NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0762-17T1
PETER D. CAMPANA and
MARGARET C. CAMPANA,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
TOWNSHIP OF LONG BEACH
LAND USE BOARD, TOWNSHIP
OF LONG BEACH, RONALD
PINGARO, JAMES DECICCO,
and ANGELINE DECICCO,
Defendants-Respondents.
______________________________
Argued February 4, 2019 – Decided July 29, 2019
Before Judges Messano and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-0309-16.
Peter M. Campana, argued the cause for appellants
(Peter D. Campana and Margaret C. Campana, on the
pro se brief).
Adolph P. Sicheri argued the cause for respondent
Township of Long Beach Land Use Board (Sicheri &
Sicheri, PC, attorneys; Adolph P. Sicheri, of counsel
and on the brief).
Tennant D. Magee, Sr. argued the cause for respondents
Township of Long Beach and Ron Pingaro (Tennant
Magee Law, attorneys; Tennant D. Magee, Sr., on the
brief).
Kenneth L. Lieby, Jr., argued the cause for respondents
James DeCicco and Angeline DeCicco (Shackleton &
Hazeltine, attorneys; Richard J. Shackleton and Russell
J. Hems, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Plaintiffs Peter and Margaret Campana appeal from a July 19, 2017 Law
Division order, granting partial summary judgment against them, and an August
17, 2017 order, entering judgment on their complaint in lieu of prerogative writs
in favor of their neighbors, defendants James and Angeline DeCicco, as well as
the Township of Long Beach (Township), the Township's Land Use Board
(Board), and the Township's Zoning Director (collectively, the Township
defendants). The orders essentially rebuffed plaintiffs' attempt to reverse the
Board's grant of bulk variances to the DeCiccos, compel the Township
defendants to correct alleged violations and enforce zoning and construction
ordinances against the DeCiccos, and require the DeCiccos to abate a nuisance
by removing an alleged "spite fence." For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
A-0762-17T1
2
I.
Plaintiffs are the owners of a single-family residence located at 15 West
Mississippi Avenue in the Township. Defendants James and Angeline DeCicco
are the owners of the property located at 17 West Mississippi Avenue, adjacent
to the Little Egg Harbor Bay. Both properties are immediately adjacent to one
another, share a common boundary, and are located in the R-35 zone. In
December 2009, the DeCiccos filed plans with the Township Construction
Office to demolish the existing structure and build a new residential structure
on their property. The Township initially rejected the DeCiccos' plan because
the proposed lot coverage exceeded the thirty-three-and-one-third percent
maximum lot coverage permitted in the R-35 zone. The DeCiccos submitted a
revised plan that, among other things, reduced the lot coverage to 33.2%. The
revised plan was approved and a building permit was issued on December 24,
2009, by Ron Pingaro, the Township's Director of Construction and Zoning.
Thereafter, the DeCiccos submitted another revised plan, which was
approved on July 26, 2010, with certain changes. The changes required the
DeCiccos to reduce the deck stairway to three feet wide, reduce the front porch
area, and reduce the rear deck. However, the DeCiccos were permitted to
construct an open arbor/pergola on one side of the deck. Ultimately, the
A-0762-17T1
3
DeCiccos constructed a deck stairway that was four feet, rather than three feet,
wide. Although they reduced the deck size negligibly, they marginally increased
the size of the open arbor/pergola. While the DeCiccos' house was under
construction, plaintiffs complained to Township zoning officials orally and in
writing that, due to the expanded deck, the property exceeded the maximum lot
coverage, "represent[ing] a change to the originally submitted plot plan and a
violation of the . . . Township['s] maximum allowable land coverage ordinance."
Nonetheless, after the house was built, the DeCiccos submitted an as-built
survey to the Township, which was approved, and, on November 9, 2010, the
Township issued the DeCiccos a certificate of occupancy (CO).
In a February 13, 2015 letter, plaintiffs renewed their complaint to the
Township regarding the DeCiccos' deck exceeding the permissible lot coverage.
Plaintiffs also identified additional alleged violations on the DeCiccos' property
for which they sought the Township's intervention, including the DeCiccos '
"[i]nstallation of an additional piling on the northeast corner of the . . . building"
without the requisite permits, and the "[i]nstallation of two . . . freestanding
flagpoles" and "thirteen . . . posts, each exceeding six . . . feet in height" in
violation of various Township ordinances. Following a field inspection, Pingaro
found no violations and notified plaintiffs accordingly. Specifically, Pingaro
A-0762-17T1
4
explained that "[o]pen pergolas do not count as lot coverage" and the additional
piling was "needed to carry [and] support [the] additional framing for [the] open
pergola framing on [the] northeast corner" of the deck. Further, according to
Pingaro, no permits were required for the flagpoles or the "posts."
On September 17, 2015, the DeCiccos submitted a bulk variance
application to the Board, requesting relief from the thirty-three-and-one-third
percent lot coverage requirement and the twenty-foot rear setback requirement.
The variance would permit the DeCiccos to essentially expand their deck by
covering the pergola area with deck flooring. Because the pergola area
measured about seven feet by nine feet, for a total of sixty-three square feet,
covering it would exceed the lot coverage requirement. The variance would also
permit the DeCiccos to retain their existing stairs, which were constructed
twenty feet to the bulkhead line, but 19.4 feet to the property line, thus violating
the rear setback requirement by .6 feet. When constructed, the DeCiccos
mistakenly believed the deck stairs complied with the twenty-foot setback
requirement because they were measured from the bulkhead, rather than the
property, line. The DeCiccos also explained in their application that when they
constructed the new house in 2010, "[t]he lower rear deck was not squared off
although the framing and support beams [were] in place." Thus, they sought "to
A-0762-17T1
5
merely extend the portion of their deck to be in line with" the entire width and
length of the deck structure to make it one continuous rear deck.
On November 12, 2015, the Board conducted a hearing on the DeCiccos'
application, during which James DeCicco testified that extending the deck
flooring would "aesthetically . . . enhance the rear area, and most importantly[,]
would provide a safer condition" "for [his] grandchildren and great[-
]grandchildren" to exit the sliding door onto the deck. When asked why the deck
was built the way it was with a pergola and railing in the middle of the sliding
door, DeCicco responded that it "was supposed to be a combination of a pergola
and possibly a garden" but "it just never worked out." Plaintiffs and other
residents vehemently opposed the application.
Notwithstanding the opposition, on December 9, 2015, the Board
approved the variance application and adopted Resolution LUB 45-15,
memorializing its approval. In the Resolution, the Board found that:
(1) The [DeCiccos] premises have the dimensions of
[sixty] feet in width by 117.40 feet in depth for a total
lot area of [7044] square feet.
....
(3) The [DeCiccos] are seeking to extend the first
floor deck [seven] additional feet to the end of the
existing pergola.
A-0762-17T1
6
(4) The [DeCiccos] require a bulk variance from the
required [twenty] foot rear yard setback as an existing
rear yard setback of 19.40 feet is proposed to the
staircase.
(5) The [DeCiccos] also require a bulk variance from
the maximum permitted lot coverage of [thirty-three-
and-one-third percent] as a lot coverage of 34.1% is
existing and a lot coverage of [thirty-five percent] is
proposed.
The Board acknowledged plaintiffs' objections as follows:
(8) . . . [Plaintiffs] . . . objected to the construction as
proposed because they believed that the condition the
[DeCiccos] are seeking relief from was the result of the
[DeCiccos] not constructing the dwelling in accordance
with their original building plans submitted to the . . .
Township['s] Building [D]epartment.
(9) The Board is mindful of the fact that the "as built"
survey provided by the [DeCiccos] to . . . [the]
Township indicates some minor differences in the plans
submitted by the [DeCiccos] in obtaining their building
permit, but notes that it is common for minor field
adjustments to be made to a dwelling during the course
of construction and that all of the changes made, were
approved by . . . [the] Township [B]uilding
[D]epartment.
(10) The Board notes that there is much animosity
between the [DeCiccos] and [plaintiffs], but that
animosity can[]not be considered by the Board in
reaching its determination, as only the objective facts
presented must be considered by the Board.
In granting the application, the Board made the following findings:
A-0762-17T1
7
(11) The Board finds that the construction as proposed
in extending the deck the additional [seven] feet would
square off the existing framing of the deck and would
be a practical, aesthetically pleasing upgrade to the
premises.
(12) The Board finds that the construction of the deck
as proposed will significantly improve the safe egress
of the occupants of the dwelling as it will remove a
potentially dangerous condition.
(13) The Board finds that the addition of the [sixty-
three] square feet of deck as proposed is a de minimis
increase in the lot coverage under the facts of this
application.
(14) The Board finds that the construction as proposed
does not significantly impact on the free flow of light
and air or density or effect the use of the property.
(15) The construction as proposed is an appropriate
use of property in a seashore community but the Board
finds that the deck should remain open and never be
enclosed.
(16) The denial of the variance requested will deprive
the [DeCiccos] of a fair and reasonable use of their
property without any corresponding benefit to the
public good.
On January 29, 2016, plaintiffs filed a four-count complaint in lieu of
prerogative writs against the Township defendants and the DeCiccos. The first
two counts sought an order reversing the Board's decision granting the bulk
variances to the DeCiccos, and requiring "the removal of the offending
A-0762-17T1
8
construction[.]" Specifically, the first count alleged that the variance was
unlawfully granted by the Board in violation of N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70(c)(1), which
permits a variance to relieve "undue hardship" caused by
exceptional narrowness, shallowness or shape of a
specific piece of property, or . . . exceptional
topographic conditions or physical features uniquely
affecting a specific piece of property, or . . . an
extraordinary and exceptional situation uniquely
affecting a specific piece of property or the structures
lawfully existing thereon . . . .
Plaintiffs alleged that because the R-35 zone required a lot width of fifty
feet and a square footage of 5000 square feet, and the DeCiccos' property was
sixty feet wide and 7044 square feet, the property was "neither narrow nor
shallow" and had "no unique conditions or physical features affecting the
property." Rather, plaintiffs alleged that any hardship was "unrelated to the
physical characteristics of the land" but was created by the DeCiccos' "unlawful"
construction of "the house, deck[,] and stairway framed per the original 2009
plans that were rejected by the Township Construction Office."
The second count alleged that the variance was unlawfully granted by the
Board in violation of N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70(c)(2), which permits a variance where
there is inadequate evidence of hardship but where the variance would advance
the purposes of the Municipal Land Use Law (MLUL), N.J.S.A. 40:55D-1 to -
A-0762-17T1
9
163, "and the benefits of the deviation would substantially outweigh any
detriment[.]" According to plaintiffs, granting a variance for the completion of
a self-induced problem was not beneficial and would not substantially outweigh
the detriment to the neighbors whose "views and use and enjoyment of their
properties" were "negatively affect[ed]" by the expanded "deck and deck
framing."
The third count sought a writ of mandamus to correct the ordinance
violations caused by the DeCiccos constructing "an entire section of the . . . deck
after the 2010 [a]s-built drawing" was approved, and installing "a piling without
a permit . . . , which piling exceeded the local height limitation and interfere[d]
with [p]laintiffs' view and use and enjoyment of [their] property." Plaintiffs
alleged that in addition to the unlawful construction of the decking and piling,
the DeCiccos "built a 'spite fence'" consisting of very tall "landscaping," posts
with birdhouses on top, "a mast," and "flag poles," all tied together with string
to form a boundary fence that exceeded the height limitation for fences. 1
Plaintiffs sought an order requiring the Township defendants to enforce the
1
Throughout the record, there are various iterations of the objects comprising
the alleged "spite fence," all of which apparently refer to the same objectionable
structure. We recite the differing versions throughout this opinion, mindful of
the confusion this may engender.
A-0762-17T1
10
Township's zoning and construction ordinances and compel the DeCiccos "to
conform their entire rear deck and stairway" to the R-35 zoning requirements,
including the "size, foot[]print, setback and decking" requirements, and remove
the spite fence.
The fourth and final count was a nuisance claim against the DeCiccos.
Plaintiffs alleged that "[t]he DeCiccos' use of their property" through the
unlawful construction of the deck and piling and the installation of the items
comprising the "spite fence," impaired plaintiffs' view "from the rear of their
[p]roperty," "impaired the use and enjoyment of [p]laintiffs' property," and
"proximately caused injury and harm to [p]laintiffs[]." Plaintiffs sought an order
requiring "the DeCiccos to abate the nuisance by removing the unlawful piling,
birdhouses, fence[,] and landscaping and any other unlawful items that
interfere[d] unreasonably with the use and enjoyment of [p]laintiffs' property."
Following discovery, the Township defendants moved for partial
summary judgment on count three. The DeCiccos joined the application, and
also moved for summary judgment on count four. Plaintiffs opposed the
motions. To support their opposition to the dismissal of count four, Margaret
Campana submitted a certification describing the alleged "spite fence."
According to Mrs. Campana, to replace small trees and bushes, the DeCiccos
A-0762-17T1
11
had planted bushes and tall "'evergreen' type" trees, some of which were then
ten to fifteen feet tall, along the boundary between the properties where
plaintiffs had installed a five-foot-high wooden fence. Mrs. Campana stated the
bushes and trees, "that [were] spaced very closely," "often ha[d] branches that
overh[u]ng [their] fence onto [their] property" and "ha[d] grown into [their]
property, under the ground, and compete[d] with" their landscaping.
In addition, Mrs. Campana explained "the DeCiccos installed
[approximately thirteen] posts along the boundary[,]" "each exceeding six feet
in height." "On top of [some of] the posts, the DeCiccos ha[d] placed
birdhouses[,]" and, on others, "the DeCiccos ha[d] placed large hooks, and hung
hanging baskets." According to Mrs. Campana, the DeCiccos then "wrapped
string around the tree-bush-post collection," to "make up a 'spite fence.'"2 Mrs.
Campana explained that "[t]he DeCiccos' spite fence obstruct[ed] the passage of
sun[]light across [their] rear yard." Based on the DeCiccos replacing their
"small[er] trees and bushes" with larger ones, and "continuing to add items" and
"place[]" them "in an unnecessarily high and unattractive way," plaintiffs
believed that the DeCiccos were "doing this to spite [them] for complaining . . .
2
Mrs. Campana said "[t]here was also a flagpole placed right between the joint
boundary and the bulkhead next to the Bay[,]" but "[t]he DeCiccos . . . removed
[it] . . . well after [the] . . . lawsuit was filed."
A-0762-17T1
12
about [the] deck expansion, and . . . for the malicious purpose of annoying
[them.]"
Following oral argument, Assignment Judge Marlene Lynch Ford granted
the summary judgment motions in a written decision and memorializing order
issued on July 19, 2017. In her decision, after applying the applicable legal
standard and viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the
judge determined there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and the
DeCiccos and the Township defendants were entitled to summary judgment as
a matter of law. As to count four, the judge acknowledged that under Bubis v.
