UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
Before
BURTON, CELTNIEKS, and HAGLER
Appellate Military Judges
UNITED STATES, Appellee
v.
Specialist RICARDO A. MORALES
United States Army, Appellant
ARMY 20160070
Headquarters, 21st Theater Sustainment Command
David H. Robertson, Military Judge
Colonel Paula I. Schasberger, Staff Judge Advocate
For Appellant: Major Katherine L. DePaul, JA; Mr. Zachary Spilman, Esquire (on
brief and reply brief).
For Appellee: Colonel Mark H. Sydenham, JA; Major Michael E. Korte, JA; Captain
Austin L. Fenwick, JA (on brief).
31 October 2017
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SUMMARY DISPOSITION
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Per Curiam:
A panel of officers and enlisted members sitting as a general court-martial
convicted appellant, contrary to his pleas, of one specification of sexual assault in
violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. § 920 (2012)
[hereinafter UCMJ]. 1 The panel sentenced appellant to a dishonorable discharge and
confinement for eight years. The convening authority only approved seven years
confinement and the remainder of the adjudged sentence. 2
1
The panel acquitted appellant of all other charged offenses. The charges included
three specifications of rape, one specification of sexual assault, two specifications of
forcible sodomy, and two specifications of assault consummated by battery in
violation of Articles 120, 125, and 128, UCMJ.
2
In response to a legal error raised in appellant’s Rule for Courts-Martial 1105
clemency submissions alleging improper sentencing argument by the trial counsel,
(continued . . .)
MORALES—ARMY 20160070
We review this case pursuant to Article 66, UCMJ. Appellant raised nine
assignments of error, one of which warrants relief and renders the remaining errors
moot. Specifically, we reviewed whether the military judge’s erroneous propensity
instructions provided to the panel under Military Rule of Evidence [hereinafter Mil.
R. Evid.] 413 were harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In its reply brief, the
government states, “Given the . . . extensive and prejudicial use of the
constitutionally impermissible Mil. R. Evid. 413 evidence at trial, and in light of
recent [Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces] opinions, the government concedes
that appellant’s conviction should be set aside.” After due consideration, we agree
with both parties and provide relief in our decretal paragraph.
BACKGROUND
Appellant was charged with sexual offenses against three female Soldiers.
Before the panel deliberated on findings, the military judge instructed the members
they could consider evidence of the charged sexual assault offenses “for their
bearing on any matter to which it is relevant in relation to other sexual assault
charges[,]” and they may also consider such evidence “for its tendency, if any, to
show [appellant’s] propensity or predisposition to engage in other sexual assaults.” 3
The military judge did not, however, provide a spillover instruction to the panel. 4 In
its findings argument, the government revisited a theme introduced during its
opening statement, encouraging the members to consider the similarities between the
sexual assaults and the alleged victims by asserting, “[a] cord of three strands is not
easily broken.”
LAW AND DISCUSSION
In general, “[t]he question of whether the members were properly instructed is
a question of law and thus review is de novo.” United States v. Payne, 73 M.J. 19,
22 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (citing United States v. Maynulet, 68 M.J. 374, 376 (C.A.A.F.
2010)). This question is evaluated “‘in the context of the overall message conveyed’
(. . . continued)
the staff judge advocate recommended and the convening authority approved seven
years confinement. Additionally, prior to action, the convening authority deferred
automatic forfeitures of all pay and allowances and reduction in grade, effective
29 January 2016 until 23 June 2016, and waived automatic forfeitures of all pay and
allowances effective 23 June 2016 for a period of six months with direction that the
funds be paid to appellant’s spouse.
3
See Dep’t of Army, Pam. 27-9, Legal Services: Military Judges’ Benchbook
[hereinafter Benchbook], para. 7-13-1, note 4.2 (10 Sept. 2014).
4
See Benchbook, para. 7-17. Appellant raises the military judge’s failure to give the
members a spillover instruction as a separate assignment of error.
2
MORALES—ARMY 20160070
to the members.” United States v. Hills, 75 M.J. 350, 357 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (quoting
United States v. Prather, 69 M.J. 338, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2011)). However, “[w]here
there is no objection to an instruction at trial, we review for plain error.” Payne, 73
M.J. at 22-23 (citing United States v. Tunstall, 72 M.J. 191, 193 (C.A.A.F. 2013),
and Rule for Courts-Martial [hereinafter R.C.M.] 920(f)).
“Under a plain error analysis, [appellant] ‘has the burden of demonstrating
that: (1) there was error; (2) the error was plain or obvious; and (3) the error
materially prejudiced a substantial right of the [appellant].’” Tunstall, 72 M.J.
at 193-94 (quoting United States v. Girouard, 70 M.J. 5, 11 (C.A.A.F. 2011)). “‘If
instructional error is found [when] there are constitutional dimensions at play,
[appellant’s] claims must be tested for prejudice under the standard of harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Hills, 75 M.J. at 357 (quoting United States v.
Kreutzer, 61 M.J. 293, 298 (C.A.A.F. 2005)).
Regarding the use of evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 413 and its corresponding
propensity instruction, our superior court provided the following guidance:
We therefore clarify that under Hills, the use of evidence
of charged conduct as [Mil. R. Evid.] 413 propensity
evidence for other charged conduct in the same case is
error, regardless of the forum, the number of victims, or
whether the events are connected. Whether considered by
members or a military judge, evidence of a charged and
contested offense, of which an accused is presumed
innocent, cannot be used as propensity evidence in support
of a companion charged offense.
United States v. Hukill, 76 M.J. 219, 222 (C.A.A.F. 2017).
Here, the prejudicial effect of the propensity instruction was exacerbated by
the failure to provide the spillover instruction. The purpose of the spillover
instruction is to make clear that “[t]he burden is on the prosecution to prove each
and every element of each offense beyond a reasonable doubt,” and that “[p]roof of
one offense carries with it no inference that the accused is guilty of any other
offense.” Dep’t of Army, Pam. 27-9, Legal Services: Military Judges’ Benchbook,
para. 7-17 (10 Sept. 2014). Even with the spillover instruction, the propensity
instruction has the potential to confuse panel members into applying an
impermissibly low standard of proof. Hills, 75 M.J. at 357. Without the spillover
instruction, the potential confusion caused by the propensity instruction is
substantially increased.
Given the message conveyed by the propensity instruction, the lack of a
spillover instruction, the central appeal to propensity in the government’s closing
argument, and that the panel found appellant not guilty of all but one offense, we are
3
MORALES—ARMY 20160070
not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt the erroneous instructions did not
prejudice appellant. Accordingly, the findings and sentence cannot stand.
CONCLUSION
On consideration of the entire record, the findings of guilty and the sentence
are set aside. A rehearing may be ordered by the same or different convening
authority.
FOR THECOURT:
FOR THE COURT:
MALCOLM H.
MALCOLM H.SQUIRES,
SQUIRES,JR.JR.
Clerk of
Clerk ofCourt
Court
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