building the fence. The plaintiff need only prove
that such was the dominant motive, meaning that without that malicious
motive, the fence would not have been erected or maintained.” Peters v.
O’Leary, 2011 ME 106, ¶ 16, 30 A.3d 825 (emphasis omitted) (citations
omitted).
[¶22] In applying the standards set by statute and our precedent, the trial
court failed to adequately consider (1) whether the malice that it found was
provoked or caused by the Tranfields’ own actions in creating the adverse
14
relationship with their neighbor, and (2) how it could find malice the “dominant
motive” in planting the trees when it also found that “she never told [the
landscaper] to block their view” and “left to him decisions concerning what
trees and where to plant them to ensure her privacy.”
[¶23] Before the trial court and before us, Ms. Arcuni-English argues that
the Tranfields’ provocations and elimination of her privacy were the cause of
her actions about which the Tranfields complain. Certainly, in the trial, the
court was faced with conflicting evidence. We have said that the existence of
contrary evidence that would support a different result, without more, will not
justify vacating the trial court’s fact-findings. See Preston v. Tracy, 2008 ME 34,
¶ 10, 942 A.2d 718; see also State v. Jeskey, 2016 ME 134, ¶ 32, 146 A.3d 127.
The problem here, though, is not conflicting evidence, but conflicting,
inconsistent trial court findings: finding that malice was Ms. Arcuni-English’s
dominant motive in requesting that the landscaper plant the trees, while also
finding that “she never told [the landscaper] to block [the Tranfields’] view,”
leaving to the landscaper “decisions concerning what trees and where to plant
them to ensure her privacy.” The directly inconsistent findings regarding
Ms. Arcuni-English’s motive for requesting the planting of the trees cannot
15
support the judgment reliant on a finding of a dominant motive of malice. See
Peters, 2011 ME 106, ¶ 16, 30 A.3d 825.
[¶24] Further, in finding a “dominant motive” of malice in the
replacement of the privacy barrier, the remedy the trial court awarded,
eliminating every other pine tree that had been planted, far exceeded what was
needed to return the parties to the status quo and allow Ms. Arcuni-English to
regain the privacy she had enjoyed for several decades.
[¶25] While there is evidence that the planting of the trees slightly
limited the Tranfields’ “slot view” of the ocean across Ms. Arcuni-English’s
property, the pictures in evidence of the slot view before and after the planting
of the trees indicate that cutting the height of three of the newly planted trees
would restore the view to the extent that it had existed before the Tranfields
purchased the property. Except for these few trees, there is no evidence that
the Tranfields’ view has been altered in any way from what existed when they
purchased the property. Thus, beyond inconsistent findings and failing to
consider the effect of the Tranfields’ provocations on their capacity to maintain
the action and receive a finding of malice, the remedy ordered by the court—
removing every other pine tree along the privacy barrier—far exceeded the
extent of relief necessary or appropriate to be awarded in this case.
16
[¶26] For these reasons, the judgment of the Superior Court should be
vacated and the matter remanded for the Superior Court to consider, in both its
findings and any relief it elects to award, (1) the extent to which the Tranfields’
provocations caused the response by Ms. Arcuni-English, (2) whether the
dominant motive in Ms. Arcuni-English’s actions was malice or restoration of
her privacy, and (3) whether, if the finding of a dominant motive of malice is
maintained, any relief should be awarded beyond the lowering of the height of
the three trees that appear to obstruct the slot view of the ocean to a greater
extent than the view was already limited by other growth indicated in the
picture taken before the Tranfields purchased their home.
Joseph W. Baiungo, Esq. (orally), Belfast, for appellant Patricia Arcuni-English
Dana F. Strout, Esq. (orally), Rockport, for appellees Richard Tranfield and
Karla Doremus-Transfield
Knox County Superior Court docket number CV-2016-33
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY