NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4100-16T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
SADOT COUNCIL, a/k/a
WATSON SADOT, COUNCIL
SADOT, KAREM A. WATSON,
and SADAT A. WATSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
_____________________________
Argued November 8, 2018 – Decided July 25, 2019
Before Judges Fuentes, Vernoia and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 15-08-1859.
Cody T. Mason, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
Public Defender, attorney; Cody T. Mason, of counsel
and on the briefs).
Lucille M. Rosano, Special Deputy Attorney General/
Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for
respondent (Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex
County Prosecutor, attorney; Lucille M. Rosano, of
counsel and on the brief).
Appellant filed a pro se supplemental brief.
PER CURIAM
Defendant Sadot Council appeals from his convictions following a jury
trial for murder and weapons offenses and the life sentence imposed by the court.
Based on our review of the record in light of the applicable law, we are
convinced that the cumulative effect of errors committed during the trial had the
probable effect of rendering the trial unfair, and reverse.
I.
On April 28, 2015, Anthony Mayse died after being shot twice at a Newark
housing complex. On May 8, 2015, defendant was arrested in connection with
the shooting, and later charged in an indictment with one count of first-degree
murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1), (2) (count one), second-degree possession of a
weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a) (count two), and second-
degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b) (count three). 1
1
Although not included in the record on appeal, the parties acknowledge and
do not dispute that defendant was charged in a separate indictment with second -
degree certain persons not permitted to have weapons, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b). The
indictment was dismissed at the State's request following defendant's conviction
on the charges that are the subject of this appeal.
A-4100-16T1
2
Prior to trial, defendant moved to suppress the out-of-court identifications
made by three purported witnesses to the shooting, Nolie Clark, Jullisa Perna
and a then sixteen-year-old juvenile, J.S., and requested a Wade/Henderson2
hearing. Defendant claimed he was entitled to a hearing because Clark described
the shooter as a dark-skinned African-American male but the photo arrays used
during the separate identification procedures included photos depicting light-
skinned African-American males, and J.S. refused to sign the photograph of
defendant she selected during the procedure.
In a written opinion and order, the court denied the request for a hearing,
finding defendant failed to demonstrate any evidence of suggestiveness in the
photo identification procedures. The court reviewed the photo arrays and
determined they included individuals with similar physical characteristics and
were not otherwise suggestive. The court rejected the contention that J.S.'s
refusal to sign the photograph she selected was evidence of suggestiveness.
During the subsequent jury trial, the State presented evidence showing
that on April 28, 2015, Mayse suffered from two gunshot wounds, one of which
perforated his heart and caused his death. The shots were fired from a .32 caliber
2
United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967); State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208
(2011).
A-4100-16T1
3
handgun, but it could not be determined if the handgun was a semi-automatic or
a revolver.
The identification of defendant as the shooter rested on the testi mony of
the three purported eyewitnesses: Perna, Clark and J.S. Perna testified she had
known defendant and Mayse since 2000. She was close to Mayse and he viewed
her as a maternal figure. She let him use her apartment at the housing complex
to sell drugs, and he gave her drugs. According to Perna, on the evening prior
to the shooting, she witnessed a verbal altercation between defendant and Mayse
during which defendant said he would "blow [Mayse's] fucking head off." It
was shown, however, that in her June 9, 2015 statement to the police, she
reported that defendant said he would "knock [Mayse's] fucking head off, blow
his fucking head off, actually."
Perna expected Mayse at her apartment on the morning of April 28, 2015,
but he did not appear. In the early afternoon, she was told defendant and Mayse
were fighting. She immediately left her apartment and observed defendant
riding a bicycle in the direction of his apartment in the complex and then return,
again riding on a bicycle. He was not wearing a shirt. She testified defendant
had a silver revolver in his hand and that she saw defendant shoot Mayse, but
on cross-examination admitted she reported the gun was a black automatic
A-4100-16T1
4
weapon in a June 9, 2015 statement to the police. After witnessing the shooting,
Perna ran back to her apartment.
