NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0402-17T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
TERRANCE BARKER, a/k/a
TERRENCE BARKER,
Defendant-Appellant.
_________________________
Argued May 22, 2019 – Decided July 29, 2019
Before Judges Accurso, Vernoia and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Somerset County, Indictment Nos. 14-12-
0793 and 14-12-0794.
Stephen W. Kirsch, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
Public Defender, attorney; Stephen W. Kirsch, of
counsel and on the brief).
Lauren E. Bland, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
for respondent (Michael H. Robertson, Somerset
County Prosecutor, attorney; Lauren E. Bland, of
counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Following a bifurcated trial, see State v. Ragland, 105 N.J. 189, 193-95
(1986), before a single jury, defendant Terrance Barker appeals from his
convictions of one count of fourth-degree possession of a defaced firearm,
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(d), under Indictment 14-12-0793, and two counts of second-
degree certain persons not to have weapons, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b)(1), under
Indictment 14-12-0794. He argues:
POINT I
IN TWO SIGNIFICANT RESPECTS, THE JURY
INSTRUCTION ON THE CERTAIN-PERSONS
OFFENSES FAILED TO MEET THE STANDARD
REQUIREMENTS OF STATE V. RAGLAND AND
ITS PROGENY REGARDING A "SECOND TRIAL"
FOR CERTAIN PERSONS NOT TO HAVE
WEAPONS.
A. THE ALVAREZ-BASED JURY
INSTRUCTION ON NON-PROPENSITY
THAT IS PART OF THE MODEL JURY
INSTRUCTION WAS IMPROPERLY AND
INEXPLICABLY OMITTED FROM THE JURY
INSTRUCTION AT THE SECOND TRIAL.
B. THE JUDGE IMPROPERLY TOLD THE
JURORS THREE TIMES THAT THEY
COULD SKIP MAKING A FINDING ON
ONE OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE OFFENSE
-- A FUNDAMENTAL VIOLATION OF
DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO A JURY
A-0402-17T4
2
VERDICT ON ALL ELEMENTS OF A
CRIME.
POINT II
AT THE TRIAL FOR POSSESSION OF A DEFACED
GUN, THE STATE IMPROPERLY USED AN
EXPERT WITNESS TO OFFER AN OPINION THAT
THE GUN WAS DEFACED -- PART OF THE
ULTIMATE ISSUE FOR THE JURY TO DECIDE,
AND A MATTER CLEARLY NOT BEYOND THE
KEN OF THE AVERAGE JUROR.
We agree that the admission of expert testimony and improper jury instructions
warrant reversal.
In its effort to prove the elements of the defaced firearm charge,1 the State
introduced the testimony of a detective who was qualified in the first trial as a
firearms and ballistics expert. Although the expert properly testified about his
testing of the weapon and his analysis of firearms and ballistics evidence seized
by the police, he – without objection from defense counsel – stated on several
occasions during his direct testimony that the firearm allegedly possessed by
defendant was defaced. While explaining to the jury the nature of a cartridge,
1
The state must prove three elements, beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) there
was a firearm, (2) the firearm was defaced, and (3) defendant knowingly
possessed that firearm. N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(d); see Model Jury Charge (Criminal),
"Possession Of A Defaced Firearm (N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3d)" (rev. February 9,
2009).
A-0402-17T4
3
and answering the trial judge's interjected question about the location of
cartridges when the expert received them, the judge instructed the expert to
continue his testimony. The expert offered the non sequitur, "So it had a defaced
serial number." The assistant prosecutor later followed-up:
[The assistant prosecutor:] Okay. Now you indicated
when that came in that the serial number was defaced.
What do you mean by defaced?
[The expert:] Meaning that – I have had a chance to
look at the pictures. Um, serial number should be –
there is minimum heights and depths for serial
numbers. Um, after 1968 there was the Gun Control
Act which required serial numbers on weapons.
However, this one here the location that it had was
defaced, meaning that you could not read the number at
all. It was taken away and it appeared – it appears that
some kind of either grinding device, sanding device –
some kind of device but I can see parallel scratches – is
the best way I can describe it, and it does not appear
that a pointed hand tool – somebody could have sat
there and done that. Because there are two well in line
here.
At the end of direct examination, further testimony was elicited:
[The assistant prosecutor:] And when you received that
gun that number we see at the bottom was not visible.
Is that accurate?
[The expert:] That's correct.
Q. And the portion that covers that hidden serial
number is that designed to be removed or did you have
A-0402-17T4
4
to – for lack of a better term, did you have to pry that
off?
A. I had to cut and peel and/or pry to get it off.
Q. And based on your observation of that gun and your
testing of that gun, is it your opinion that that is an
operable firearm?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And that it had a defaced serial number?
A. Yes, sir.
Expert testimony is admissible pursuant to Rule 702 only if the proponent
establishes "the subject matter of the testimony [is] 'beyond the ken of the
average juror . . . .[2]'" J.L.G., 234 N.J. at 280 (quoting Kelly, 97 N.J. at 208);
see N.J.R.E. 702. Matters "within the competence of the jury" are for the
collective wisdom of the jury to assess. See State v. Sowell, 213 N.J. 89, 99
(2013). By contrast, issues that are "beyond the understanding of the average"
juror may call for expert evidence. Ibid.
2
Proponents must also show "the [expert's] field of inquiry 'must be at a state
of the art such that an expert's testimony could be sufficiently reliable'; and . . .
'the witness must have sufficient expertise to offer the' testimony." State v.
J.L.G., 234 N.J. 265, 280, reconsideration denied, 235 N.J. 316 (2018) (quoting
State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 208 (1984)).
A-0402-17T4
5
Opining about a factual issue that is not outside the understanding of the
average juror is improper. See Id. at 100, 104 (noting "the case law makes clear
that it is not proper to present expert testimony about straightforward but
disputed facts" and that, "even if a defendant does not object, the trial judge has
the responsibility both to exclude unnecessary, inadmissible expert testimony
and to monitor the use of hypothetical questions when the testimony is
warranted"). When such testimony is erroneously admitted, a conviction based
upon it should not stand, even under the plain or harmless error standards, unless
there is "overwhelming evidence" of guilt. See Id. at 107-08. As the Court
explained in State v. Cain, 224 N.J. 410, 426 (2016):
The jury brings a breadth of collective experience,
knowledge, and wisdom to the task. Expert testimony
is not necessary to explain to jurors the obvious. It is
not a substitute for jurors performing their traditional
function of sorting through all of the evidence and using
their common sense to make simple logical deductions.
Here, the expert's testimony intruded on the province of the jury which
had to determine if the State proved that the firearm was defaced, an issue no
juror needed an expert's assistance to understand. "Defaced" has a simple
definition: "to remove, deface, cover, alter or destroy the name of the maker,
model designation, manufacturer’s serial number or any other distinguishing
identification mark or number on any firearm." N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1(b); see also
A-0402-17T4
6
Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Possession Of A Defaced Firearm (N.J.S.A.
2C:39-3(d))." Although the expert properly explained what a serial number was
and where it is normally located, he could not offer an opinion about an ultimate
issue in the case.
The expert's testimony was clearly capable of influencing the jury and
producing an unjust result, requiring reversal. R. 2:10-2. "[E]xpert testimony
coming from a law enforcement officer claiming to have superior knowledge
and experience likely will have a profound influence on the deliberations of the
jury." Cain, 224 N.J. at 427. We note the assistant prosecutor touted the expert's
opinion on the specific issue of defacement during his summation:
Well, you heard from [the expert]. He's an expert in
firearms. He's an expert in forensic ballistics. And he
told you he is familiar with that type of gun and when
he got it he saw that it was defaced. He saw that the
serial number on that gun had been removed.
The possibility of injustice engendered by the expert testimony and highlighted
by the assistant prosecutor's closing remarks was "sufficient to raise a reasonable
doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have
reached." State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336 (1971).
The trial judge's jury-instruction errors regarding the predicate-act
element of the certain persons charges in the second trial also compel reversal.
A-0402-17T4
7
That element, one of three the State is required to prove to obtain a certain
persons conviction,3 requires the production of evidence that defendant was
convicted for one of the crimes enumerated in the statute. See N.J.S.A. 2C:39-
7(b).
It has long been recognized that "proof that defendant was a convicted
felon (required in the trial of the [certain persons] charge) clearly tends to
prejudice the jury in consideration of" not only the gun possession charge which
was tried first, Ragland, 105 N.J. at 193, but also the certain persons charge,
State v. Bailey, 231 N.J. 474, 484 (2018). In order to ameliorate that prejudice
in certain persons trials, a defendant may "stipulate to the prior-conviction
element to prevent the government from presenting evidence concerning the
nature and type of prior conviction." State v. Brown, 180 N.J. 572, 583 (2004).
Defendant followed that course in the second trial. After the return of the
jury's guilty verdict on the defaced firearm charge but before the judge addressed
the jury at the start of the bifurcated trial, defense counsel at a requested sidebar
3
The other elements the State is required to prove are that, after a defendant
was convicted for one of the crimes enumerated in the statute, the defendant
subsequently purchased, owned, possessed or controlled a firearm. N.J.S.A.
2C:39-7(b).
A-0402-17T4
8
informed the court that defendant decided to stipulate "that he is guilty of the
predicate offenses"; the State agreed.
When such a stipulation is entered, "the jury need be instructed only that
defendant was convicted of a predicate offense." Id. at 585. The pertinent part
of the model jury charge in effect at the time of defendant's trial 4 provided:
The third element the State must prove beyond a
reasonable doubt is that defendant is a person who
previously has been convicted of . . . the predicate
offense. In this matter, the parties have stipulated, or
agreed, that defendant has previously been convicted of
. . . a predicate offense. You are instructed as follows
with regard to the stipulation that you should treat these
facts as being undisputed, that is, the parties agree that
these facts are true. As with all evidence, undisputed
facts can be accepted or rejected by the jury in reaching
a verdict.
[Model Jury Charges (Criminal), “Certain Persons Not
To Have Any Weapons (N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(a))” (rev.
June 13, 2005) (emphasis added).]
Instead of instructing the jury in accordance with the model charge, the
trial judge told the jury in what he described as "my preliminary charge":
[C]ounsel have just advised me that the defendant is
willing to enter into a stipulation, which has been
accepted by the State. And a stipulation means that
4
We note that the model jury charge has been updated since defendant's trial,
but those alterations do not affect the portions discussed in this opinion. See
Model Jury Charges (Criminal), “Certain Persons Not To Have Any Weapons
(N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(a))” (rev. Feb. 12, 2018).
A-0402-17T4
9
there is no reason to prove a certain fact; that there is
an agreement. And the agreement is that the defendant
stipulates or admits that he was in fact convicted of one
of the predicate offenses that give rise to this charge,
meaning that there is no reason for you, as the jury, to
make a determination as to whether there was a
predicate offense, meaning an offense that has to be
proven to show that he was not – that he was someone
who is not allowed to possess a firearm.
Continuing the "preliminary" instruction prior to the start of the second trial, the
judge, in reviewing the three elements of the certain persons crime, told the jury
the third element, "which you will not have to make a determination on, is that
[defendant is] a person who had this predicate offense." Finishing his
"preliminary charge," the judge again recapped the elements and, as to the third
element, instructed:
And, third, is the final element that has been stipulated.
That there was a predicate conviction. If you find after
hearing this additional testimony or proofs that the
State has proven beyond a reasonable doubt each of
these elements – and you need not find that as to
element three. That has been stipulated. Then you must
find the defendant guilty.
In his final instructions, the judge reminded the jury the third element was
that "the defendant is a person who has previously been convicted of one of
those predicate offenses and that has been stipulated," and "that defendant is a
A-0402-17T4
10
person who has been convicted of a predicate offense, again, which has been
stipulated."
Because defendant did not object to the instructions, our review is for
plain error. R. 2:10-2. The judge's repeated instructions demonstrated a "legal
impropriety in the [jury] charge prejudicially affecting the substantial righ ts of
the defendant and sufficiently grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court
and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to
bring about an unjust result." State v. Hock, 54 N.J. 526, 538 (1969).
As made clear by the model jury charge, "in a criminal case, the jury is
not bound by stipulated facts." State v. Wesner, 372 N.J. Super. 489, 494 (App.
Div. 2004). "A jury is free to reject any evidence, including that which is
uncontroverted." Ibid. "[I]f facts are stipulated, the judge should not tell the
jurors that they are 'bound' by such stipulated facts, if to do so would result in a
directed verdict of any element of an offense charged." Id. at 491.
We are unconvinced by the State's argument that the jury charge, viewed
as a whole, "was proper and had no capacity to prejudice defendant." The jury
received numerous instructions that they need not consider the third element of
the certain persons offense because of the entered stipulation – which it had the
right to accept or reject. Since a predicate offense is a material element, see
A-0402-17T4
11
N.J.S.A. 2C:1-14(i), and "'"erroneous instructions on material points are
presumed to" possess the capacity to unfairly prejudice the defendant.'" State v.
Baum, 224 N.J. 147, 159 (2016) (quoting State v. Bunch, 180 N.J. 534, 541-42
(2004)); see also Ragland, 105 N.J. at 193-95 (noting the State must prove "each
and every material element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt" in a
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7 prosecution), reversal of defendant's conviction in the second
trial is warranted.
Reversal is also required because the trial judge did not instruct the jury
on its proper consideration of the predicate act. We previously held the failure
of a trial court to instruct the jury that a "defendant's prior convictions had no
place in its deliberations" on the possession element of the certain persons crime
deprived the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Alvarez, 318 N.J. Super. 137, 150
(App. Div. 1999). Our Supreme Court viewed a limiting instruction,
"emphasizing that the jury could not use [a] defendant's prior conviction to infer
that he more than likely possessed the weapon in the current offense" in a certain
persons trial, as an "appropriate measure[] to ensure [a] defendant would receive
a fair trial.[5]" Brown, 180 N.J. at 585.
5
The trial in Brown was not bifurcated. The State dismissed the underlying
unlawful possession of a weapon count and proceeded only on the certain
persons charge. Brown 180 N.J. at 575.
A-0402-17T4
12
The trial judge omitted that portion of the certain persons model jury
charge that provides:
Normally evidence . . . of the predicate offense(s)
is not permitted under our rules of evidence. This is
because our rules specifically exclude evidence that a
defendant has committed prior crimes when it is offered
only to show that he/she has a disposition or tendency
to do wrong and therefore must be guilty of the present
offense. However, our rules do permit evidence of
prior crimes when the evidence is used for some other
purpose.
In this case, the evidence has been introduced for
the specific purpose of establishing an element of the
present offense. You may not use this evidence to
decide that defendant has a tendency to commit crimes
or that he/she is a bad person. That is, you may not
decide that, just because the defendant has committed .
. . prior crime[s], he/she must be guilty of the present
crime[s]. The evidence produced by the State
concerning . . . prior conviction[s] is to be considered
in determining whether the State has established its
burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
[Model Jury Charges (Criminal), “Certain Persons Not
To Have Any Weapons (N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(a))” (rev.
June 13, 2005) (footnotes omitted).]
Proper limiting instructions in certain persons trials are essential safeguards of
a defendant's right to a fair trial. See Brown, 180 N.J. at 583 (requiring limiting
instructions in bifurcated trials since it was "mindful of the obvious potential for
prejudice that the evidence of a prior felony conviction might have in any case").
A-0402-17T4
13
We reject the State's argument that the judge's references to the jury
instructions in the first trial sufficiently alerted the jury to the proper use of the
predicate act in its deliberations. During his final instructions in the second trial,
the judge stated:
As I told you up front, an indictment is not
evidence of the defendant's guilt on the charge. You
may recall that I had gone through all of the principles
that apply to you. The general principles of
presumption of innocence, burden of proof, reasonable
doubt. I told you about the function of the court. My
questions, the function of you, the jury. I have
explained several times direct and circumstantial
evidence. The difference between the two. Credibility
of witnesses. False in one, false in all.
Does anyone need any of those repeated?
Because if you do, you still have the charge from the
last trial in chambers or in the jury deliberation room
with you and you can refer to that. But by all means if
you do need further explanation or me to read it again,
just send out a note and we can do that. But those very
same principles apply here.
None of those referenced prior jury charges related to the elements of the certain
persons offense, particularly the third-element limiting instruction on the use of
the predicate act. And none of the instructions given during the first trial
provided the required guidance for such prejudicial evidence.
We also see no merit in the State's argument that there was no need for a
limiting instruction because the predicate act was intrinsic evidence of the
A-0402-17T4
14
certain persons offense. We need not decide if that evidence is intrinsic. As we
held in Alvarez:
It is "undeniable that the use of prior conviction
evidence is fraught with a high risk of prejudice." State
v. Brunson, 132 N.J. 377, 385 (1993). Thus, whether
the State seeks to use "other crimes" evidence for a
purpose allowed under N.J.R.E. 404(b) (e.g. motive,
intent, identity), or to impeach a testifying defendant,
great care must be taken to instruct the jury that it is
impermissible to use the prior convictions to
demonstrate a predisposition to commit an offense.
Brunson, 132 N.J. at 390-91; State v. Cofield, 127 N.J.
328, 341-42 (1992); State v. Stevens, 115 N.J. 289, 309
(1989); State v. Sands, 76 N.J. 127, 142 n.3 (1978).
[318 N.J. Super. at 149.]
The same caveat would apply to intrinsic evidence.
The failure to provide the jury with the required limiting instruction – like
the judge's repeated instructions about the stipulation – was plain error, a "legal
impropriety in the [jury] charge prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of
the defendant and sufficiently grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court
and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to
bring about an unjust result." Hock, 54 N.J. at 538.
Reversed and remanded to the Law Division for a new trial on both
indictments. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-0402-17T4
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STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. TERRANCE BARKER (14-12-0793 AND 14-12-0749, SOMERSET COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion