Benny L. Bell v. Hamid R. Redjal, M.D., and Orthopaedic Associates of Southeast Missouri, P.C. d/b/a Advanced Orthopedic Specialists

In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION ONE

BENNY L. BELL, ) No. ED106320
)
Respondent, )
)
vs. )
) Appeal from the Circuit Court
HAMID R. REDJAL, M.D., ) of the City of St. Louis
) 1522-CC10079
Defendant, )
)
and )
)
ORTHOPAEDIC ASSOCIATES OF ) Honorable Jimmie M. Edwards
SOUTHEAST MISSOURI, P.C. )
d/b/a ADVANCED ORTHOPEDIC )
SPECIALISTS, )
)
Appellant. ) Filed: February 26, 2019

Orthopaedic Associates of Southeast Missouri, P.C. d/b/a Advanced Orthopedic

Specialists (“Defendant” or “Defendant AOS”) appeals the judgment entered upon a jury verdict

awarding Benny L. Bell (“Plaintiff”) $4,451,875 in compensatory damages and $5,000,000 in

punitive damages on Plaintiff’s claims for medical malpractice arising out of medical care

provided to Plaintiff by Defendant’s employee, Hamid R. Redjal, M.D. (“the underlying

defendant Dr. Redjal” or “Dr. Redjal”). 1 We affirm.

1
Dr. Redjal did not appeal the verdict against him and is not a party to this appeal.
 I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts Giving Rise to this Appeal

Plaintiff is a middle-aged man who enjoyed success in his career as a dancer. He grew up

in the small town of Caruthersville, Missouri but eventually moved to Europe to further his

career as a performer, choreographer, and dance instructor. At around the age of fifty, Plaintiff

began experiencing pain and other symptoms of arthritis in his hip. In 2009, Plaintiff underwent

a right hip resurfacing surgery, in which metal components were installed in his right hip. In

2012, Plaintiff’s right hip pain recurred. Also around that time, Plaintiff was notified the metal

components installed during his 2009 surgery had been recalled and that he would have to

undergo another surgery to revise the prior one. Plaintiff then returned to Missouri for a right hip

replacement surgery, which was performed by Dr. Ryan Nunley at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St.

Louis, Missouri in January 2013. During this surgery, Smith & Nephew, Inc. (“Smith &

Nephew”) hip replacement components were installed into Plaintiff’s right hip.

A few months after the January 2013 surgery, Plaintiff started to experience pain in his

left groin area. Plaintiff reported to Dr. Patrick Knight, an orthopedic surgeon and one of the

owners of Defendant AOS, who then referred Plaintiff to the care of Defendant AOS’s new

surgeon, Dr. Redjal. Dr. Redjal performed a successful total hip replacement surgery on

Plaintiff’s left hip in November 2013. Plaintiff felt great immediately after this surgery, he

participated in physical therapy while he was still in the hospital, and he was able to walk on

crutches at the time he was discharged from the hospital. On his way to a postoperative follow-

up appointment with Dr. Redjal on November 21, 2013, Plaintiff stopped at a McDonald’s

restaurant where he slipped on a wet floor and fell against a wall. Thereafter, Dr. Redjal referred

Plaintiff to Dr. Jimmy Bowen, a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician who worked for

Defendant AOS.

2
 Dr. Bowen diagnosed Plaintiff with osteitis pubis, a condition causing groin pain that can

be treated successfully without surgery. By March 2014, Plaintiff was doing well on the right

hip but was still suffering from persistent but improving groin pain on the right side. Dr. Bowen

referred Plaintiff back to Dr. Redjal to explore whether there was a problem with the right hip

implant.

On April 16, 2014, Dr. Redjal performed what he testified was an “exploratory” surgery

on Plaintiff’s right hip at Saint Francis Medical Center in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. However,

Dr. Redjal said prior to the surgery he actually intended to replace the polyethylene liner from

Plaintiff’s acetabular component. During surgery, Dr. Redjal employed a power corkscrew

device to remove the polyethylene liner from the acetabular cup, which was not the

recommended technique to perform this task. After the liner was removed, Dr. Redjal could not

get a new one to lock into the cup. Therefore, Dr. Redjal was forced to remove the entire

acetabular component from Plaintiff’s right hip and install a new one. During this process, Dr.

Redjal removed a substantial amount of attached pelvic bone and fractured Plaintiff’s pelvis.

Plaintiff was not informed of the pelvic fracture prior to his discharge from the hospital.

In the months following his surgery, Plaintiff was ordered to bear weight on his right leg and to

undergo physical therapy with Dr. Bowen. Plaintiff had significant difficulty with his

postoperative instructions because he was experiencing pain, clicking, and loosening of the right

hip implant while standing or walking. Finally, on October 23, 2014, Plaintiff made Dr. Redjal

feel the hip implant move inside his body; thereafter, Dr. Redjal ordered a CT scan. This scan

revealed Plaintiff’s acetabular component was dislocated.

Dr. Redjal was subsequently discharged from his employment with Defendant AOS.

Plaintiff had an appointment with Dr. Knight on December 23, 2014 during which Dr. Knight

informed Plaintiff there was a problem with his April 16, 2014 surgery and Plaintiff’s right leg

3
was not attached. Dr. Knight then referred Plaintiff to the care of Dr. Douglas McDonald, who

saw Plaintiff on February 11, 2015. At that time, Dr. McDonald determined Plaintiff’s

acetabular component was malpositioned and not fixed in bone. Dr. McDonald performed a

subsequent surgery to repair Plaintiff’s right hip, but it was unsuccessful. As of the time of trial

in September 2017, Plaintiff’s right hip implant was unattached to his pelvis, Plaintiff could not

voluntarily move his right leg, he could not walk without crutches, and he experienced

significant limitations in his day-to-day activities.

B. Relevant Procedural Posture

Plaintiff subsequently filed his first amended petition (“petition”) alleging six claims

against four defendants: Smith & Nephew, Rich House Inc. d/b/a McDonald’s (“McDonald’s),

Defendant AOS, and the underlying defendant Dr. Redjal. Specifically, Plaintiff asserted one

claim of products liability against Smith & Nephew (“Count I”) related to the allegedly defective

implants installed in Plaintiff’s right hip during the January 2013 surgery performed by Dr.

Nunley. Plaintiff also alleged one claim of premises liability against McDonald’s (“Count II”)

based on McDonald’s failure to discover, warn, or remove an allegedly unsafe condition, which

caused Plaintiff to fall on November 21, 2013. Plaintiff’s petition set forth three claims of

medical malpractice against Defendant AOS and the underlying defendant Dr. Redjal (“Counts

III, IV, and V”) arising from Dr. Redjal’s negligent treatment of Plaintiff as discussed above.

Finally, Plaintiff asserted one claim of negligent supervision, retention, and referral against

Defendant AOS (“Count VI”). Plaintiff sought compensatory and punitive damages based on his

claims.

Prior to trial, Plaintiff settled his claims against Smith & Nephew and McDonald’s.

Therefore, he proceeded to try his case on Counts III, IV, and V against Defendant AOS and Dr.

Redjal as well as Count VI against Defendant AOS. In support of his claims, Plaintiff testified

4
and presented the testimony of: his retained expert orthopedic surgeon Dr. David King;

Defendant AOS owners and employees Dr. August Ritter, Dr. Knight, Dr. Brian Schafer, and Dr.

Bowen; Dr. McDonald, who was also designated as an expert; Smith & Nephew representative

Michael Swailes; and Plaintiff’s retained expert life care planner Nurse Jan Klosterman.

At the close of Plaintiff’s evidence, the trial court ruled there was insufficient evidence to

support Plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages on Count VI. The trial court ultimately submitted

Counts III, IV, and V to the jury. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Plaintiff, awarding him

$4,451,875 in compensatory damages and $5,000,000 in punitive damages. Defendant AOS

appeals. 2

II. DISCUSSION

Defendant AOS raises six points on appeal. In Defendant’s first and second points on

appeal, which we address together for ease of analysis, Defendant asserts the trial court erred in

its rulings relating to evidence of the underlying defendant Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and

treatment of other patients. In its third and fourth points on appeal, which we also address

together, Defendant alleges instructional error as to the verdict directors. In its fifth point on

appeal, Defendant contends the court erred in sua sponte limiting its cross-examination of

Plaintiff about evidence from his Facebook page and in denying its offer of proof on the subject.

And in Defendant’s sixth and final point on appeal, it alleges trial court error regarding its

2
To avoid unnecessary repetition, additional relevant facts and procedural posture will be set forth in our analysis in
Section II. of this opinion.
5
requested reduction under section 537.060 RSMo 2000. 3

A. Whether the Trial Court Erred with Respect to Evidence of Dr. Redjal’s
Qualifications and Treatment of Other Patients

In its first and second points on appeal, Defendant AOS asserts the trial court erred in its

rulings relating to evidence of the underlying defendant Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and treatment

of other patients. In Defendant’s first point on appeal, it argues the trial court erred in admitting

evidence of Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and treatment of other patients because the evidence was

irrelevant and prejudicial in light of Defendant’s admission of respondeat superior. In its second

point on appeal, Defendant maintains the court erred in denying its motion for mistrial and

subsequent motion for new trial based on the admission of such evidence.

1. Standard of Review

The trial court has considerable discretion in determining the admissibility of evidence.

Koelling v. Mercy Hospitals East Communities, 558 S.W.3d 543, 550 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018).

Thus, we defer to a trial court’s evidentiary ruling, we presume the ruling is correct, and we will

reverse based on evidentiary error only if the court clearly abused its discretion. Koon v.

Walden, 539 S.W.3d 752, 761 (Mo. App. E.D. 2017). We also review the trial court’s decision

to deny a motion for mistrial or a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion. Palmer v.

Union Pacific R. Co., 311 S.W.3d 843, 851 (Mo. App. E.D. 2010).

3
All further references to section 537.060 are to RSMo 2000, which is the latest version of the statute. This section
provides in relevant part:
When an agreement by release, covenant not to sue or not to enforce a judgment is given in good
faith to one of two or more persons liable in tort for the same injury or wrongful death, . . . such
agreement shall reduce the claim by the stipulated amount of the agreement, or in the amount of
consideration paid, whichever is greater.
In its sixth point relied on as well as in the argument portion of its brief, Defendant actually refers to its requested
“setoff.” The Missouri Supreme Court has noted the affirmative defense under section 537.060 is occasionally
referred to as a “setoff,” rather than the more accurate term of “reduction.” See Sanders v. Ahmed, 364 S.W.3d 195,
201 n.2 (Mo. banc 2012). We follow the Supreme Court’s direction in referring to it as the defense of reduction.
See id.
6
 An abuse of discretion occurs when the court’s ruling is “clearly against the logic of the

circumstances then before the court and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that it shocks the sense

of justice and indicates a lack of careful, deliberate consideration.” Koelling, 558 S.W.3d at 550

(quotations omitted). An abuse of discretion will not be found if reasonable minds could differ

as to the propriety of the trial court’s action. Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 761. We will only reverse the

trial court’s ruling if it has resulted in a glaring or substantial injustice. Id.; Palmer, 311 S.W.3d

at 851.

2. Relevant Facts and Procedural Posture

Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion in limine asserting Plaintiff should not be allowed

to introduce evidence showing Dr. Redjal failed the examination for board certification as an

orthopedic surgeon on three occasions. The trial court denied Defendant’s motion in limine.

During trial, Defendant objected to Plaintiff’s presentation of evidence related to Count

VI, which was Plaintiff’s claim for negligent supervision, retention, and referral against

Defendant AOS. In response, Plaintiff maintained evidence of Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and

treatment of other patients was relevant and permissible because he was pursuing punitive

damages on that claim. The trial court overruled Defendant’s objections, and Plaintiff presented

evidence showing, (1) Dr. Redjal failed his board certification examination on three occasions;

(2) when Dr. Redjal was trying to obtain his license to practice medicine in Missouri, he had

difficulty getting a favorable recommendation from the California institution where he

completed his residency; (3) Dr. Redjal’s residency director from the California institution wrote

a letter stating Dr. Redjal’s overall performance was not acceptable; and (4) in late 2014,

Defendant AOS ended its professional relationship with Dr. Redjal due to his poor treatment of

other surgical patients.

7
 After the court announced it would not submit Plaintiff’s claim of punitive damages on

Count VI to the jury, Defendant’s counsel requested a mistrial, because the jury had already

heard the preceding evidence relevant to that claim. No other relief was requested. The trial

court denied Defendant’s request for a mistrial, as well as its subsequent motion for new trial

arguing the same.

3. Relevant Law, Defendant’s Arguments, and Analysis

As a general rule, a plaintiff is not allowed to pursue claims against an employer asserting

alternative theories of liability in cases where the employer has admitted to respondeat superior

liability for its employee’s negligence. McHaffie By and Through McHaffie v. Bunch, 891

S.W.2d 822, 826 (Mo. banc 1995); see Wilson v. Image Flooring, LLC, 400 S.W.3d 386, 391-94

(Mo. App. W.D. 2013). However, this rule is subject to an exception when the plaintiff brings a

claim for punitive damages against the employer. Wilson, 400 S.W.3d at 391-94; see also

McHaffie, 891 S.W.2d at 826. The Wilson Court aptly explained:

The rationale for the Court’s holding in McHaffie was that, where vicarious liability
was admitted . . ., the employer’s liability was necessarily fixed by the negligence
of the employee. Thus, any additional evidence supporting direct liability claims
could serve only to waste time and possibly prejudice the defendants.

The same cannot be said, however, when a claim for punitive damages based upon
the direct liability theories is raised. If an employer’s hiring, training, supervision,
or entrustment practices can be characterized as demonstrating complete
indifference or a conscious disregard for the safety of others, then the plaintiff
would be required to present additional evidence, above and beyond demonstrating
the employee’s negligence, to support a claim for punitive damages. Unlike in the
McHaffie scenario, this evidence would have a relevant, non-prejudicial purpose.
And because the primary concern in McHaffie was the introduction of extraneous,
potentially prejudicial evidence, we believe that the rule announced in McHaffie
does not apply where punitive damages are claimed against the employer, thus
making the additional evidence both relevant and material.

400 S.W.3d at 393 (internal citations omitted). The Wilson Court also held that in order for a

plaintiff to be entitled to the punitive damages exception, he is required only to plead sufficient

facts to support a claim of punitive damages. Id. at 393-94.
8
 We first address Defendant’s argument that the trial court erred in admitting the evidence

about Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and treatment of other patients. The trial court’s rulings

admitting this evidence were made during pre-trial discussions of motions in limine and during

trial when Defendant objected to the evidence. As such, these rulings were made prior to the

trial court’s pronouncement that it would not submit Plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages on

Count VI to the jury. Accordingly, when the court decided the evidence was admissible,

Plaintiff was still pursuing its punitive damages claim against Defendant AOS on the theory of

negligent supervision, retention, and referral.

Implicit in its ruling, the trial court found Plaintiff was entitled to the punitive damages

exception because he pled sufficient facts to support his claim for punitive damages on Count VI.

See Wilson, 400 S.W.3d at 391-94. In light of the allegations pled in Plaintiff’s petition as well

as the fact Defendant did not challenge the sufficiency of Plaintiff’s allegations with a motion to

dismiss or motion for summary judgment, we cannot say the trial court’s decision to admit the

evidence of Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and treatment of other patients for this purpose was

clearly against the logic of the circumstances then before the court or demonstrated a lack of

careful consideration. See Koelling, 558 S.W.3d at 550; Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 761. The evidence

was admitted for a non-prejudicial purpose as it was both relevant and material to support

Plaintiff’s claim of punitive damages on Count VI for negligent supervision, retention, and

referral. See Wilson, 400 S.W.3d at 393. Moreover, the admission of the evidence did not

violate McHaffie. See McHaffie, 891 S.W.2d at 826; Wilson, 400 S.W.3d at 391-94. Thus, the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence.

We now turn to the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s motion for mistrial and subsequent

motion for new trial based on the fact that after the evidence was admitted, the court determined

9
it would not submit Plaintiff’s punitive damages claim on Count VI to the jury. 4 A mistrial is a

drastic remedy that should only be granted in exceptional circumstances. Coyle v. City of St.

Louis, 408 S.W.3d 281, 286 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013); Palmer, 311 S.W.3d at 854; Cole ex rel.

Cole v. Warren County R-III School Dist., 23 S.W.3d 756, 759 (Mo. App. E.D. 2000). The trial

court is in the best position to determine the prejudicial effect of evidence and “to determine

whether any resulting prejudice can be ameliorated by less drastic means than declaration of a

mistrial.” Cole, 23 S.W.3d at 759; see Wheeler ex rel. Wheeler v. Phenix, 335 S.W.3d 504, 514

(Mo. App. S.D. 2011). One less drastic remedy is a limiting instruction for the jury to disregard

the allegedly improper evidence, which has been found sufficient to avoid prejudice and cure any

error. See Warren Davis Properties V, L.L.C. v. United Fire & Casualty Co., 111 S.W.3d 515,

527 (Mo. App. S.D. 2003). When a party requests a mistrial but fails to ask for a curative

instruction, we will find the court abused its discretion in declining to grant a mistrial only if the

evidence was so prejudicial that its effect could not have been removed by an instruction. Id.

On appeal, Defendant contends the trial court should have declared a mistrial because the

evidence relating to Dr. Redjal’s qualifications and treatment of other patients “was irrelevant

and highly prejudicial,” but Defendant fails to adequately explain how it was prejudiced by the

evidence. Other than recounting the complained-of evidence for our Court, Defendant’s

argument could be read as asserting the evidence was prejudicial merely because the jury heard it

and merely because it violated McHaffie, which we have already found was not the case.

Further, Defendant asserts “[i]t is easy to believe” the jury would want to punish Defendant

based on the evidence related to its negligent supervision, retention, and referral of Dr. Redjal,

4
Specifically, the trial court determined there was insufficient evidence to support Plaintiff’s claim for punitive
damages as to Count VI. Plaintiff did not appeal this ruling.
10
and the jury’s purported anger “would certainly bleed over into the jury’s consideration of their

verdict on both compensatory and punitive damages.”

We find Defendant’s argument as to prejudice to be circular and speculative. Defendant

has failed to prove the trial court’s actions of denying Defendant’s motions for mistrial and new

trial resulted in a glaring or substantial injustice, especially in light of its failure to request a

curative instruction. See Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 761; Coyle, 408 S.W.3d at 286; Palmer, 311

S.W.3d at 851, 854; Warren Davis Properties, 111 S.W.3d at 527; Cole, 23 S.W.3d at 759. We

are unpersuaded by Defendant’s contention that it could not even attempt to formulate an

instruction sufficient to cure any potential prejudice resulting from the evidence of Dr. Redjal’s

qualifications and treatment of other patients. A party’s failure to request relief other than a

mistrial cannot aid him or her. See Warren Davis Properties, 111 S.W.3d at 527. Therefore, the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for mistrial and subsequent

motion for new trial. As such, the trial court did not err in its rulings relating to evidence of Dr.

Redjal’s qualifications and treatment of other patients. Points one and two are denied.

B. Whether the Trial Court Committed Instructional Error

We address Defendant’s third and fourth points on appeal in the following order. In the

first part of Defendant’s fourth point as well as in its third point, Defendant maintains the trial

court erred in submitting the verdict directors – Instruction No. Four (“Instruction Four”) and

Instruction No. Nine (“Instruction Nine”) – to the jury because they were not supported by

sufficient evidence. In the second part of Defendant’s fourth point, Defendant contends the court

erred in submitting Instruction Four to the jury because it was a roving commission in that it

failed to advise the jury of the ultimate facts necessary to conclude Defendant was negligent.

11
 1. General Standard of Review

Whether the jury was properly instructed is a question of law subject to de novo review.

Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 768. A proper instruction must be supported by the evidence, follow the

substantive law, and be readily understood by the jury. Huelskamp v. Patients First Health

Care, LLC, 475 S.W.3d 162, 173 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014); Fletcher v. Kansas City Cancer Center,

LLC, 296 S.W.3d 474, 478 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009). In reviewing an alleged instructional error,

we view the evidence in the light most favorable to its submission and disregard evidence to the

contrary. Id. The party asserting instructional error must prove the allegedly improper

instruction misdirected, misled, or confused the jury. SKMDV Holdings, Inc. v. Green Jacobson,

P.C., 494 S.W.3d 537, 553 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016). We will reverse based on instructional error

only if the error resulted in prejudice that materially affected the merits of the case. Koon, 539

S.W.3d at 768.

2. Whether the Verdict Directors Were Supported by Sufficient Evidence

We first turn to Defendant’s assertion that the verdict directors were not supported by

sufficient evidence. A verdict-directing instruction, such as Instruction Four and Instruction

Nine in this case, must be supported by substantial evidence in order to be appropriately

submitted to the jury. Brown v. Bailey, 210 S.W.3d 397, 410 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006).

“Substantial evidence is evidence which, if true, is probative of the issues and from which the

jury can decide the case.” Id. (quotations omitted). Where, as in this case, the verdict-directing

instruction contains alternative submissions of acts giving rise to liability, each submission must

be supported by substantial evidence. See Ploch v. Hamai, 213 S.W.3d 135, 138, 140 (Mo. App.

E.D. 2006) (each submission in a disjunctive instruction, i.e., an instruction containing

alternative submissions of acts giving rise to liability, must be supported by substantial

evidence); see also Menaugh v. Resler Optometry, Inc., 799 S.W.2d 71, 74 (Mo. banc 1990)

12
(overruled on other grounds by Rodriguez v. Suzuki Motor Corp., 936 S.W.2d 104, 111 (Mo.

banc 1996)); Note on Use No. 1 to Missouri Approved Instruction (“MAI”) 10.02. 5

a. Instruction Four

In this case, Instruction Four was the verdict director given to the jury as to Plaintiff’s

medical malpractice claims against Defendant AOS and Dr. Redjal. Instruction Four stated:

On the claim of Plaintiff Benny Bell for compensatory damages for personal injury
against Defendants Advanced Orthopedic Specialists and Hamid Redjal, M.D. your
verdict must be for Plaintiff Benny Bell if you believe:

First, Defendant Hamid Redjal, M.D. either:

(a) performed unnecessary right hip surgery on April 16, 2014; or

(b) damaged the liner and cup and removed excessive bone during the
right hip surgery on April 16, 2014; or

(c) failed to inform Plaintiff Benny Bell of fractures which occurred
during the April 16, 2014 surgery; or

(d) delayed treatment of the fractures which occurred during the April
16, 2014 surgery; or

(e) instructed Plaintiff Benny Bell to participate in physical therapy and
to put weight on the right leg despite persistent pain after the April
16, 2014 surgery; and

Second, Defendant Hamid Redjal, M.D. was thereby negligent; and

Third, as a direct result of such negligence plaintiff sustained damage.

Based on the foregoing instruction, Defendant argues Paragraph First subsections (b) and

(d) were not supported by sufficient evidence because they were not supported by expert

testimony. Defendant is correct in stating Plaintiff was required to present expert testimony on

the issues of the applicable standard of care and causation. See, e.g., Bailey, 210 S.W.3d at 408;

Wright v. Barr, 62 S.W.3d 509, 524 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001); Baker v. Gordon, 759 S.W.2d 87,

5
All further references to the MAI, its Notes on Use, and Committee Comments are to the versions found in the
Missouri Approved Instructions-Civil (7th ed. 2012).
13
91 (Mo. App. W.D. 1988); Delisi v. St. Luke’s Episcopal-Presbyterian Hosp., Inc., 701 S.W.2d

170, 173 (Mo. App. E.D. 1985). The flaw with Defendant’s argument, however, is its

assumption, without citation to authority, that only the testimony of Plaintiff’s retained expert

witness, Dr. King, should be considered in determining whether Plaintiff presented sufficient

evidence to support its instruction.

In so arguing, Defendant disregards case law providing, (1) we must view the evidence in

the light most favorable to Instruction Four’s submission; and (2) we may look at any evidence

favorable to Plaintiff in determining whether sufficient evidence existed to support the

instruction. See Huelskamp, 475 S.W.3d at 173; Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 478; see also, e.g.,

Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 479-80 (discussing plaintiff’s expert’s testimony in conjunction with

other testimony in deciding there was sufficient standard of care evidence); Wright, 62 S.W.3d at

526-28 (considering plaintiff’s expert’s testimony as well as other testimony in finding there was

sufficient standard of care and causation evidence); Ladish v. Gordon, 879 S.W.2d 623, 633-35

(Mo. App. W.D. 1994) (acknowledging defendant’s evidence favorable to plaintiff in concluding

plaintiff presented sufficient standard of care evidence); Baker, 759 S.W.2d at 91 (defendant’s

evidence may help establish the standard of care); Delisi, 701 S.W.2d at 173 (same). Moreover,

we do not view one expert’s testimony in a vacuum, but must consider it in the context of all the

evidence presented at trial. Mitchell v. Evans, 284 S.W.3d 591, 595 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008); see

14
also Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 479 (we consider expert testimony as an integrated whole). 6

Bearing in mind the preceding guidelines relevant to our review, we now discuss whether

Paragraph First subsections (b) and (d) were supported by sufficient evidence.

i. Paragraph First Subsection (b)

Paragraph First subsection (b) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “damaged the liner and

cup and removed excessive bone during the right hip surgery on April 16, 2014[.]” As to this

subsection, Plaintiff presented the following evidence on the issues of standard of care and

causation.

The evidence adduced at trial indicated the acetabular cup implanted in Plaintiff’s hip

contained a locking mechanism, which connected the cup to a plastic polyethylene liner that

could be removed while the cup remained in place. Swailes, the Smith & Nephew representative

present during Plaintiff’s surgery, testified Smith & Nephew provided a tool to remove the

polyethylene liner from the specific type of acetabular cup installed in Plaintiff’s hip.

Swailes was aware Dr. Redjal did not like to use the recommended tool but preferred to

use a power corkscrew device to remove the polyethylene liner. The two had discussed this

issue prior to Plaintiff’s April 16, 2014 surgery and may have had the same conversation on the

day of the surgery. In fact, Swailes testified he warned Dr. Redjal against using the power

corkscrew device to remove the polyethylene liner from Plaintiff’s acetabular cup because there

6
We acknowledge some of the citations in this paragraph are from cases dealing with challenges to the
submissibility of a plaintiff’s negligence claim and are not within the context of claims asserting the plaintiff’s
negligence verdict director was not supported by sufficient evidence. While these are distinct concepts that should
not be conflated, we find the cases instructive because in reviewing both types of claims on appeal, an appellate
court must decide whether the plaintiff presented substantial evidence, i.e., evidence that is probative of the issues
and from which the jury can render a decision. As an example, this Court in Brown v. Bailey stated in order for
plaintiff to make a submissible case, he must present substantial evidence to support every fact essential to liability.
210 S.W.3d at 404. Subsequently, in addressing the defendant’s challenge to the verdict director, the court declared,
“[a] verdict directing instruction . . . should only be submitted by the trial court when it is supported by substantial
evidence.” Id. at 409-10; see also Williams v. Daus, 114 S.W.3d 351, 358-59, 363 (Mo. App. S.D. banc 2003)
(declaring as to submissibility, plaintiff must present substantial evidence as to each fact necessary for recovery, and
later stating with respect to whether there was sufficient evidence to support a verdict director, “every element of a
verdict director must be supported by substantial evidence”) (quotations omitted).
15
was a risk the corkscrew device would damage the cup’s locking mechanism and it would not be

able to accept a new liner. Swailes also told Dr. Redjal to be careful not to drill into the locking

mechanism. Nevertheless, Dr. Redjal refused to use the Smith & Nephew tool, but instead used

the power corkscrew device. During Plaintiff’s surgery, Dr. Redjal struggled to remove the

polyethylene liner, damaged the liner by drilling into it several times, and was unable to replace

it with a new liner because the liner would not lock into the acetabular cup.

Dr. King, Plaintiff’s retained expert orthopedic surgeon, testified the standard of care

required Dr. Redjal, upon determining he needed to remove the polyethylene liner from

Plaintiff’s acetabular cup, to use the specific tool designed to remove the liner. Dr. Redjal failed

to do so, and in Dr. King’s opinion based on the evidence and deposition testimony he

reviewed, 7 Dr. Redjal damaged the locking mechanism of the acetabular cup through his use of

the power corkscrew device. Although Dr. King acknowledged other surgeons used the power

corkscrew device, to his knowledge those doctors only employed that method when the implants

being worked on did not have a designed tool to remove its polyethylene liner. Dr. King stated

Dr. Redjal deviated from the standard of care in the technical way he performed Plaintiff’s April

16, 2014 surgery.

Moreover, Dr. King’s testimony indicates that because Dr. Redjal had damaged the liner

and cup through his use of the power corkscrew device, he was unable to lock a new liner into

the cup and was thus forced to remove the entire acetabular component to install a new one.

Along with the acetabular component, Dr. Redjal removed an excessive amount of bone from

Plaintiff’s hip. Dr. King and Dr. McDonald both testified Dr. Redjal deviated from the standard

of care in doing so. These actions resulted in damage to Plaintiff because by Dr. Redjal’s own

7
Prior to testifying as to his opinions in this case, Dr. King explained to the jury the standard of care applicable to
this case and agreed with Plaintiff’s counsel that all of his opinions would be expressed to a reasonable degree of
professional certainty.
16
admission made to Dr. Schafer, who was an owner of Defendant AOS and the chairman of

orthopedic surgery at Saint Francis Medical Center, Dr. Redjal “cracked” Plaintiff’s pelvis while

trying to get the cup out. Further, Dr. McDonald found the destruction of and fractures to

Plaintiff’s pelvis as well as the malposition of the new acetabular component resulted from Dr.

Redjal’s failures during the April 16, 2014 surgery.

We find, in considering Plaintiff’s expert testimony in the context of all the evidence

viewed in the light most favorable to submission of Instruction Four, Plaintiff presented

substantial evidence from which the jury could have found Dr. Redjal violated the standard of

care by damaging the liner and cup and removing excessive bone during the right hip surgery on

April 16, 2014, and that as a result, Plaintiff sustained damage. See Bailey, 210 S.W.3d at 410.

While Defendant complains Dr. King’s testimony did not track the exact language of subsection

(b) that Dr. Redjal “damaged the liner and cup,” he was not required to do so. See Mitchell, 284

S.W.3d at 595 (similarly finding). Dr. King clearly stated Dr. Redjal was required by the

standard of care to use the specific tool designed to remove the polyethylene liner, and Swailes

testimony confirmed there was such a tool designed to remove the liner from Plaintiff’s specific

acetabular component. Because of his deviation from the standard of care, Dr. Redjal damaged

the liner and cup and removed excess bone along with the acetabular component. Furthermore,

the expert testimony, when read as a whole, constitutes substantial evidence probative on the

issue of causation. See id. at 595-96; see also Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 479. Accordingly,

subsection (b) was consistent with and supported by the evidence.

ii. Paragraph First Subsection (d)

Paragraph First subsection (d) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “delayed treatment of

the fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery[.]” With respect to this

subsection, the following evidence was presented as to the standard of care and causation. Dr.

17
King testified to a reasonable degree of certainty that Plaintiff’s condition after the April 16,

2014 surgery could have been improved by: having Plaintiff stop weight bearing on his right

leg; informing Plaintiff about the fractures; obtaining additional imaging to determine the exact

pattern of the fractures; and then developing a plan as to how to restore Plaintiff’s anatomy to

where it should be. Dr. King testified it was necessary for Plaintiff to stop weight bearing

because bearing weight on his right leg would cause the fracture line to expand, prevent healing,

and cause Plaintiff’s implant to shift. Dr. King said an immediate additional surgery would have

been required as part of the action plan to restore Plaintiff’s anatomy to where it should be.

Furthermore, Dr. King opined Dr. Redjal failed to comply with the standard of care if he

put Plaintiff on a weight bearing regimen after the April 16, 2014 surgery. Based on the

postoperative medical records, that is exactly what Dr. Redjal did when he ordered Plaintiff to be

thirty pounds weight bearing on April 16 and May 1, 2014, then ordered him to be full weight

bearing on May 22, 2014. The medical records also reveal from after the April 16, 2014 surgery

through October 2014 Dr. Redjal was encouraging Plaintiff to bear more weight on his right leg,

the opposite of what he acknowledged was the appropriate treatment of a pelvic fracture.

Additionally, Dr. King and Dr. McDonald both testified about the records of Plaintiff’s

physical therapy and appointments with Dr. Redjal subsequent to the April 16, 2014 surgery.

Taken as a whole, their testimony along with information included in those records reveal Dr.

Redjal’s failure to treat Plaintiff’s pelvic fracture was resulting in additional damage to Plaintiff

in that his subjective complaints of pain were worsening as well as the objective fact his x-rays

were showing additional fracture lines. See Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 479 and Mitchell, 284

S.W.3d at 595 (we must consider expert testimony as a whole and in the context of other medical

evidence). Based on the foregoing, we find Plaintiff presented substantial evidence from which

the jury could have found Dr. Redjal violated the standard of care by delaying treatment of the

18
fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery, and that as a result, Plaintiff

sustained damage. See Bailey, 210 S.W.3d at 410.

iii. Conclusion as to Defendant’s Claim that Instruction Four was
not Supported by Sufficient Evidence

In light of the preceding evidence presented at trial, we find the trial court did not err in

submitting the verdict director Instruction Four to the jury because Paragraph First subsections

(b) and (d) were supported by sufficient evidence. The first part of Defendant’s fourth point on

appeal is denied.

b. Instruction Nine

We now turn to Instruction Nine, which was the verdict director read to the jury as to

Plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages against Defendant AOS and Dr. Rejdal. Instruction Nine

provided in relevant part:

If you find in favor of [P]laintiff under [Instruction Four], and if you believe that:
First, Defendant Hamid Redjal, M.D. either:

(a) performed unnecessary right hip surgery on April 16, 2014; or

(b) damaged the liner and cup and removed excessive bone during the
right hip surgery on April 16, 2014; or

(c) failed to inform Plaintiff Benny Bell of fractures which occurred
during the April 16, 2014 surgery; or

(d) delayed treatment of the fractures which occurred during the April
16, 2014 surgery; or

(e) instructed Plaintiff Benny Bell to participate in physical therapy and
to put weight on the right leg despite persistent pain after the April
16, 2014 surgery; and

Second, defendant knew or had information from which defendant, in the exercise
of ordinary care, should have known that such conduct created a high degree of
probability of injury, and

Third, defendant thereby engaged in willful, wanton or malicious misconduct,

19
 Then, in addition to any damages to which you find plaintiff entitled under
[Instruction Four] you may award plaintiff an additional amount as punitive
damages in such sum as you believe will serve to punish defendant and deter
defendant and others from like conduct.
...

Initially, we must clarify Defendant’s argument with respect to the preceding Instruction

Nine. Defendant’s brief on appeal asks this Court to decide its third point on appeal by

employing the standard of review and general law applicable for analyzing the submissibility of

a punitive damages claim. However, we find Defendant’s argument as preserved throughout the

proceedings is more appropriately characterized as a challenge to the submissibility of the

punitive damages instruction because Defendant argues the evidence is insufficient as it relates

to the language of Instruction Nine. 8 See Wieland v. Owner-Operator Services, Inc., 540 S.W.3d

845, 850 n.3 (Mo. banc 2018). Therefore, we address Defendant’s point as such and proceed to

discuss whether Instruction Nine was supported by sufficient evidence.

i. Relevant Law Pertaining to Punitive Damages

In pursuing punitive damages under section 538.210.5 RSMo Supp. 20069 against a

healthcare provider in a medical malpractice case, a plaintiff must present clear and convincing

evidence showing: (1) the healthcare provider engaged in outrageous conduct; 10 and (2) such

conduct was performed with a willful, wanton, or malicious culpable mental state. See Dodson

8
As our Missouri Supreme Court recently clarified:
A submissibility-of-the-claim challenge argues the plaintiff’s claim should not go to the jury because
substantial evidence does not support the claim as provided by the substantive law. A
submissibility-of-the-instruction challenge argues a specific instruction should not be given to the
jury because substantial evidence does not support an issue as provided by that instruction. The
former compares the evidence with the substantive law, while the latter compares the evidence
specifically with the instruction.
Wieland v. Owner-Operator Services, Inc., 540 S.W.3d 845, 850 n.3 (Mo. banc 2018) (citations omitted). While the
parties have conflated the two issues in addressing Defendant’s third point on appeal, the argument portion of
Defendant’s brief undeniably compares the evidence specifically with the language of Instruction Nine just as
Defendant argued in his submissibility-of-the-instruction portion of his fourth point on appeal. Accordingly, we
conclude Defendant’s third point on appeal is fairly and appropriately characterized as a “submissibility-of-the
instruction challenge.” See id.
9
The reference to section 538.210.5 is to RSMo Supp. 2006, which incorporates legislative amendments through
2005 and was the version of the statute in effect at the time the events giving rise to this appeal occurred.
10
Defendant does not contest this element on appeal.
20
v. Ferrara, 491 S.W.3d 542, 562 (Mo. banc 2016); Poage v. Crane Co., 523 S.W.3d 496, 515

(Mo. App. E.D. 2017). For purposes of punitive damages, acting willfully, wantonly, or

maliciously is equivalent to acting with a complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for

the rights or safety of others. See Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 769-72. “Conscious disregard or

complete indifference involves [a] situation[] where a person acts or fails to act while being

conscious from the knowledge of surrounding circumstances and existing conditions, that,

although lacking a specific intent to injure, the person’s conduct or failure to act will naturally

and probably result in injury.” Poage, 523 S.W.3d at 520 (quotations omitted); see Peters v.

General Motors Corp., 200 S.W.3d 1, 24 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006); see also Koon, 539 S.W.3d at

773.

ii. Relevant Facts and Analysis

Pursuant to the preceding law and the standard of review applicable to Defendant’s

specific claim before this Court, we must determine whether Plaintiff presented substantial

evidence, i.e., evidence probative of the issues and from which the jury can decide the case,

showing Dr. Redjal committed the five acts submitted in Instruction Nine Paragraph First with a

complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety. 11 See Dodson, 491

S.W.3d at 562; Menaugh, 799 S.W.2d at 74; Poage, 523 S.W.3d at 515; Koon, 539 S.W.3d at

769-72; Ploch, 213 S.W.3d at 138, 140; Bailey, 210 S.W.3d at 410; Note on Use No. 1 to MAI

10.02.

11
Although Defendant’s argument, consistent with Instruction Nine, actually uses the “willful, wanton, or
malicious” standard as opposed to the “complete indifference or conscious disregard” standard supplied by the MAI
and referred to in case law, this fact does not impact our discussion because willful, wanton, or malicious
misconduct for purposes of punitive damages is equivalent to acting with a complete indifference to or in conscious
disregard for the rights or safety of others. See Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 769-72.
21
 aa. Paragraph First Subsection (a)

Paragraph First subsection (a) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “performed

unnecessary right hip surgery on April 16, 2014[.]” Plaintiff presented the following evidence as

to whether Defendant engaged in this conduct with a complete indifference to or in conscious

disregard for Plaintiff’s safety. A few months after Plaintiff’s successful November 2013 left

total hip replacement surgery performed by Dr. Redjal, Dr. Bowen determined Plaintiff suffered

from osteitis pubis, a condition causing groin pain that can be treated successfully without

surgery. Plaintiff thought he was finally on the right track to recovery, and Dr. Bowen thought

Plaintiff would only need a more sophisticated injection to treat the osteitis pubis. While

Plaintiff had recovered “99.9%” of his ability to function on the right hip, he was still

experiencing some persistent but improving groin pain on the right side. For this reason, Dr.

Bowen referred Plaintiff back to Dr. Redjal to explore whether there was a problem with the

right hip implant.

Dr. Redjal initially considered surgical intervention during an appointment with Plaintiff

on March 6, 2014. Based on x-rays performed prior to that appointment, Dr. Redjal concluded

they showed possible loosening of Plaintiff’s right hip implant. However, Dr. King testified the

relevant x-rays performed prior to this March 6 appointment did not show loosening of

Plaintiff’s hip implant components. Similarly, Dr. McDonald, who subsequently treated Plaintiff

and was designated as an expert in this case, found the x-rays did not indicate the component was

failing, loosening, or exhibiting wear.

Dr. Redjal also reviewed an ultrasound performed by Dr. Bowen prior to the March 6

appointment. Dr. Redjal noted the ultrasound revealed fluid around the right hip arthroplasty

device. However, Dr. McDonald testified joint fluid was expected after arthroplasty and

relatively common in patients who had previously had a metal-on-metal implant. Dr. McDonald

22
further testified the amount of fluid in Plaintiff’s hip was not a cause for concern and did not

suggest his right hip component was loose.

Based upon his readings of the x-rays and ultrasound, Dr. Redjal planned to get a bone

scan and then consider whether surgical intervention was necessary. On March 12, 2014, the

bone scan was performed, which revealed there was no loosening or infection on the components

in Plaintiff’s right hip. Although Dr. Redjal admitted the radiology report confirmed there was

no loosening of the components shown by the bone scan, the next medical record he authored

states Plaintiff was “[s]tatus post right total hip replacement with loosening of components.” Dr.

Redjal’s record also only noted the bone scan was negative for infection, but he apparently

ignored the bone scan finding that it was negative for loosening.

Although Dr. Redjal ordered the bone scan to determine if surgical intervention was

needed, the medical records prove he knew there was no loosening of the components but

proceeded with the April 16, 2014 surgery anyway. Dr. Redjal performed the surgery prior to

conducting additional tests to determine the actual cause of Plaintiff’s right groin pain, which Dr.

King testified were available. Accordingly, the evidence showed the April 16, 2014 surgery was

not necessary or required under the surrounding circumstances and in light of Plaintiff’s then

existing physical condition. We find the foregoing evidence constituted substantial evidence

from which the jury could have found Dr. Redjal performed unnecessary right hip surgery on

April 16, 2014 with a complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety.

See id.

bb. Paragraph First Subsection (b)

Paragraph First subsection (b) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “damaged the liner and

cup and removed excessive bone during the right hip surgery on April 16, 2014[.]” In addition

to the aforementioned evidence relevant to this act, see section B.2.a.i., Plaintiff presented the

23
following evidence as to whether Dr. Redjal engaged in this conduct with a complete

indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety.

Dr. Redjal used the power corkscrew device to remove the polyethylene liner from

Plaintiff’s acetabular cup despite the fact Smith & Nephew provided a tool specifically for that

purpose, despite the fact Swailes warned Dr. Redjal against using the power corkscrew device

because of the risk the device would damage the cup’s locking mechanism so it would not be

able to accept a new liner, and despite the fact Swailes told Dr. Redjal to be careful not to drill

into the locking mechanism. During the surgery, Dr. Redjal struggled to remove the

polyethylene liner, damaged the liner by drilling into it several times, and was unable to replace

it with a new liner because the liner would not lock into the acetabular cup. Dr. King opined Dr.

Redjal damaged the mechanism that locked the polyethylene liner into the acetabular cup

through his action of “drilling some sort of corkscrew device into it and yanking it out versus

using the tool that’s designed to remove it.”

Because Dr. Redjal disregarded the warning of Swailes to either use the tool provided by

Smith & Nephew to remove the liner or to be careful not to drill into the locking mechanism, Dr.

Redjal damaged the locking mechanism on the acetabular cup implanted in Plaintiff’s hip and

was unable to install a new polyethylene liner. Therefore, he was forced to remove the entire

acetabular component, taking with it a significant amount of Plaintiff’s bone, in order to install a

new component with a functional locking mechanism. We find the foregoing evidence

constituted substantial evidence from which the jury could have found Dr. Redjal damaged the

liner and cup and removed excessive bone during the right hip surgery on April 16, 2014 with a

complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety. See id.

24
 cc. Paragraph First Subsection (c)

Paragraph First subsection (c) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “failed to inform

Plaintiff Benny Bell of fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery[.]” Plaintiff

presented the following evidence as to whether Dr. Redjal engaged in this conduct with a

complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety. When Dr. Redjal was

subsequently approached by Dr. Schafer about what occurred during Plaintiff’s April 16, 2014

surgery, Dr. Redjal admitted he “cracked” Plaintiff’s pelvis during the surgery when he tried to

remove the acetabular cup. Dr. Redjal also admitted during his deposition testimony that the

postoperative x-rays revealed a fracture line on the pubic ramus. Further, Dr. Redjal

acknowledged the radiology report generated prior to Plaintiff’s discharge from the hospital,

which confirmed the broken pubic ramus.

Notwithstanding Dr. Redjal’s knowledge of Plaintiff’s pelvic fracture, Dr. Redjal did not

tell Plaintiff he had any broken bones or fractures in his hip prior to Plaintiff’s discharge from

the hospital. Further, Plaintiff’s discharge summary did not mention the fractures. Even though

the fractures of Plaintiff’s pelvis occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery, Plaintiff was not

told his acetabulum or pelvis was fractured until over eight months later, when he had his

appointment with Dr. Knight on December 23, 2014. 12 We find the aforementioned evidence

constituted substantial evidence from which the jury could have found Dr. Redjal failed to

inform Plaintiff of fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery with a complete

indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety. See Section 538.210.5; Dodson,

12
Although Plaintiff testified on cross-examination that Dr. Redjal told him after surgery that “he had trouble
getting something out and something broke,” viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the submission of
Instruction Nine, this statement could have pertained to Dr. Redjal telling Plaintiff about how he had trouble getting
the polyethylene liner out and that the locking mechanism of the acetabular component broke. See Huelskamp, 475
S.W.3d at 173; Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 478. Under our standard of review, we also disregard Dr. Redjal’s
testimony that he told Plaintiff about the fractures. See id.
25
491 S.W.3d at 562; Poage, 523 S.W.3d at 515; Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 769-72; Ploch, 213 S.W.3d

at 138, 140; Bailey, 210 S.W.3d at 410; Wright, 62 S.W.3d at 526.

dd. Paragraph First Subsection (d)

Paragraph First subsection (d) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “delayed treatment of

the fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery[.]” In addition to the

aforementioned evidence relevant to this act, see section B.2.a.ii., Plaintiff presented the

following evidence as to whether Dr. Redjal engaged in this conduct with a complete

indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety.

Dr. Redjal was aware he fractured Plaintiff’s pubic ramus during surgery, but he believed

the fractures would not change anything in the postoperative plan because Plaintiff would be

non-weight bearing and the fractures would heal on their own. However, the medical records

indicate Dr. Redjal did not follow what he testified would be the appropriate treatment for a

pelvic fracture because he ordered Plaintiff to bear weight on his right leg after the surgery.

Despite the fact the radiology report generated prior to Plaintiff’s discharge from the hospital

said “finding suspicious for comminuted fracture of the right pelvis extending through the right

acetabular region” and recommended a CT scan for further insight, Dr. Redjal did not order a CT

scan. In fact, nothing in the postoperative records indicates Dr. Redjal was checking on or

treating Plaintiff’s pelvic fractures. Dr. McDonald found Dr. Redjal’s records were inaccurate

because they did not mention Plaintiff’s fractures and repeatedly said the implants were in the

appropriate position when they were not. It was not until October 23, 2014, over six months

after surgery, that Dr. Redjal ordered a CT scan on Plaintiff’s pelvis “to see what was going on

with the bone healing.” By that point, Plaintiff’s acetabular component was dislocated and his

fractures had worsened.

26
 We find the preceding evidence constituted substantial evidence from which the jury

could have found Dr. Redjal delayed treatment of the fractures which occurred during the April

16, 2014 surgery with a complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety.

See id.

ee. Paragraph First Subsection (e)

Paragraph First subsection (e) required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “instructed Plaintiff

Benny Bell to participate in physical therapy and to put weight on the right leg despite persistent

pain after the April 16, 2014 surgery[.]” Plaintiff presented the following evidence as to whether

Defendant engaged in that conduct with a complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for

Plaintiff’s safety.

In addition to the preceding evidence showing Dr. Redjal knew about the fractures he

caused during Plaintiff’s April 16, 2014 surgery, failed to inform Plaintiff of them, and failed to

treat them, there was additional evidence showing Dr. Redjal affirmatively directed Plaintiff to

undergo physical therapy and to bear weight on his right leg after the surgery despite the fact

Plaintiff’s condition was worsening. Dr. McDonald testified that in Plaintiff’s condition after the

surgery, physical therapy and weight bearing would not help Plaintiff and would cause the

implant to shift further upward. Nonetheless, Dr. Redjal ordered Plaintiff to be thirty pounds

weight bearing immediately after his surgery despite his knowledge the appropriate treatment for

a pelvic fracture was for the patient to avoid weight bearing so the fracture could heal on its own.

Dr. Redjal again ordered Plaintiff to be thirty pounds weight bearing on May 1 and to be full

weight bearing on May 22, 2014.

Plaintiff was ordered to begin physical therapy six weeks after the April 16, 2014

surgery. However, Plaintiff was not successful at physical therapy because he was only able to

do very little due to his pain. After Dr. Bowen wrote a letter to Dr. Redjal explaining Plaintiff’s

27
difficulties doing his exercises, Plaintiff visited Dr. Redjal at which point he was leaning to his

left side and could not straighten his hips. Dr. Redjal lifted Plaintiff up on top of his right leg

and told Plaintiff to keep it there. However, when Plaintiff tried to walk, his implant was moving

up and down inside of his hip with each step he took. Dr. Redjal told Plaintiff to tell Dr. Bowen

to “stop treating [Plaintiff] like a baby.”

About two-and-a-half months after surgery, Plaintiff was still telling Dr. Redjal he was

having difficulty bearing weight on the right leg but Dr. Redjal was reinforcing that he needed to

put weight on it. On August 28, 2014, Dr. Redjal signed and acknowledged a physical therapy

note from the day before in which Dr. Bowen said Plaintiff was complaining of pain, clicking,

and loosening of the right hip when standing or walking; the note also declared “further

evaluation on the right hip appears needed.” However, it was not until October 23, 2014, over

six months after surgery, that Dr. Redjal ordered a CT scan of Plaintiff’s pelvis “to see what was

going on with the bone healing.” By that point, Plaintiff’s acetabular component was dislocated

and his fractures had worsened. We find this evidence constituted substantial evidence from

which the jury could have found Dr. Redjal instructed Plaintiff to participate in physical therapy

and to put weight on the right leg despite persistent pain after the April 16, 2014 surgery with a

complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety. See id.

iii. Conclusion as to Defendant’s Claim that Instruction Nine was
not Supported by Sufficient Evidence

In sum, the evidence adduced at trial reveals the following course of events. When

Plaintiff first complained of persistent but improving groin pain, x-rays, an ultrasound, and a

bone scan were performed. Although Dr. Redjal planned to get the bone scan and then consider

whether surgical intervention was necessary, he consciously disregarded the negative results of

such scan and rushed into an unnecessary, or at the very least, premature surgery on Plaintiff’s

right hip. During this surgery, Dr. Redjal willfully refused to use the proper tool to remove the
28
polyethylene liner and failed to heed the Smith & Nephew representative’s warning not to

damage the locking mechanism on the acetabular component implanted in Plaintiff’s right hip.

Due to these failures, Dr. Redjal damaged the polyethylene liner as well as the locking detail in

the acetabular component, which led to him having to remove Plaintiff’s entire right hip implant,

removing excessive bone along with it, and fracturing Plaintiff’s pelvis.

Although Dr. Redjal was conscious of the fact he fractured Plaintiff’s pelvis during

surgery based on postoperative x-rays, he failed to report the fractures in his medical records,

failed to properly diagnose them, and failed to inform Plaintiff about them. To make matters

worse, Dr. Redjal failed to follow what he considered the appropriate treatment for a pelvic

fracture, failed to follow-up or monitor the healing of the fractures, and consistently encouraged

Plaintiff to undergo painful physical therapy and bear weight on the right leg. We find this string

of negligent acts by Dr. Redjal, performed while he was conscious of surrounding circumstances

and existing conditions indicating that his actions would naturally and probably result in injury to

Plaintiff, were done with a complete indifference to or in conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s

health and safety. See Poage, 523 S.W.3d at 520; General Motors Corp., 200 S.W.3d at 24; see

also Koon, 539 S.W.3d at 773.

Based on the foregoing conduct established by substantial evidence, we conclude the trial

court did not err in submitting the verdict director Instruction Nine to the jury because Plaintiff

presented sufficient evidence showing Dr. Redjal acted with a complete indifference to or in

conscious disregard for Plaintiff’s safety as to each of the five disjunctive acts submitted in

Paragraph First. Point three is denied.

29
 3. Whether Instruction Four was a Roving Commission

In the second part of Defendant AOS’s fourth point on appeal, Defendant asserts

Instruction Four Paragraph First subsections (c) and (d) 13 constituted roving commissions

because the use of the term “fractures” rather than “fracture” in those subsections failed to advise

the jury of the ultimate facts necessary to conclude Defendant was negligent. We disagree.

A jury instruction constitutes a “roving commission when it assumes a disputed fact . . .

that allows the jury to roam freely through the evidence and choose any facts which suited its

fancy or its perception of logic to impose liability.” Lindquist v. Scott Radiological Group, Inc.,

168 S.W.3d 635, 653 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005) (internal quotations omitted). In other words, an

instruction is a roving commission if it fails to advise the jury which of the defendant’s acts or

omissions would result in a finding of liability. Huelskamp, 475 S.W.3d at 173. Further, an

instruction may constitute a roving commission when the language is too general. Coon v.

Dryden, 46 S.W.3d 81, 93 (Mo. App. W.D. 2001).

In contrast, an instruction is not a roving commission when the “plaintiff’s theory of the

case is supported by the evidence and the instruction submits ultimate facts which define for the

jury the plaintiff’s theory of negligence[.]” Lindquist, 168 S.W.3d at 653. We are primarily

concerned with whether a phrase used in the verdict director was misleading in the context of the

evidence presented at trial. Klotz v. St. Anthony’s Medical Center, 311 S.W.3d 752, 767 (Mo.

banc 2010). If the testimony presented at trial sufficiently explained and thereby gave meaning

to the language of the verdict director, the instruction is not a roving commission. Id.; see also

Williams v. Daus, 114 S.W.3d 351, 370-72 (Mo. App. S.D. banc 2003).

13
In the argument portion of its brief, Defendant actually maintains Paragraph First subsections (b) and (d)
constituted roving commissions for their use of the term “fractures.” We note, however, subsection (b) does not
include that word but subsection (c) does. We also note, as pointed out by Plaintiff in his brief, Defendant objected
to subsections (c) and (d) on this basis during the instruction conference. For these reasons, we believe Defendant
made a clerical error in its brief and meant to argue subsections (c) and (d) constituted roving commissions; we
gratuitously address its argument as such.
30
 As an initial matter, we acknowledge that if Paragraph First subsections (c) and (d)

merely required the jury to find Dr. Redjal “failed to inform Plaintiff Benny Bell of fractures” or

“delayed treatment of fractures[,]” the instruction would have certainly been too general. See

Lindquist, 168 S.W.3d 635; Coon, 46 S.W.3d at 93. However, that is not what the instruction

submitted in this case. Instead, subsections (c) and (d) used the term “fractures” immediately

followed by the limiting language “which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery.” The

inclusion of this limiting language, which has been entirely ignored by Defendant on appeal,

helped adequately define the ultimate facts necessary for the jury to understand Plaintiff’s theory

of negligence. See Lindquist, 168 S.W.3d at 653. Considering the challenged language in the

context of the rest of those paragraphs, we find the jury would not have been misdirected,

misled, or confused by the term “fractures” in the way Plaintiff suggests because it was

instructed to consider only the fractures suffered during the surgery, not the ones incurred after

surgery. See Huelskamp, 475 S.W.3d at 173, 175-76 (viewing challenged language in light of

the whole instruction); see also SKMDV Holdings, 494 S.W.3d at 553 (the party challenging an

instruction has the burden to prove it misdirected, misled, or confused the jury). Accordingly,

subsections (c) and (d) were not too general, vague, ambiguous, or indefinite. See Huelskamp,

475 S.W.3d at 173, 175-76; Lindquist, 168 S.W.3d at 653; see also Coon, 46 S.W.3d at 93.

Moreover, we find Instruction Four did not constitute a roving commission because the

phrase “fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery” was sufficiently explained

through evidence presented at trial. See Klotz, 311 S.W.3d at 767; Williams, 114 S.W.3d at 370-

72. Inter alia, Dr. McDonald’s testimony and medical records support the conclusion that

Plaintiff sustained multiple fractures during the April 16, 2014 surgery. First, Dr. McDonald

testified the only time “all those bones are going to be broken in multiple places” would have

been during the April 16, 2014 procedure. Dr. McDonald also found the x-rays taken right after

31
the April 16, 2014 surgery showed “complete destruction of the acetabulum, fractures of the

medial wall, [and] fractures through the inferior pubic rami.” Dr. McDonald concluded the

fractures occurred during the surgery. While the parties and witnesses used the terms “fractures”

and “fracture” interchangeably to describe what happened to Plaintiff’s pelvis during the April

16, 2014 surgery, we are required by our standard of review to view the evidence in the light

most favorable to submission of the instruction and disregard the evidence to the contrary. See

Huelskamp, 475 S.W.3d at 173; Fletcher, 296 S.W.3d at 478.

Thus, because the phrase “fractures which occurred during the April 16, 2014 surgery” as

used in Paragraph First subsections (c) and (d) of Instruction Four was sufficiently explained and

thereby given meaning by the evidence presented at trial, we conclude the verdict director did

not constitute a roving commission. See Klotz, 311 S.W.3d at 767 and Williams, 114 S.W.3d at

370-72 (similarly finding). The second part of Defendant’s fourth point on appeal is denied.

C. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Limiting Cross-Examination

In its fifth point on appeal, Defendant contends the court erred in sua sponte limiting its

cross-examination of Plaintiff about evidence from his Facebook page and in denying its offer of

proof on the subject. We disagree.

1. Standard of Review and General Law Relating to Defendant’s Claim

The admission or exclusion of evidence as well as the permissible scope and extent of

cross-examination are matters that lie within the sound discretion of the trial court. Moore v.

Missouri Highway and Transportation Commission, 527 S.W.3d 215, 220 (Mo. App. E.D.

2017); Stephenson v. Countryside Townhomes, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 380, 389 (Mo. App. E.D.

2014). We will not disturb the court’s rulings as to these matters absent a clear abuse of

discretion, and the appellant bears the burden of establishing such an abuse of discretion

occurred. Id. An abuse of discretion occurs when a trial court’s ruling is “clearly against the

32
logic of the circumstances then before the court and is so unreasonable and arbitrary that it

shocks the sense of justice and indicates a lack of careful, deliberate consideration.” Koelling,

558 S.W.3d at 550 (quotations omitted).

Pursuant to our standard of review, this Court presumes the trial court’s ruling is correct,

as the court has discretion to weigh the probative value of evidence against its prejudicial effect.

Stephenson, 437 S.W.3d at 389. Additionally, we review claims of evidentiary error for

prejudice, not mere error, and thus, we will only reverse if we find the court’s exclusion of

evidence prejudiced appellant in that it materially affected the merits of the action so as to

deprive appellant of a fair trial. Peters v. ContiGroup, 292 S.W.3d 380, 392-93 (Mo. App. W.D.

2009); Byers v. Cheng, 238 S.W.3d 717, 726 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007).

2. Relevant Facts and Procedural Posture

Prior to Plaintiff testifying at trial, Defendant AOS’s counsel brought to the trial court’s

attention two printouts purportedly from Plaintiff’s Facebook page, which were found while

counsel was preparing to cross-examine Plaintiff. The Facebook posts, allegedly written by

Plaintiff in April 2017 (five months prior to trial), indicated he had been accepted to undergo hip

surgery in Germany and he would finally be able to walk again after the surgery was completed.

Because information related to any future surgery had not been produced during discovery,

Defendant’s counsel requested a mistrial due to the fact they were not able to ask Plaintiff’s

expert about whether the future surgery affected her opinions as to Plaintiff’s future condition

and damages. No other relief was requested.

Plaintiff’s counsel then explained Plaintiff, desperate to find a doctor to help him walk

again, had been searching all over the United States and Europe trying to find such a doctor.

Plaintiff allegedly made contact with a surgeon in Germany, but the surgeon had not examined or

agreed to treat him. Plaintiff’s counsel said he had not made any arrangements for Plaintiff to

33
undergo surgery in Germany. For these reasons and because he was not a retained expert,

Plaintiff did not disclose the foregoing information to Defendant’s counsel prior to or during the

trial.

As part of the preceding discussion, the trial court expressed its opinion that evidence

from a witness’s Facebook page is “the worst hearsay that you can possibl[y] bring into any

courtroom.” Having heard the parties’ arguments and one of the relevant Facebook posts, the

trial court denied Defendant’s request for a mistrial.

During Defendant’s cross-examination of Plaintiff the following exchange occurred:

[Defendant’s counsel]: [ ]. Do you currently have plans to travel to Germany
to undergo another hip surgery?

[Plaintiff]: I am considering possibilities of it, yes.

[Defendant’s counsel]: Okay. Do you recall posting on your Facebook
account traveling to Germany to have a surgery?

[Plaintiff]: No, I don’t remember that, but I could have.

The trial court then asked counsel to approach. During a discussion at the bench, the court said it

would not allow Defendant’s counsel to impeach Plaintiff with the Facebook evidence.

On subsequent re-direct examination, Plaintiff’s counsel asked Plaintiff the following

questions over Defendant’s objections, which were overruled by the trial court:

[Plaintiff’s counsel]: [Plaintiff], do you right now have any plans or
arrangements or connection with a surgeon in
Germany or anybody else –
...

[Plaintiff’s counsel]: To address your right hip[?]
...

[Plaintiff]: I am looking for somebody to help me because I have
looked all over the [United] States.

[Plaintiff’s counsel]: That’s all I asked of you. You’re looking but you
haven’t found anybody yet?

34
 [Plaintiff]: Yes.

[Plaintiff’s counsel]: You still have hope but no plans?
...

[Plaintiff]: Yes.

Defendant’s counsel did not inquire any further into this issue on re-cross examination.

Later, outside of the presence of the jury, Defendant made its offer of proof as follows in

relevant part:

[Defendant’s counsel]: [ ]. I’m going to hand you a document of a printout
from what I believe is your Facebook page. Do you
recognize your Facebook profile picture and name in
that series of comments?

[Plaintiff]: Yes.

[Defendant’s counsel]: Can I just ask you – sorry. Can I just ask you to read
the comment that was made at – on April 18th at
12:35?
...

[Plaintiff]: Benny Bell, ‘Believe it or not, I am waiting for this
lawsuit to be over so I can go to Germany and have
a hip transplant, so that is the story. I have been
accepted already.’

[Defendant’s counsel]: And do you recall making that comment on
Facebook?

[Plaintiff]: Yes.

[Defendant’s counsel]: One more page to show you. The highlighted portion
there, this comment is dated April 26th at 9:30.
Could you just read that comment into this record?

[Plaintiff]: ‘It is still the hip. My lawyer’s arranging right now
for my sixth and last hip surgery. I will soon be
walking. Yay.’

[Defendant’s counsel]: And do you recall making that comment?

[Plaintiff]: No, I don’t.
...

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[Defendant’s counsel]: The comment that you read first into the record that
you recall making on April 18th, does that refresh
your recollection as to whether you’ve had any
conversations with a surgeon in Germany about
another surgery?

[Plaintiff]: What I’ve been doing is the same thing that I’ve been
doing here in America, is trying to find someone to
help me. And if you can see at the top there, there’s
Russian writing. And if you look at my email
account, it’s mostly European – it’s more Europeans
and Russian and so on than American. So I wasn’t
making a public cry, if you will, but I did ask for help
privately, you know, to help me find someone
because I was completely turned down here. Now, I
– the Russian had asked to help me. We were
inquired in Germany, and I was not accepted.

[Defendant’s counsel]: This comment here where you say you’ve been
accepted already in Germany, were you accepted to
a hip joint transplant in Germany?

[Plaintiff]: No. Listen, the – in trying to get a place in Germany
– the United States doesn’t have a very good
relationship at the moment, and so basically what the
answer that I’ve been getting back is let the
America[n]s take care of their own mess.
...

[Defendant’s counsel]: Do you have any documentation in your possession,
whether it’s letters, emails, any other correspondence
between you and any European medical provider
regarding your attempts to arrange medical care for
your right hip in Europe?

[Plaintiff]: I have been corresponding with a Dr. Beckert that
was looking for someone to – to do a pelvis revision
on my hip.
...

[Defendant’s counsel]: So if I’m understanding correctly, while you may
have been communicating with some European
medical providers, including Dr. Beckert, about
potential surgery to repair your right hip, the
statement that you’ve been accepted already is not
true; is that your testimony?

[Plaintiff]: It’s – it was true, but then they turned me down.
36
 [Defendant’s counsel]: So did you receive notification from somebody in
Europe that you had been accepted for a particular
surgery?

[Plaintiff]: Well, no. They will not accept me because it’s no
way for – to give a diagnosis of what I have.

After hearing Defendant’s offer of proof, the trial court reaffirmed its prior ruling as to the

Facebook evidence. In Defendant’s motion for new trial, Defendant argued the court

“erroneously refused to allow Defendant’s counsel to present evidence of Plaintiff’s Facebook

posts regarding plans to undergo additional hip surgery.” This motion was denied.

3. Defendant’s Argument and Analysis

On appeal, Defendant argues the trial court erred in preventing Defendant’s counsel from

eliciting more information as to Plaintiff’s alleged plans to undergo a future surgery in Germany.

As to prejudice, Defendant asserts the topic was relevant to Plaintiff’s claim for future medical

and non-medical expenses, which were testified to by Plaintiff’s expert life care planner, Nurse

Klosterman. Because Nurse Klosterman’s testimony was presented prior to Plaintiff’s, the

Facebook posts were not discovered prior to her testimony and Defendant did not address the

matter during her cross-examination. Nurse Klosterman testified as to a cost projection for

Plaintiff’s future expenses based on the assumption there were no surgical options available to

improve Plaintiff’s condition, but according to Defendant, if Plaintiff were to undergo “a surgical

procedure that allows him to ambulate without assistance and resolves even some of his

complaints, the accommodations recommended by [Nurse] Klosterman [and included in her cost

projection] would be unnecessary.”

Initially, we emphasize that the trial court did not wholly prevent Defendant from

inquiring into the subject of Plaintiff’s plans to seek additional treatment in Europe or from

asking about Plaintiff’s alleged Facebook posts, which would have been erroneous. See, e.g.,

37
Koelling, 558 S.W.3d at 552 (the trial court may not “rule off limits an entire area of inquiry

which has a bearing upon the witness’s veracity”); Merk v. St. Louis Public Service Co., 299

S.W.2d 446, 449 (Mo. 1957) and Reno v. Wakeman, 869 S.W.2d 219, 224 (Mo. App. S.D. 1993)

(the court does not have discretion to entirely prohibit any cross-examination on a proper

subject). Rather, the court allowed Defendant to ask the two questions and held Defendant to the

answers elicited. The trial court also allowed Plaintiff’s counsel to ask three questions on the

topic of Plaintiff’s search for a new surgeon. In limiting any further inquiry as to the Facebook

posts themselves, the court reasonably exercised its discretion to exclude evidence it considered

to be hearsay that was more prejudicial than probative. See Stephenson, 437 S.W.3d at 389; see

also Byers, 238 S.W.3d at 726 (in reviewing the exclusion of evidence, we are concerned with

whether the trial court abused its discretion, not whether the evidence was admissible). Upon

reviewing the relevant portions of the record, we cannot say Defendant satisfied its burden to

demonstrate the trial court clearly abused its discretion in so ruling. See Moore, 527 S.W.3d at

220; Stephenson, 437 S.W.3d at 389; see also Koelling, 558 S.W.3d at 550.

Additionally, we find Defendant has failed to establish sufficient prejudice that would

require us to disturb the trial court’s discretion in controlling the permissible scope and extent of

cross-examination. See ContiGroup, 292 S.W.3d at 392-93; Byers, 238 S.W.3d at 726; see also

Moore, 527 S.W.3d at 220; Stephenson, 437 S.W.3d at 389. As previously stated, Defendant’s

argument as to prejudice is that the future surgery would change cost projections related to

Plaintiff’s future medical and non-medical expenses. However, Plaintiff’s testimony before the

jury as well as the offer of proof both show that at the time of trial, there was no actual prospect

of a future surgery.

Moreover, although Defendant’s counsel did not have the specific Facebook evidence

about Plaintiff’s potential future surgery until they were preparing to cross-examine Plaintiff,

38
counsel certainly knew a hypothetical surgery would possibly be available to Plaintiff prior to

their examination of Nurse Klosterman. Specifically, Dr. King testified a “salvage-type” of

procedure could have been available to possibly improve the condition of Plaintiff’s hip. Dr.

King explained that in this extreme type of surgery, a pelvic reconstruction specialist would

insert a new metal structural cage and attach it to remaining bone as an attempt to stabilize

Plaintiff’s hips. Even in light of Dr. King’s testimony, which was presented prior to Nurse

Klosterman’s testimony, Defendant did not challenge the fact that Nurse Klosterman’s findings

and report were based on the assumption there were no surgical options available to improve

Plaintiff’s condition. Because Defendant had the opportunity to ask Nurse Klosterman about

how a future surgery would affect her cost projections, Defendant’s argument he was prejudiced

by being deprived of this opportunity is without merit.

Based on the foregoing, we find the trial court’s rulings relating to Defendant’s cross-

examination of Plaintiff did not prejudice Defendant by materially affecting the merits of the

action or by depriving Defendant of a fair trial. See ContiGroup, 292 S.W.3d at 392-93; Byers,

238 S.W.3d at 726. Therefore, the court did not err in sua sponte limiting Defendant’s cross-

examination of Plaintiff about evidence from his Facebook page and in denying its offer of proof

on the subject. Point five is denied.

D. Whether the Trial Court Erred Regarding Defendant’s Requested Reduction

In Defendant’s sixth and final point on appeal, it alleges trial court error regarding its

requested reduction under section 537.060. Specifically, Defendant argues the court erred in

denying its post-trial motion to amend the judgment to account for a reduction because it

properly pleaded the affirmative defense of statutory reduction and renewed its request

throughout the trial. Where, as in this case, no factual disputes about the prior settlement

payments were submitted to the jury and the trial court ruled on the issue as a matter of law, our

39
standard of review is de novo. See J.J.’s Bar and Grill, Inc. v. Time Warner Cable Midwest,

LLC, 539 S.W.3d 849, 875 (Mo. App. W.D. 2017); Gibson v. City of St. Louis, 349 S.W.3d 460,

465 (Mo App. E.D. 2011).

Section 537.060 provides a judgment entered against a defendant may be reduced by the

amounts recovered by a plaintiff pursuant to settlement agreements entered into between the

plaintiff and joint tortfeasors. Sanders v. Ahmed, 364 S.W.3d 195, 211 (Mo. banc 2012). The

plain language of the statute declares the defense of reduction under section 537.060 only applies

between joint tortfeasors who are “liable in tort for the same injury.” Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at

211-12 and Stevenson v. Aquila Foreign Qualifications Corp., 326 S.W.3d 920, 925 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2010) (quoting section 537.060) (emphasis omitted). “Joint and several liability occurs

where the concurrent or successive negligent acts or omissions of two or more persons, although

acting independently of each other, are, in combination, the direct and proximate cause of a

single injury to a third person, and it is impossible to determine in what proportion each

contributed to the injury.” Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at 212 (quotations omitted). In other words,

joint tortfeasors are two or more defendants whose alleged tortious conduct causes an indivisible

injury to the plaintiff within the same transaction of facts. Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 925. An

indivisible injury occurring in a single transaction of facts is readily distinguishable from

instances in which one injury occurs and the negligence of an independent tortfeasor aggravates

the initial injury. Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at 212.

Procedurally, Missouri Courts have found a mere claim by the plaintiff that multiple

independent tortfeasors caused a plaintiff’s injury is not sufficient to trigger the application of

section 537.060 when the plaintiff settles with one of the independent tortfeasors. Stevenson,

326 S.W.3d at 928. In some instances, though, the plaintiff’s pleadings and an ensuing

settlement may give rise to a rebuttable presumption of joint liability for purposes of the

40
statutory reduction. Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at 213; J.J.’s Bar and Grill, 539 S.W.3d at 876. Once

this presumption arises, the plaintiff must then show the injuries are divisible. Id. However,

where the plaintiff’s pleadings are not sufficient to establish joint liability, the burden of proving

that element remains on the non-settling tortfeasor seeking the reduction. See Sanders, 326

S.W.3d at 212-13; Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 928-30.

In response to Plaintiff’s petition asserting his six claims against the four original

defendants, 14 Defendant AOS filed its answer and affirmative defenses alleging, inter alia, its

right to a reduction under section 537.060 based on the fact Plaintiff had entered into confidential

settlement agreements with Smith & Nephew and McDonald’s. Defendant subsequently

provided the trial court with the stipulated settlement amounts. After the jury returned its verdict

in favor of Plaintiff, Defendant filed a motion to amend the judgment to account for a reduction.

Plaintiff then filed a response asserting Defendant was not a joint tortfeasor with Smith &

Nephew and McDonald’s because there was no indivisible injury. Because Defendant’s motion

to amend was not ruled on by the court within ninety days, it was denied and deemed final for

purposes of appeal. See Poage, 523 S.W.3d at 507; see also Missouri Supreme Court Rules

78.06 and 81.05(a)(2)(A) (2017).

Based on our review of the petition, we find the pleadings in this case were not sufficient

to give rise to the rebuttable presumption of joint liability. See Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at 213;

J.J.’s Bar and Grill, 539 S.W.3d at 876. While it would not have been sufficient in and of itself

to satisfy Defendant’s burden, we note Plaintiff did not plead that the four defendants were

jointly and severally liable for his injuries. See Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 928. Instead, Plaintiff

pleaded a separate count against Smith & Nephew and McDonald’s, both of which included a

14
As previously stated, Plaintiff asserted one claim of products liability against Smith & Nephew, one claim of
premises liability against McDonald’s, three claims of medical malpractice against Defendant AOS and the
underlying defendant Dr. Redjal, and one claim of negligent supervision, retention, and referral against Defendant
AOS.
41
prayer for relief independent of the claims brought against Defendant and Dr. Redjal. Further,

the petition alleges multiple independent tortious acts that did not occur within the same

transaction of facts. See id. at 926. Specifically, Plaintiff alleged facts showing the hip

replacement components installed in his right hip on January 2, 2013 were defectively designed,

manufactured, and sold by Smith & Nephew to support his products liability claim; Plaintiff set

forth facts occurring on a trip to McDonald’s on November 21, 2013 in which Plaintiff’s crutch

slipped on wet floor causing discomfort in his hips, low back, and pelvic area to support his

premises liability claim; and Plaintiff alleged facts related to Defendant and Dr. Redjal’s

treatment and care of Plaintiff from August 2013 through November 2014 to support his

remaining claims.

Notably, the petition includes allegations supporting the claims against the settling

defendants (Smith & Nephew and McDonald’s) that conflict with some of the allegations against

Defendant so that a jury would not be able to find them jointly liable. See id. at 928 (finding that

under the facts pled, the plaintiff would not have been able to secure a joint judgment against the

co-defendants). For example, Plaintiff alleged in his claim against Smith & Nephew that he

underwent a total right hip replacement surgery on or about January 2, 2013 in which Smith &

Nephew components were implanted into his right hip. Plaintiff further alleged in this claim that

Dr. Redjal performed the April 16, 2014 surgery because one or more of the Smith & Nephew

hip replacement components were defective and unreasonably dangerous at the time they were

sold and implanted into Plaintiff’s hip in January 2013. In contrast, one of the allegations set

forth against Defendant and Dr. Redjal was that they failed to act in accordance with the multiple

x-rays of Plaintiff’s hip performed prior to the April 16, 2014 surgery showing the Smith &

Nephew hip replacement components were in good position and were not loose. As an

additional example, the pain in Plaintiff’s hip, low back, and pelvic area allegedly caused by

42
McDonald’s negligence could have supported Dr. Redjal’s decision to perform the April 16,

2014 surgery, a fact which would have hindered Plaintiff’s case against Defendant and the

doctor.

On appeal, Defendant solely relies on Brown v. Kneibert Clinic, a rare case in which this

Court found two independent torts occurred in a single transaction of facts and caused an

indivisible injury to the plaintiff. 871 S.W.2d 2, 2-4 (Mo. App. E.D. 1993); see also Gibson, 349

S.W.3d at 466 (similarly describing Kneibert Clinic). In Kneibert Clinic, a surgeon employed by

the defendant medical clinic performed a procedure on the plaintiff during which a medical

device broke causing two perforations in the plaintiff’s intestine. Kneibert Clinic, 871 S.W.3d at

3. The surgeon subsequently repaired one perforation but failed to discover and repair the

second, causing additional injury to the plaintiff. Id. The plaintiff subsequently filed one lawsuit

alleging a products liability claim against the medical device manufacturer and a medical

malpractice claim against the clinic. Id. After the plaintiff settled with the manufacturer, the

clinic sought a reduction under section 537.060 and the trial court reduced the judgment

accordingly. Id. We affirmed, holding that although the manufacturer and the clinic “performed

two independent tortious acts, the result of both of these acts was one injury to the plaintiff, and

plaintiff was only entitled to recover once for the injury resulting from both acts.” Gibson, 349

S.W.3d at 466 (citing Kneibert Clinic, 871 S.W.2d at 3) (internal quotations omitted).

As subsequently clarified by Courts discussing this issue, Kneibert Clinic does not

deviate from the general rule that the “same injury” for purposes of section 537.060 is an

indivisible injury caused by a single transaction of facts. See Gibson, 349 S.W.3d at 467;

Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 926. Rather, Kneibert Clinic did in fact involve a “same injury”

because the separate tortious acts of the manufacturer and the clinic converged in the same

transaction of facts to cause one indivisible injury – a perforated intestine. See Kneibert Clinic,

43
871 S.W.2d at 3; see also Gibson, 349 S.W.3d at 466; Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 926. For this

reason, the two defendants were legally found to be joint tortfeasors. See id.

Here, unlike in Kneibert Clinic, one or both of the settling tortfeasors’ independent acts

of negligence may have caused Plaintiff an initial injury, but it was the medical malpractice of

Defendant AOS and Dr. Redjal that caused Plaintiff’s catastrophic injuries giving rise to this

appeal. We find the case law supports the conclusion Defendant and Dr. Redjal’s tortious

conduct was an aggravation of Plaintiff’s original injury. See Gibson, 349 S.W.3d at 466-67;

Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 924-28; see also Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at 212.

When separate torts result in both an original injury and an aggravation thereof,
such as when a physician negligently treats the original injury, the successive
tortfeasor, e.g., the physician, is not liable for the underlying injury and is only
responsible for the harm flowing from his own negligence. An original tortfeasor
may be liable for any additional damages resulting from the negligent treatment of
an injury by a physician, but the physician, who has played no part in causing the
original injury, will be liable only for the additional harm caused by his or her own
negligence in treatment. An initial tortfeasor and a subsequently negligent
physician act independently of each other; their several wrongs were committed at
different times; and the tort of each, being several when committed did not become
joint merely because its consequences united with the consequences of another.

Gibson, 349 S.W.3d at 467 (internal quotations and citations omitted). Simply put, Defendant

and Dr. Redjal were not joint tortfeasors with Smith & Nephew and McDonald’s. See id. at 464-

68 and Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 924-28 (similarly finding); see also Sanders, 364 S.W.3d at

212 (joint and several liability is distinguishable from a case in which an injury occurs and a

third party’s negligent act aggravates the initial injury).

As the pleadings in this matter did not give rise to the rebuttable presumption of joint

liability, Defendant had the burden to prove joint liability existed. See Sanders, 326 S.W.3d at

212-13; Stevenson, 326 S.W.3d at 928-30. For the foregoing reasons, we conclude Defendant

has not and cannot satisfy its burden in this case. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in

44
denying Defendant’s post-trial motion to amend the judgment to account for Defendant’s

requested reduction. Point six is denied.

III. CONCLUSION

The trial court’s judgment in favor of Plaintiff is affirmed.

ROBERT M. CLAYTON III, Judge

Roy L. Richter, P.J., and
Angela T. Quigless, J., concur.

45