Kassin, 184 N.J. 612, 620 (2005), the court should "look[] to the function of the
[objectionable] structure" to determine whether it constituted a fence. In so
doing, the judge distinguished the "elevated" "sand berm topped with six foot
tall trees" deemed a fence in Bubis from the "plantings, small trees, birdhouses[,]
and poles" in this case.3
3
In Bubis, because the municipality's ordinances failed to provide a definition,
the Court was required to define a fence and, to that end, consulted multiple
sources, including various dictionary definitions. 184 N.J. at 620-21. Although
the definitions varied, the Court discerned "two guideposts for [its] analysis[,]"
namely, that fences are not limited to a certain type of material, and "the user's
intent and the actual function of the structure are dispositive in ascertaining
whether a structure is a fence." Id. at 621. The Court concluded that "[a]s long
as the structure marks a boundary or prevents intrusion or escape, then it is a
A-0762-17T1
13
After viewing the photographs relied upon by both parties to support their
respective positions, the judge stated:
[The DeCiccos] note[] that their collection of plantings,
garden ornaments, flagpoles[,] and birdhouses do not
form a barrier through which a person could not
traverse. In fact, the [DeCiccos] maintain that but for
the solid fence erected by . . . [p]laintiff[s] on the
property line, the conditions on the [DeCiccos']
property, about which . . . [p]laintiffs complain, do not
impede the view or the ability to traverse the property
line.
The judge concluded "[t]he plantings and other items . . . do not function
as a barrier or a fence" and "therefore . . . do not constitute a fence," as
contemplated in Bubis. The judge continued that while bound by Bubis, "[t]he
holding in Bubis . . . [was] limited to the unique structure presented in that case,
the function of which was to prevent intrusion or escape," and "to circumvent
the height restrictions in the fence ordinance[.]" "By contrast, the alleged barrier
of the plantings, the poles with and without bird houses, and other physical
objects which were installed by the [DeCiccos] over the course of time, does not
function primarily as a fence which would impede ingress and egress from the
fence, regardless of the material from which it is forged." Ibid. In its application
of its definition of a fence to the objectionable structure in the case, the Court
considered the "use and placement of the barrier at issue," "the size and position
of trees," in addition to the "span, height, and location" of the alleged fence. Id.
at 623.
A-0762-17T1
14
property." In addition, the judge noted "this [S]tate does not recognize 'spite
fences' as actionable, since conditions on land and the use of land [are] subject
to state laws and local ordinances." Thus, according to the judge, "[t]he intent
of the property owner is not a relevant consideration."
Further, in rejecting plaintiffs' contention "that the unpleasant or
aesthetically unpleasing appearance of the [DeCiccos'] property constitute[d] a
private nuisance," entitling plaintiffs "to injunctive or other relief[,]" the judge
explained that there was no "evidence that the alleged wrongful conduct or
condition invade[d plaintiffs'] property," and the complaints were solely "based
upon the subjective opinion of . . . [p]laintiffs." Additionally, "even if
unappealing to [p]laintiff[s]," there was "no dispute" that "the condition of the
property did not create a hazard or health concern, and the Township did not
issue any code violations." Thus, according to the judge, plaintiffs' nuisance
claim "based upon the maintenance or establishment of a public nuisance" also
failed.
Turning to count three, the judge articulated the crux of plaintiffs'
contentions as follows:
(i) the piling supporting the deck extension . . . was
installed in violation of Section 64-11 of the Township
Code; (ii) the spite fence . . . made up of trees, bushes,
posts (with birdhouses)[,] and the boundary-flagpole
A-0762-17T1
15
installed near the bulkhead area, conjoined . . . with
string, which together comprise[] a boundary fence . . .
exceeded the five-foot height limitation for fences in
Section 205-51(A)(1) of the Township Code; and (iii)
the flagpoles, including the tri-arm mast, installed
within [ten] feet of the rear setback from the bulkhead
line, are in violation of Section 205-11(C)(1) of the
Township Code.
In rejecting plaintiffs' allegations of Code violations, the judge agreed
with the Township defendants that under the Township's newly enacted
ordinance, clarifying the setback requirements contained in Section 205-11,
"neither the mast [n]or flagpoles [were] in violation of the Township Code."
Specifically, Ordinance 17-01C, adopted on February 6, 2017, "permits
flagpoles and decorative posts to encroach into the front, side, and rear yard
setbacks of lots as regulated by Section 205-11 of the Township Code." Further,
the judge explained that "[t]he issues about the 'spite fence' [were] rendered
moot by the [c]ourt's determination that the collection of plantings and physical
objects [did] not constitute a fence[,]" and "the issue of whether or not the piling
was wrongfully installed more than seven years ago [was] untimely[.]"
Moreover, according to the judge, "whether or not the structure should be
removed or revised" would be determined at the trial on counts one and two
"challeng[ing] the variance approvals."
A-0762-17T1
16
Thereafter, a trial de novo on the record on the two remaining counts was
conducted on August 15, 2017. In a written decision and conforming order
issued on August 17, 2017, Judge Ford entered final judgment in favor of
defendants and dismissed plaintiffs' complaint with prejudice. In her decision,
noting that plaintiffs challenged the variance on the ground that it did not comply
with the requirements of either N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70(c)(1) or (2), (hereafter a
(c)(1) or (c)(2) variance), the judge summarized plaintiffs' arguments as follows:
Plaintiffs allege the evidence presented did not
justify the grant of variance relief. . . . Plaintiffs
allege[] that the home was not constructed as
represented in the plans, and that any hardship to the
[DeCiccos] was a self-created hardship, and should not
have been a basis for the grant of a bulk variance.
Plaintiffs allege that in addition to inadequate evidence
of undue hardship, [the DeCiccos] failed to show the
variance would not result in a substantial detriment to
the public good, or the zone plan. Moreover,
[p]laintiffs claim no evidence was presented during the
hearing or in the written application that granting the
variance would further any of the purposes of the
MLUL or that the [DeCiccos] would be deprived of fair
and reasonable use of their property i[f] the variances
were not granted.
Citing Lang v. Zoning Board of Adjustment of the Borough of North
Caldwell, 160 N.J. 41, 55 (1999), the judge acknowledged that a variance under
subsection (c)(1) "requires proof of the 'positive criteria,' which are predicated
on 'exceptional and undue hardship'" to the applicant "that may inhibit the extent
A-0762-17T1
17
to which the property can be used" "because of the exceptional shape and size
of the lot." However, according to the judge, under Lang, whether a bulk
variance "is requested under [s]ubsection (c)(1) or (c)(2), the applicant must
satisfy the negative criteria" and show that the variance "can be granted without
substantial detriment to the public good and will not substantially impair the
intent and the purpose of the zoned plan and zoning ordinance." Further, citing
Medici v. BPR Company, 107 N.J. 1, 22 (1987), the judge noted that in
evaluating the negative criteria, "[t]he board must evaluate the impact of the
proposed variance upon the adjacent properties and determine whether or not it
will cause such damage to the character of the neighborhood as to constitu te
'substantial detriment to the public good.'"
After applying the applicable deferential standard of review to zoning
board determinations, and reviewing the resolution of approval for the
administrative findings required under N.J.S.A. 40:55D-10(g), Judge Ford
determined that the Board's grant of the variance was neither "arbitrary,
capricious, [n]or unreasonable[,]" and the resolution was "adequate." Based on
the Board's findings, the judge was satisfied that the DeCiccos established both
the positive and the negative criteria for a variance under either subsection (c)(1)
or (c)(2).
A-0762-17T1
18
Regarding the positive criteria, the judge stated:
The Board found that the DeCiccos' [p]roperty [wa]s . .
. . improved by a two-story, single-family home with a
first[-]floor deck/pergola structure and access stairs, all
of which were permitted when constructed and a [CO]
was issued. Both the stairs and the deck/pergola
structure were depicted in the "as built" plans submitted
to the Construction Office at the time the [CO] was
issued. The "as built" plans assumed that the structure
conformed with the zoning requirement. The first[-
]floor deck structure is one structure with the deck
portion having a floor and encompassed by a railing.
The Board heard testimony that explained that the
railing divides the sliding glass door and provides
ingress and egress from the dwelling from the first[-
]floor deck into the bedroom. The Board found this to
be potentially an unsafe condition that should be
corrected for safety purposes. . . . Defendant Board
found that the granting of the variances to permit the
incorporation of the [sixty-three] square[-]foot portion
of the deck structure and the relocation of the railing
will eliminate a potentially hazardous condition, and
that the addition of the [sixty-three] square feet of
coverage under the facts of the application was a
minimal deviation from the Ordinance. . . . The Board
concluded based upon substantial evidence presented
before it that the positive criteria was established. The
[c]ourt concurs with that conclusion.
The judge specifically rejected plaintiffs' argument that the DeCiccos did
not satisfy the hardship requirement for a (c)(1) variance because there was no
unique condition of the property, and the hardship was self-created by the
DeCiccos failing to construct their home in accordance with the plans submitted
A-0762-17T1
19
to the Township. Because the Board must consider the existing structure on the
DeCiccos' property as approved by the Township Building Department and the
Township Construction Office by its issuance of the CO in 2010, the judge
agreed "that the peculiar condition of the property was not 'self-created' in the
sense that it should bar the granting of a variance." See Cohen v. Bd of
Adjustment of Borough of Rumson, 396 N.J. Super. 608, 619-20 (App. Div.
2007) (finding that the applicant qualified for a (c)(1) variance despite
constructing a house that "exceeded the zoning ordinance's building coverage
requirements" where "the building permit was issued in the face of incorrect
plans"). Further, the judge agreed "that any claim based upon the issuance of
the CO [was] untimely" inasmuch as "[t]he law require[d] an objection to be
filed within [twenty] days." See N.J.S.A. 40:55D-72.4
4
N.J.S.A. 40:55D-72(a) provides, in pertinent part, that
[a]ppeals to the board of adjustment may be taken by
any interested party affected by any decision of an
administrative officer of the municipality based on or
made in the enforcement of the zoning ordinance . . . .
[and] shall be taken within [twenty] days by filing a
notice of appeal . . . specifying the grounds of such
appeal.
Rule 4:69-6(a), governing the time limitations for actions in lieu of prerogative
writs, provides in pertinent part that "[n]o action in lieu of prerogative writs
A-0762-17T1
20
In rejecting plaintiffs' arguments that the Board failed to properly evaluate
the negative criteria, the judge stated:
The Board . . . . found the increase of [sixty-three]
square feet of lot coverage will have no or minimal
impact on the surrounding neighborhood because the
deck structure was already in existence and was not
being enlarged or altered. The Board further noted
there would be no change to the appearance of the
structure, . . . other than covering the exposed parts of
the deck, the pergola, and installing safety railings. The
result will be a more symmetrical and pleasing
appearance. . . .
The Board further argues that the proposed
incorporation of [sixty-three] square feet into the first[-
]floor deck and the retention of the stairs 19.40 feet
from the lot line and [twenty] feet from the bulkhead
[line] will not impact the Master Plan, nor the local
zoning ordinances, as it is a minimal increase of the
deck area and decks are permitted on residential
dwellings in [the] Township.
The Board thus concluded that the variance relief
can be granted without substantial detriment to the
shall be commenced later than [forty-five] days after the accrual of the right to
the review, hearing[,] or relief claimed[.]" These time limitations were "clearly
designed to insulate the recipient of a building permit or other favorable
disposition from the threat of unrestrained future challenge[,]" Sitkowski v.
Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of Borough of Lavallette, 238 N.J. Super. 255, 260
(App. Div. 1990), and run from the date the interested party "knew or shou ld
have known of [a building] permit's issuance." Trenkamp v. Burlington, 170
N.J. Super. 251, 268 (Law Div. 1979). Plaintiffs complained to Township
zoning officials, orally and in writing, about the DeCiccos' expanded deck
exceeding the maximum allowable lot coverage ordinance as early as 2010, yet
failed to perfect a timely appeal to challenge the Township's decision.
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21
surrounding properties, notwithstanding the objections
interposed by . . . [p]laintiffs. The Board relies upon
the findings in [Lang,] a Supreme Court decision that
promotion of a desirable visual environment and
promotion of safety would promote several purposes of
zoning. This is weighed against any potential detriment
caused by the grant of the variance. The Board found
that the aesthetics would be improved and that a safety
issue would be addressed, without substantial detriment
to the surrounding properties, including that of . . .
[p]laintiffs. This [c]ourt finds substantial evidence in
the record to support that conclusion. Given the
justified deference this [c]ourt affords to the reasoned
decisions of land use boards, there is no basis to set
aside this finding.
This appeal followed from Judge Ford's July 19 and August 17, 2017 orders.
On appeal, plaintiffs raise the following arguments for our consideration:
I. THE [TRIAL] COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
SUMMARY [JUDGMENT] TO DEFENDANTS ON
COUNTS [THREE] AND [FOUR] BECAUSE A
MATERIAL DISPUTE IN OP[E]RATIVE FACT
STILL EXISTED; THE [TRIAL] COURT
MISAPPLIED THE LEGAL STANDARD
SET[]FORTH IN [BUBIS]; AND THE [TRIAL]
COURT MADE A HARMFUL ERROR IN NOT
COMPEL[L]ING THE REMOVAL OF
STRUCTURES LOCATED WITHIN THE
REQUIRED[ TEN] FOOT SETBACK FROM THE
BULK[H]EAD ON THE DECICCO PROPERTY.
A. DEFENDANT DECICCOS FAILED
TO SUBMIT A STATEMENT OF
MATERIAL FACT IN THEIR MOVING
A-0762-17T1
22
BRIEF FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN
VIOLATION OF [RULE] 4:46-2.[5]
B. DEFENDANTS ARE NOT ENTITLED
TO A GRANT OF . . . SUMMARY
[JUDGMENT] ON COUNTS [THREE]
AND [FOUR] BECAUSE A MATERIAL
DISPUTE IN FACT EXISTED AS TO
WHETHER OR NOT THE ROW OF
TALL TREES, HIGH POSTS, AND
FLAGPOLES INSTALLED BY [THE]
DECICCOS ALONG THEIR PROPERTY
LINE BETWEEN THEMSELVES AND
. . . PLAINTIFFS CONSTITUTED A
"SPITE FENCE" AS DEFINED IN
[BUBIS].
C. THE [TRIAL] COURT ERRED IN ITS
LEGAL DETERMINATION THAT
[BUBIS] WAS "LIMITED TO THE
UNIQUE STRUCTURE PRESENTED IN
THAT CASE" AS NEITHER THE CASE
ITSELF, NOR ANY OTHER NEW
JERSEY COURT, HAS FOUND . . .
[BUBIS] TO BE LIMITED TO ITS
FACTS.
D. EVEN IF THE [TRIAL] COURT
FOUND THE ROW OF TALL TREES,
HIGH POSTS, AND FLAGPOLES . . .
DID NOT MEET THE LEGAL
DEFINITION OF "SPITE FENCE" OR
5
See Cerame v. Twp. Comm. of Middletown, 349 N.J. Super. 486, 488 (App.
Div. 2002) (finding that, despite the non-movant's opposition to summary
judgment, the procedural deficiency occasioned by the moving party's failure to
include the required statement of material facts, R. 4:46-2(a), was not fatal to
the motion where "there were no disagreements of fact in the briefs").
A-0762-17T1
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"FENCE" AS DEFINED IN [BUBIS],
THE [TRIAL] COURT MADE A
HARMFUL ERROR IN NOT
COMPELLING THE DECICCOS TO
REMOVE ANY REMAINING
STRUCTURES, INCLUDING THE
FLAGPOLE AND POSTS, THAT WERE
INSTALLED BY THE DECICCOS
WITHIN THE REQUIRED [TEN] FOOT
SETBACK FROM THE BULKHEAD.
E. THE [TRIAL] COURT MADE A
HARMFUL ERROR WHEN [IT]
INCORRECTLY DETERMINED
THAT . . . PLAINTIFFS WITHDREW
THEIR OBJECTION TO THE
LOCATION OF THE EXISTING
FLAGPOLE WHEN THEY DID NOT.
INSTEAD, THE PLAINTIFFS
WITHDREW THEIR OBJECT[ION]
SOLELY TO THE FLAGPOLE THAT
WAS REMOVED BY THE DECICCOS
IMMEDIATELY BEFORE THE
DECICCOS FILED THEIR MOTION
FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND
NOT TO THE REMAINING FLAGPOLE
THAT STILL EXIST[ED] ON THE
DECICCO PROPERTY IN VIOLATION
[OF] THE [TEN] FOOT REQUIRED
SETBACK FROM THE BULKHEAD. [6]
II. THERE ARE NO FACTS OR LAW THAT
AUTHORIZE THE . . . BOARD'S GRANT OF A
6
We agree with plaintiffs that the judge mistakenly believed they had
withdrawn their objection to both flagpoles. However, because the judge
concluded that the flagpoles did not violate the setback requirements in the
amended ordinances, this error was of no moment.
A-0762-17T1
24
BULK VARIANCE TO THE DECICCOS UNDER
EITHER A [(C)](1) OR A [(C)](2) VARIANCE NOR
SUPPORT THE TRIAL COURT['S] UPHOLDING OF
SAID VARIANCE BY ITS DISMISSAL OF COUNTS
[ONE] AND [TWO].
A. THERE ARE NO FACTS ON EITHER
THE . . . BOARD'S RECORD OR THE
TRIAL COURT RECORD THAT
WOULD SUPPORT THE [BOARD'S]
AUTHORIZATION OF A [(C)](1)
"HARDSHIP" VARIANCE, AND THUS
ISSUANCE OF A [(C)](1) VARIANCE IS
UNLAWFUL.
B. THERE ARE NO FACTS ON EITHER
THE . . . BOARD'S RECORD OR THE
TRIAL COURT RECORD THAT
WOULD SUPPORT [THE BOARD'S] . . .
AUTHORIZATION OF A [(C)](2) "FLEX
C" VARIANCE, THUS ISSUANCE OF A
[(C)](2) VARIANCE IS UNLAWFUL.
C. THE [TRIAL] COURT'S
DETERMINATION THAT THE . . .
BOARD'S DEFENSE THAT IT IS
COLLATERALLY ESTOPPED FROM
REVOKING [THE] . . . TOWNSHIP['S]
AND RONALD PINGARO'S
WRONGFUL ISSUANCE OF A [CO] TO
THE DECICCOS BECAUSE IT IS TIME
BARRED IS REFUTED BY BOTH FACT
AND LAW.
A-0762-17T1
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II.
First, we address plaintiffs' challenge to the judge's summary judgment
decision. We review a grant of summary judgment applying the same standard
used by the trial court. Steinberg v. Sahara Sam's Oasis, LLC, 226 N.J. 344,
366 (2016). See Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 142 N.J. 520, 523 (1995). That
standard is well-settled.
[I]f the evidence of record—the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and affidavits—"together
with all legitimate inferences therefrom favoring the
non-moving party, would require submission of the
issue to the trier of fact," then the trial court must deny
the motion. On the other hand, when no genuine issue
of material fact is at issue and the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, summary
judgment must be granted.
[Steinberg, 226 N.J. at 366 (citations omitted) (quoting
R. 4:46-2(c)).]
Applying these principles here, we are satisfied that summary judgment
was properly granted to defendants on counts three and four of plaintiffs'
complaint. Plaintiffs raise the same arguments rejected by Judge Ford in her
July 19, 2017 written decision. We too reject plaintiffs' arguments and affirm
substantially for the reasons articulated in the judge's comprehensive and well-
reasoned decision.
A-0762-17T1
26
Turning to plaintiffs' challenge to the entry of judgment against them and
dismissal of their complaint, we first address the standard of review that informs
our consideration of zoning decisions. Municipal zoning boards are allowed
wide latitude in their delegated discretion because of their particular knowledge
of local conditions. Jock v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of Wall, 184 N.J. 562,
597 (2005). Thus, the scope of judicial review is limited to determining whether
a zoning board could reasonably have reached its decision on the record, not
whether a better decision could have been made by that board. Ibid. To that
end, neither the trial court nor this court may substitute its judgment for that of
the zoning board. Fallone Props., L.L.C. v. Bethlehem Twp. Planning Bd., 369
N.J. Super. 552, 561 (App. Div. 2004).
Although greater deference is given to variance denials, Med. Ctr. at
Princeton v. Twp. of Princeton Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, 343 N.J. Super. 177,
199 (App. Div. 2001), there is a presumption that there was an adequate basis in
the record for a zoning board's conclusions, Lang, 160 N.J. at 58, and the party
challenging the board's decision bears the burden of overcoming this
presumption of validity. Cell S. of N.J., Inc. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment, W.
Windsor Twp., 172 N.J. 75, 81 (2002). Whether a variance applicant has
successfully met the relevant statutory criteria is "entrusted to the sound
A-0762-17T1
27
discretion of the municipal boards," Kaufmann v. Planning Bd. for Twp. of
Warren, 110 N.J. 551, 558 (1988), and "courts ordinarily should not disturb the
discretionary decisions of local boards that are supported by substantial
evidence in the record and reflect a correct application of the relevant principles
of land use law." Lang, 160 N.J. at 58-59.
Thus, in reviewing a zoning board's decision on a variance application, a
trial court determines whether the board's decision was arbitrary, capricious,
unreasonable, or constitutes a manifest abuse of its discretionary authority. See
Jock, 184 N.J. at 597; Fallone Props., 369 N.J. Super. at 560. Even where the
court doubts the outcome, it cannot declare the board's action invalid absent a
clear abuse of discretion. Kramer v. Bd. of Adjustment, Sea Girt, 45 N.J. 268,
296-97 (1965). However, determinations of law are subject to de novo review
by the trial court. Fallone Props., 369 N.J. Super. at 561. In turn, we apply the
same standard of review as the trial court. N.Y. SMSA, L.P. v. Bd. of
Adjustment of Weehawken, 370 N.J. Super. 319, 331 (App. Div. 2004). We
"will give substantial deference to findings of facts, and will overturn
discretionary rulings only if arbitrary and capricious." Cox & Koenig, New
Jersey Zoning and Land Use Administration, § 40-6 (Gann 2019). We owe no
special deference, however, to the trial court's interpretation of the law and the
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28
legal consequences that flow from established facts. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v.
Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
A (c)(1) variance requires a demonstration of hardship due to the physical
characteristics of the lot, the so-called positive criteria. N.J.S.A. 40:55D-
70(c)(1); Chicalese v. Monroe Twp. Planning Bd., 334 N.J. Super. 413, 426-27
(Law Div. 2000). The hardship criteria of a (c)(1) variance is unaffected by
personal hardship, Lang, 160 N.J. at 53, but "financial hardship is not irrelevant
when determining whether a variance grant is warranted." Cohen, 396 N.J.
Super. at 619 (citing Hawrylo v. Bd. of Adj. of Harding Twp., 249 N.J. Super.
568, 581 (App. Div. 1991)). The focus is "whether the strict enforcement of the
ordinance would cause undue hardship because of the unique or exceptional
conditions of the specific property." Lang, 160 N.J. at 53.
However, a (c)(1) variance does not require a demonstration that the
claimed hardship would result in the inability to make any use of the property.
Kaufmann, 110 N.J. at 562 (quoting Davis Enters. v. Karpf, 105 N.J. 476, 493
(1987) (Stein, J., concurring)). Rather, the burden on the applicant is only to
demonstrate that it may "inhibit the extent to which the property can be used."
Ibid. (quoting Davis Enters., 105 N.J. at 493 (Stein, J., concurring)); see Lang,
160 N.J. at 54 (noting an applicant seeking a (c)(1) variance need not prove "that
A-0762-17T1
29
without the variance the property would be zoned into inutility"). Moreover, the
analysis for a (c)(1) variance is not properly predicated on whether the applicant
could have constructed a conforming structure. Lang, 160 N.J. at 55. Instead,
the focus should be on whether the narrowness of the lot required the setback
and building coverage variances sought by the applicant. Id. at 56.
In contrast, a (c)(2) variance, often referred to as the flexible (c) variance,
allows departure from the zoning requirement when application of the zone plan
is not advanced and the benefits of the deviation substantially outweigh any
detriment due to the physical characteristics of the property. N.J.S.A. 40:55D-
70(c)(2); Kaufmann, 110 N.J. at 553. A (c)(2) variance is not justified when
"merely the purposes of the owner will be advanced." Kaufmann, 110 N.J. at
563. Rather, the community must actually receive a benefit due to the fact that
the variance represents a better zoning alternative for the property. Ibid. Thus,
the focus of the (c)(2) positive criteria is on the characteristics of the land that
present an opportunity for improved zoning and planning for the benefit of the
community. Ibid. While zoning boards are required to effectuate the goals of
the community's zoning and planning ordinances, id. at 564, "[t]he Legislature
undoubtedly intended through the [(c)](2) variance to vest a larger measure of
discretion in local boards in a limited area of cases." Id. at 566.
A-0762-17T1
30
In addition to the positive criteria, an applicant for either a (c)(1) or a
(c)(2) variance must also satisfy the negative criteria required under N.J.S.A.
40:55D-70(d): "[T]hat such variance . . . can be granted without substantial
detriment to the public good and will not substantially impair the intent and the
purpose of the zone plan and zoning ordinance." The negative criteria focuses
on the impact that the variance will have on the specific adjacent properties
affected by the deviations from the ordinance, Lang, 160 N.J. at 57, as well as
any detriment to the zoning plan. Kaufmann, 110 N.J. at 565. Undoubtedly, the
applicant bears the burden of establishing the existence of both the positive and
negative criteria. Betts v. Bd. of Adjustment of Linden, 72 N.J. Super. 213, 217
(App. Div. 1962).
Here, the judge determined there was substantial credible evidence in the
record to support the Board's decision to grant either a (c)(1) or a (c)(2) variance.
In entering judgment in favor of defendants, Judge Ford addressed and rejected
each of plaintiffs' contrary arguments. Likewise, we reject plaintiffs' arguments
and affirm substantially for the reasons stated in Judge Ford's August 17, 2017
written opinion. Plaintiffs' arguments are without sufficient merit to warrant
further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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