Missouri Court of Appeals
Southern District
Division One
CHRISTOPHER ALLEN BORNEMAN, )
)
Movant-Appellant, )
)
vs. ) No. SD35503
)
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) Filed February 20, 2019
)
Respondent-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LACLEDE COUNTY
Honorable Matthew P. Hamner
AFFIRMED
Christopher Allen Borneman (“Movant”) was charged with passing a bad check with the
intent to defraud, a class C felony under section 570.120. 1 He pleaded guilty to that charge as
part of a negotiated plea agreement (the “Plea Agreement”), which the plea court accepted,
requiring that Movant (1) serve a seven-year prison sentence in the Department of Corrections
(“DOC”) (to run concurrently with any and all other prison sentences Movant was then serving),
and (2) be ordered to pay restitution, via a separate judgment of restitution document submitted
by the State to the plea court at the time of Movant’s plea (the “Restitution Order”), in the
1
All statutory references are to RSMo Cum.Supp. 2013.
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amount of $3,260.44, plus a $75 handling fee, in monthly installments beginning thirty days after
Movant is released from the DOC.
After he was sentenced in accordance with the Plea Agreement and delivered to the
DOC, Movant timely filed a pro se Rule 24.035 motion for post-conviction relief (“PCR
motion”). 2 Movant claimed, as relevant here, that he was denied due process of law, in that the
plea court lacked authority under section 557.011 to sentence him to a term of imprisonment and
also order him to pay restitution. Following an evidentiary hearing, the motion court issued its
findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment denying post-conviction relief. Movant
timely appeals. Because Movant’s claim was waived by his knowing, voluntary, and intelligent
guilty plea and the complained-of plea court error, if any, was self-invited, we affirm.
Factual and Procedural Background
During Movant’s plea hearing, counsel outlined the terms of the Plea Agreement to the
plea court. First, Movant’s plea counsel indicated that the terms were “[s]even years concurrent
to any and all other sentences.” The plea court then asked if Movant was serving time, and
Movant responded affirmatively. The plea court next asked the prosecutor to confirm whether
plea counsel had accurately described the Plea Agreement. The prosecutor agreed and added,
“[t]he agreement also is that the State is filing a judgment and order for restitution that [Movant]
is to pay while he’s on parole.” The plea court inquired whether there was any reason it should
not sign the Restitution Order, and plea counsel responded and confirmed, “No, that’s part of our
agreement.” The prosecutor added, “Your Honor, I would ask that you inquire of [Movant]. He
2
Movant pleaded guilty and was sentenced on June 6, 2016, and subsequently filed his PCR motion on September
19, 2016. Counsel for Movant entered his appearance on November 8, 2016. A complete transcript of Movant’s
plea and sentencing hearing was filed on January 10, 2017. On February 28, 2017, counsel requested and the
motion court granted an additional thirty days, until April 10, 2017, to file an amended motion. On April 7, 2017,
counsel filed a timely statement in lieu of an amended motion, in which he represented that he had reviewed the case
files and the plea and sentencing transcript and determined that there were no meritorious claims to be raised other
than those contained in Movant’s pro se PCR motion.
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has a habit of, I think, filing appeals saying that he did not realize he had to pay this on parole,
judging from his Case.net history.” Addressing Movant, the court asked, “Is that your
understanding of the negotiated plea, Mr. Borneman?” Movant then responded, “Yes, [Y]our
Honor.”
The plea court then examined Movant under oath. During this exchange, Movant
admitted to the facts underlying the charge against him and indicated that he understood the
possible range of punishment 3 and the terms of the Plea Agreement. Regarding the restitution
component of the Plea Agreement, the plea court recited the terms that Movant would be
“required to pay restitution in the amount of $3,260.44 plus a $75 administrative hearing –
handling costs” and that “[m]onthly payment will begin 30 days after [Movant is] released from
[DOC] confinement.” Asked again if he understood this component of the Plea Agreement,
Movant replied, “Yes, Your Honor.” Movant also responded affirmatively when asked whether
he understood that he was receiving a benefit by accepting the Plea Agreement. The plea court
accepted Movant’s guilty plea, finding that Movant’s decision to plead guilty had been
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made. The plea court also accepted the Plea
Agreement, announced Movant’s sentence, and executed his sentence in conformity with the
agreement’s terms.
Thereafter, Movant filed his PCR motion, claiming, among other things, that his
sentence, which included a term of years in the DOC and an order of restitution, exceeded the
maximum sentence allowed by section 557.011. Movant asserted that State v. Schnelle, 398
S.W.3d 37 (Mo.App. 2013), Zarhouni v. State, 313 S.W.3d 713 (Mo.App. 2010), and State v.
Roddy, 998 S.W.2d 562 (Mo.App. 1999), supported his claim. Further, Movant admitted in his
3
As recited by the plea court to Movant, “The range of punishment for a Class C felony is two to seven years in the
[DOC] or up to one year in the county jail or a fine of $5,000 or both the fine and confinement.”
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PCR motion, which he certified as being “true and correct[,]” that before he entered his guilty
plea he discussed his section 557.011 claim with his plea counsel and had shown plea counsel his
asserted supporting case law.
At the evidentiary hearing on the PCR motion, the motion court took judicial notice of
the underlying record (including the transcript of Movant’s plea hearing, the Plea Agreement, the
Restitution Order, and the plea court’s formal judgment) and heard the arguments of counsel.
No witness testimony was offered. Ultimately, the motion court denied the PCR motion. Citing
Bellamy v. State, 525 S.W.3d 166 (Mo.App. 2017), the motion court concluded that a 2013
amendment to section 559.105 changed the existing law to allow an order of restitution as part of
a sentencing disposition that also includes a term of years in the DOC.
Standard of Review
Our review is limited to a determination of whether the motion court’s findings and
conclusions are clearly erroneous. Rule 24.035(k). “The motion court’s findings and
conclusions are clearly erroneous only if, after review of the record, the appellate court is left
with the definite and firm impression that a mistake has been made.” Roberts v. State, 276
S.W.3d 833, 835 (Mo. banc 2009).
Moreover, “the judgment should be affirmed if the judgment is sustainable on other
grounds.” Swallow v. State, 398 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Mo. banc 2013). In other words, “[t]his court may
affirm the judgment on any legal ground supported by the record if the motion court arrived at
the correct result.” Greene v. State, 332 S.W.3d 239, 246 (Mo.App. 2010).
Discussion
Movant’s sole point on appeal contends:
The motion court clearly erred in denying [Movant]’s 24.035 amended
[sic] motion claim that the plea court lacked authority to both sentence him to an
executed term of years in [DOC] and to pay restitution because [Movant] was
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denied his right to due process, U.S. Const. Amend. XIV and Mo. Const. Art. I
§10, in that under §557.011 restitution is not an authorized punishment.
We need not and do not reach the merits of Movant’s point because Movant waived this claim
and the asserted plea court error, if any, was invited by Movant.
On its face, Movant’s point is premised on a constitutional (“right to due process”) claim
arising from a statutory (“§557.011”) claim. “A guilty plea waives, however, all constitutional
and statutory claims except jurisdictional defects and claims that the guilty plea was not made
knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.” Stanley v. State, 420 S.W.3d 532, 544 (Mo. banc
2014); see also Garris v. State, 389 S.W.3d 648, 651 (Mo. banc 2012) (stating that “[a] guilty
plea ‘represents a break in the chain of events which has preceded it in the criminal process.’”
(quoting Hampton v. State, 495 S.W.2d 638, 642 (Mo. banc 1973))).
Movant does not challenge the plea court’s jurisdiction, so his section 557.011 claim is
cognizable only to the extent it shows that his guilty plea was not entered knowingly, voluntarily,
and intelligently. See Stanley, 420 S.W.3d at 544. Yet, Movant did not allege in his PCR
motion, prove at the evidentiary hearing, or contend in this appeal that, contrary to the express
finding of the plea court otherwise, his guilty plea was not entered knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently.
Nowhere in the PCR motion did Movant challenge any of the factual findings of the plea
court, nor has Movant otherwise pleaded and proved that his guilty plea was not knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently made. Absent such an allegation by Movant, the motion court did
not and was not required to address this issue. See Rule 24.035(j) (stating that motion court is
only required to address issues presented in the motion); Sabatucci v. State, 420 S.W.3d 597,
603 (Mo.App. 2013)). Without a finding that Movant’s guilty plea was not knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently made, Movant by that guilty plea waived his constitutional and
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statutory claims. See Johnson v. State, 477 S.W.3d 2, 8 (Mo.App. 2015) (guilty plea waived
constitutional double jeopardy defense); Generaux v. State, 448 S.W.3d 355, 359–60 (Mo.App.
2014) (guilty plea waived statute of limitations defense); Sabatucci, 420 S.W.3d at 603 (guilty
plea waived constitutional claim for ineffective assistance of counsel).
Moreover, as Johnson, supra, further recognized, “‘a defendant may not take advantage
of self-invited error or error of [his or her] own making.’” 477 S.W.3d at 8 (quoting State v.
Bolden, 371 S.W.3d 802, 806 (Mo. banc 2012)). “‘No criminal trial or judgment should be
affected, in any manner, by an error committed at the instance of the defendant.’” Id. (quoting
State v. Mashek, 336 S.W.3d 478, 484–85 (Mo.App. 2011)).
Here, before entering into the Plea Agreement, Movant was fully aware of the State’s
insistence upon the Restitution Order as part of the Plea Agreement, in addition to a seven-year
term of DOC incarceration. As admitted in his PCR motion, Movant also was fully aware and
had discussed with his plea counsel before his guilty plea both (1) his section 557.011 statutory
claim that the plea court could not impose a sentence of incarceration and order restitution and
(2) his asserted supporting case law for that claim. Rather than reject the proffered plea
agreement that included both and proceed to trial, however, Movant knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently chose to enter into the Plea Agreement and plead guilty, thereby waiving his section
557.011 claim. See Stanley, 420 S.W.3d at 544. As he admitted during the plea hearing, he did
so in order to secure a benefit to himself. That benefit included (1) serving his seven-year prison
sentence concurrent with the sentence he was then serving on an unrelated conviction, thereby
eliminating the possibility of a consecutive sentence, and (2) eliminating the possibility of the
imposition of any fine, which could have been as much as $5,000, thereby possibly exceeding
the restitution amount required by the Plea Agreement. In securing this benefit by asking the
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plea court to approve and sentence him in accordance with the Plea Agreement, without raising
his well-known and legally-researched section 557.011 claim, Movant thereby knowingly,
voluntarily, and intelligently invited the plea court’s error under that section, if any, in
sentencing him to incarceration and ordering restitution. See Johnson, 477 S.W.3d at 8.
Even now, through his PCR motion, Movant does not seek to set aside his guilty plea and
go to trial. Rather, Movant seeks to retain his Plea Agreement benefit procured by his knowing,
voluntary, and intelligent guilty plea but, nevertheless, unilaterally change that now executed
Plea Agreement by asking the motion court to “simply strike the unlawful portion of the
judgement [sic] requiring restitution and send a certified copy of the amended judgement [sic]
and sentence to the [DOC] records office.” Movant is not entitled to that relief, as discussed,
supra, because he waived his section 557.011 claim and self-invited the alleged plea court error,
if any, under that section. The motion court did not clearly err in denying his PCR motion.
Movant’s point is denied.
Decision
The motion court’s judgment is affirmed.
GARY W. LYNCH, J. – OPINION AUTHOR
DON E. BURRELL, JR., P.J. – concurs
NANCY STEFFEN RAHMEYER, J. – concurs
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