Perna first spoke to the police more than six weeks after the shooting when
she provided her June 9, 2015 statement. On that date she also reviewed a photo
array presented by an officer who had no knowledge of the case, selected
defendant's photograph and identified him as the individual who shot Mayse.
When the police arrived at the scene of the shooting, Clark told an officer
he did not see the shooting because he was around the corner of a building when
it occurred. He and J.S. later went together to the hospital where Mayse had
been taken. Clark spoke to the police at the hospital and again said he did not
witness the shooting.
During a recorded statement with the police two days after the shooting,
Clark said he witnessed a physical altercation between Mayse and defendant,
and observed defendant leave the scene and return on a bicycle and shoot Mayse
twice with a handgun. At trial, Clark testified he could not recall what occurred
at the housing complex on April 28, 2015, but the court conducted a Gross3
hearing, determined his memory loss was feigned, and permitted the State to
3
State v. Gross, 121 N.J. 1 (1990).
A-4100-16T1
5
play a video recording of the statement he gave to the police on April 30, 2015,
two days after the shooting.
In his recorded statement, Clark explained he and Mayse had known each
other for two years prior to the shooting. They arrived together at the housing
complex prior to the shooting. Following their arrival, Mayse and an individual
Clark identified in a photo identification procedure as defendant had a physical
altercation. Clark described defendant as a skinny, brown-skinned male with
"dreads" who, following the altercation, was not wearing a shirt. Clark further
explained that after the physical altercation ended, defendant left the scene on a
bicycle, returned a short time later on the bicycle, shot defendant two times and
then departed. In his statement, Clark said that after the shooting he was "busy
worrying about" Mayse and could not recall if defendant left the scene of the
shooting on a bicycle. According to Clark, he and J.S. attempted to aid Mayse
after the shooting.
The jury was shown the video recording of Clark's statement, as well as
the recording of the photo array identification procedure during which Clark
selected defendant's photograph and identified defendant as the shooter. At trial,
Clark acknowledged signing defendant's photo and identifying him as the
shooter during the photo identification procedure.
A-4100-16T1
6
J.S. testified she was friends with Mayse and met him at the housing
complex when he arrived with Clark on April 28, 2015. She also testified that
Mayse and a person she identified as defendant during a photo identification
procedure had a physical altercation. She observed defendant leave the scene
of the altercation on a bicycle, return a short time later on the bicycle and shoot
defendant with what she described as a .32 caliber silver revolver. J.S. said
defendant was not wearing a shirt.
She acknowledged that when she spoke to the police on April 28, 2015,
immediately after the shooting, she said she did not see the shooting. She
testified she denied seeing the shooting at that time because she feared being
identified as a "snitch."
J.S. identified defendant as the shooter on April 29, 2015, by selecting his
photo from an array of six photographs shown to her by a police detective who
had no prior knowledge concerning the case or investigation. The recorded
photo identification procedure was played for the jury. During the trial, J.S. also
identified defendant in still photographs taken from a surveillance video of the
area surrounding the scene of the murder immediately before and after the
murder. The shooting, however, was not captured on the surveillance
recordings.
A-4100-16T1
7
Essex County Prosecutor's Office Detective Bruce Branch, the lead
detective in the investigation of Mayse's murder, detailed the investigation,
including his review of various surveillance camera video recordings of the
housing complex areas where the physical altercation and murder occurred.
Detective Branch explained that murder charges were filed against defendant on
May 1, 2015, and defendant was arrested on May 8, 2015, after turning himself
in to the police.
The State presented other witnesses, including Dr. Andrew Falzon, the
State Medical Examiner, who testified Mayse died as a result of the perforation
of his heart and internal bleeding from one of the gunshot wounds. He also
testified Mayse was struck by another gunshot, but it caused only soft tissue
injuries. A ballistics expert testified that the two bullets recovered from Mayse's
body were fired from a .32 caliber handgun, but it could not be determined if
the gun was a revolver or semi-automatic.
Defendant called Newark Police Officer Edwin Padilla. He testified he
was dispatched to the scene of the shooting. When Padilla arrived, he observed
Clark providing aid to Mayse. Padilla explained Clark denied seeing the
shooting and said that after the shooting he observed a group of males running
away.
A-4100-16T1
8
The jury convicted defendant of murder, possession of a firearm and
possession of a firearm for an unlawful purpose. The State moved for imposition
of a mandatory extended term sentence on the murder charge based on
defendant's prior record. See N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.1(b)(2). The court granted the
State's motion and imposed an aggregate life sentence subject to the
requirements of the No Early Release Act (NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. This
appeal followed.
Defendant's counsel presents the following arguments for our
consideration:
POINT I
REVERSAL IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE STATE
PRESENTED INADMISSIBLE TESTIMONY
ABOUT UNNAMED WITNESSES IMPLICATING
DEFENDANT, AND A DETECTIVE'S OPINION
ABOUT WHO WAS PRESENT DURING THE
SHOOTING. (Not Raised Below)
A. Reversal Is Required Because the State Relied on
Prejudicial Hearsay About Unnamed Witnesses
Implicating Defendant, Including in Summation.
B. Reversal Is Required Because the State Relied on
Prejudicial Opinion Testimony to Show a Witness and
Defendant Were Present During the Shooting.
A-4100-16T1
9
POINT II
REVERSAL IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE TRIAL
COURT WRONGLY INSTRUCTED THE JURY TO
ONLY CONSIDER THE LESSER CHARGE OF
PASSION/PROVOCATION MANSLAUGHTER IF IT
FIRST ACQUITTED DEFENDANT OF MURDER.
(Not Raised Below)
POINT III
THE CONVICTIONS MUST BE REVERSED
BECAUSE THE STATE DID NOT RECORD THE
WITNESSES' LEVELS OF CERTAINTY
REGARDING THEIR OUT-OF-COURT
IDENTIFICATIONS . . . AND THE TRIAL COURT
DID NOT CHARGE THE JURY ON THAT
OMISSION. (Not Raised Below)
POINT IV
THE PROSECUTOR ENGAGED IN REVERSIBLE
MISCONDUCT WHEN HE REPLAYED THE
WITNESSES' VIDEO STATEMENTS IN
SUMMATION, MADE UNSUPPORTED
COMMENTS ABOUT THE WITNESSES' FEAR OF
SNITCHING, VOUCHED FOR THE WITNESSES,
DISPARAGED THE DEFENSE . . . AND MADE
UNSUPPORTED COMMENTS ABOUT THE FIGHT.
(Partially Raised Below)
A. The Prosecutor Improperly Replayed Video of Key
Pretrial Witness Statements During Summation.
B. The Prosecutor Unfairly Bolstered the Credibility of
the State's Witnesses with Unsupported Comments
About their Fear of Being Labeled as Snitches.
A-4100-16T1
10
C. The Prosecutor Committed Misconduct When He
Made Unsupported Statements that Defendant Started
the Fight and Received a Call to Confront the Decedent.
D. The Prosecutor Committed Misconduct When He
Framed a Guilty Verdict as the "True" Result,
Disparaged the Defense, and Vouched for the State's
Witnesses.
POINT V
REVERSAL IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE STATE
RELIED ON EVIDENCE IRRELEVANT TO FLIGHT
TO ARGUE CONSCIOUSNESS OF GUILT, AND
THE COURT PROVIDED AN INCOMPLETE
FLIGHT CHARGE. (Partially Raised Below)
POINT VI
THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE TRIAL
ERRORS DEPRIVED DEFENDANT OF DUE
PROCESS AND A FAIR TRIAL AND WARRANTS
REVERSAL OF HIS CONVICTIONS. (Not Raised
Below)
POINT VII
A REMAND FOR RESENTENCING IS REQUIRED
BECAUSE THE COURT DID NOT ADEQUATELY
EXPLAIN THE SENTENCE, LIMITED
DEFENDANT'S ALLOCUTION WITHOUT
EXPLANATION, AND IMPOSED A $200,000 FINE
WITHOUT MAKING APPROPRIATE FINDINGS.
A. A Remand Is Required Because the Court Did Not
Adequately Explain the Sentence Imposed.
A-4100-16T1
11
B. Resentencing Is Required Because the Court,
Without Explanation, Denied Defendant's Request to
Further Allocute in Response to the Prosecutor.
C. A Remand Is Required Because the Court Did Not
Make Any Findings Regarding Defendant's Ability to
Pay $200,000 in Discretionary Fines.
In his pro se supplemental brief, defendant presents the following
arguments:
POINT I
CONVICTION WAS ACHIEVED BY
PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT IN VIOLATION
TO DUE PROCESS. THE STATE DID NOT
ESTABLISH "EVERY" ELEMENT [BEYOND]
REASONABLE DOUBT REQUIRES REVERSAL[.]
A. A timely objection was not made reversal is
requi[r]ed because it was prejudicial to use of the photo
marked S20 to build the State's case by the use of the
testimonial privile[]ge [.]
B. Prosecutorial Misconduct Administered by the State
in Defendant's trial; where the State made Multiple
improper prejudicial [comments] during Summations[.]
POINT II
REVERSAL IS REQUIRED DIRECTING THE
TRIAL COURT TO REVOKE THE IMPOSED FINES,
AND ASSES[S]MENTS . . . DUE TO ABUSE OF
DISCRETION. BECAUSE THE DEFENDANT IS
UNABLE TO PAY, AND SUCH IMPOSITIONS ARE
ILLEGAL SENTENCES DISPOSED WITHOUT
HOLDING A HEARING FOR ABILITY TO PAY,
A-4100-16T1
12
WHICH ESTABLISH "CONSTITUTIONAL"
ERROR, AND REQUIRES REVOCATION IN
"WHOLE"[.]
POINT III
THE TRIAL JUDGE ERRED IN CHARGING
FLIGHT TO THE JURY AS THERE WAS
INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE
INFERENCE THAT THE DEFENDANT'S
ABS[]ENCE WAS A RESULT OF
CON[S]CIOUSNESS OF GUILT, ESPECIALLY
WHERE THE DEFENDANT'S KNOW[N] PLACES
TO RESIDE [WERE] NOT INVESTIGATED AND
WHERE DEFENDANT TURNED HIMSELF INTO
AUTHORITIES ONCE HE BECAME AWARE THAT
HE WAS A "SUSPECT" FOR THE CRIMES IN THE
INSTANT CONVICTION. THUS DEFENDANT WAS
DENIED A FAIR TRIAL[.]
POINT IV
RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION GUARANTEED BY
THE SIXTH AMENDMENT WAS VIOLATED
WHEN TRIAL COURT ALLOWED THE HEARSAY
TESTIMONY OF DETECTIVE BRUCE BRANCH TO
REPORT THAT HE QUESTIONED
INFORMANTS . . . DISCLOSED THOSE FACTS TO
THE JURY, BUT DEFENDANT WAS DEPRIVED TO
CROSS-EXAMINE THOSE INFORMANTS,
BECAUSE THEY DID NOT APPEAR IN COURT TO
TESTIFY[.]
POINT V
THE TESTIMONY OF DR. ANDREW
FALSON . . . THE SPOKESMAN AS THE STATE'S
EXPERT . . . DID NOT PREPARE THE AUTOPSY
A-4100-16T1
13
REPORT FINDINGS OF DR. ABRAHAM
PHILLIP . . . THIS SPOLIATION OF DUE
PROCESS, ALLOWED ONLY "NET OPINION"
TESTIMONY INSTEAD OF "FACTUAL"
TESTIMONY INFRINGED UPON THE
DEFENDANT'S SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT OF
CONFRONTATION, WITH THE ACTUAL
MEDICAL EXAMINER WHO PREPARED THE
AUTOPSY REPORT, CONSTITUTES TO
CONSTIT[]UTIONAL ERROR[.]
POINT VI
TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE NOT DENIED
DEFENDANT'S WADE/HENDERSON
HEARING . . . AS A RESULT THE TRIAL COURT
ABUSED IT[]S DISCRETION WHEN IT ERRED BY
ALLOWING THREE OF THE STATE'S WITNESSES
TO TESTIFY AT APPELLANT'S TRIAL, WHERE
THE COURT AND STATE ALREADY WERE
AWARE . . . THAT THE WITNESS WOULD
EITHER TESTIFY INCONSISTENTLY TO THEIR
PRIOR STATEMENTS . . . OR TESTIFY THAT
THEY DID NOT REMEMBER THEIR PRIOR
STATEMENTS EVER BEING GIVEN,
ESTABLISHING PERJURED TESTIMONIES, AND
THE STATE PROSECUTION HAVING
"KNOWLE[D]GE" AND FAILING TO CORRECT
SUCH PERJURED TESTIMONIES DENIED
APPELLANT'S RIGHTS OF DUE PROCESS AND
TO A FAIR TRIAL[.]
A. Inconsistent Testimony with out of court
Statements[.]
B. State's Prosecutor's Knowing Use of Perjured
Testimonies[.]
A-4100-16T1
14
POINT VII
A COURT REVIEWING A CLAIM OF ACTUAL
INNOCENCE MUST EXAMINE THE RECORDS AS
A WHOLE- "'ALL THE EVIDENCE.' OLD AND
NEW". THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO
WARRANT A CONTINUED CONVICTION
OBTAINED BY NEPOTISM. REVERSAL IS
NECESSARY TO DIRECT THE TRIAL COURT
VACATE THE JUDGMENT OF CONVICTION, AND
TO DIRECT THE ENTRY OF A NEW JUDGMENT
OF ACQUITTAL . . . N.J. CONST. ART. I, PAR. 6;
N.J. CONST. ART VI § 4, BECAUSE THE
DEFENDANT IS ACTUALLY INNOCENT[.]
POINT VIII
THE TOTALITY OF THE CLAIMS RAISED ON
THIS APPEAL CONCLUDE THAT THE
SENTENCING COURT COMMITTED A CLEAR
ABUSE OF DISCRETION. NERA "SHALL NOT
APPLY" PURSUANT TO N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7(c).
IMPOSITION OF DEFENDANT'S SENTENCE
BEYOND THE STATUTORY MAXIMUM BASED
ON JUDICIAL FACT-FINDING OF
AGGRAVATING FACTORS . . . WHICH WAS
NEVER ADMITTED TO BY DEFENDANT OR
SUBMITTED TO A JURY AND PROVED BEYOND
A REASONABLE DOUBT VIOLATED BOTH HIS
STATE AND FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHTS. THERE ARE SUBSTANTIAL
MITIGATING FACTORS IN THIS CASE. . . . AS A
RESULT THE TRIAL COURT IMPOSED AN
ILLEGAL SENTENCE REQUIRES THAT THE
CONVICTION BE VACATED AND REVERSED TO
THE TRIAL COURT[.]
A-4100-16T1
15
A. The defendant expressed his remorse and the court
had no consideration to it and imposed an illegal
sentence.
B. Weapon's violations are not subject to NERA[.]
C. Defendant's last release from confinement was on
November 27, 2014, there are no records of two or more
prior convictions from that date. The court misapplied
NERA to impose an illegal sentence
D. The Judicial fact-finding of aggravating factors
which was never admitted to by the defendant or
submitted to a jury and proved beyond reasonable doubt
violated both his state and federal constitutional rights.
E. There are substantial mitigating factors.
F. The sentencing court committed a clear abuse of
discretion[.]
POINT IX
THE CUMULATIVE ERRORS IN POINTS I
THROUGH POINT VIII, HEREBY ESTABLISH THE
DEFENDANT WAS DEPRIVED OF A FAIR TRIAL
AND VIOLATED HIS RIGHT OF DUE PROCESS
GUARANTEED BY THE U.S. CONST. AMEND.
XIV, § 1, TOWARDS DEFENDING HIS RIGHT OF
LIFE AND LIBERTY, GUARANTEED BY N.J.
CONST. ART. I PAR. 1[.]
II.
Defendant challenges his conviction based on numerous claims
concerning alleged errors by the trial court, almost all of which were not raised
A-4100-16T1
16
before the trial court. Therefore, unless otherwise noted, we consider the alleged
errors under the plain error standard. R. 2:10-2. "A defendant who does not
raise an issue before a trial court bears the burden of establishing that the trial
court's actions constituted plain error" because "to rerun a trial when the error
could easily have been cured on request[ ] would reward the litigant who suffers
an error for tactical advantage either in the trial or on appeal." State v.
Santamaria, 236 N.J 390, 404-05 (2019) (quoting State v. Ross, 229 N.J. 389,
407 (2017)).
Under the plain error standard's "high bar," id. at 404, "[w]e may
reverse . . . only if the error was 'clearly capable of producing an unjust result, '"
Ross, 229 N.J. at 407 (quoting R. 2:10-2). "The possibility of an unjust result
must be 'sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury
to a result it otherwise might not have reached.'" Ibid. (quoting State v.
Williams, 168 N.J. 323, 336 (2001)).
Although we are compelled to assess most of defendant's arguments under
the plain error standard, we must also consider the cumulative effect these errors
had on defendant's fundamental right to a fair trial. State v. Jenewicz, 193 N.J.
440, 473 (2008). In doing so, we must determine whether "the probable effect
of the cumulative error was to render the underlying trial unfair," State v.
A-4100-16T1
17
Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397, 538 (2007), thereby "dictat[ing] the grant of a new trial
before an impartial jury," ibid. (quoting State v. Orecchio, 16 N.J. 125, 129
(1954)).
A.
Defendant contends the prosecutor violated his rights under the
Confrontation Clause of the United States Constitution, U.S. Const. amends VI,
XIV, and New Jersey Constitution, N.J. Const. art. I, ¶¶ 1, 9, 10, as well as our
hearsay rule, N.J.R.E. 802, by presenting evidence and making argument in
summation implying that unnamed individuals who did not testify at trial
provided information to the police implicating him in Mayse's murder. More
particularly, he argues the prosecutor impermissibly elicited testimony from
Detective Branch suggesting that unnamed individuals provided information
that led to the identification of defendant as a suspect. Defendant further asserts
the prosecutor reinforced the notion that other non-testifying witnesses
identified defendant as the shooter in comments made during his summation.
On April 28, 2015, the day Mayse was shot and killed, Clark and J.S.
denied witnessing the shooting to officers at the scene and again later to
Detective Branch at the hospital. Detective Branch testified that after leaving
the hospital, he canvassed the apartments in the area of the shooting for
A-4100-16T1
18
witnesses. Detective Branch testified that he spoke with individuals who were
willing to provide him with information, but unwilling to provide their names
or appear at the prosecutor's office to "give statements." Detective Branch
further explained that he identified surveillance cameras he believed might have
recorded events relevant to the investigation, obtained recordings from those
cameras and reviewed them.
For the first time on appeal, defendant challenges Detective Branch's
testimony that defendant was already a suspect when he reviewed the recordings
and that he reviewed the recordings for the purpose of looking for defendant:
[Q]: Now, at a certain point, you also became aware of
[defendant] as your suspect in the case; is that correct?
[A]: Yes.
[Q]: Were you—did you put—as you reviewed those
videos, were you looking for [defendant] on those
videos?
[A]: Uh, yes.
[Q]: Did you find [defendant] on some of those videos?
[A]: Yes.
[Q]: And, as you were watching those videos, did you
find anybody else who matched his description in terms
of clothing, build, hairstyle, around that time in that
area?
A-4100-16T1
19
[A]: Yes.
[Q]: Were there other people, beside [defendant], who
fit that description as the suspect?
[A]: Uh, the description of [defendant]?
[Q]: Yes. So, aside from [defendant], were there other
people on those videos who looked like [defendant],
[who] would be easily confused for him?
[A]: No.
Defendant contends Detective Branch's testimony that he canvassed the
area, spoke with witnesses who were willing to provide information but not their
names or formal statements, and later reviewed the video recordings looking for
defendant as the suspect leads to the inescapable conclusion that non-testifying
witnesses identified defendant as the shooter. Defendant claims the testimony
runs afoul of the principles established in State v. Bankston because it supports
an inescapable inference that non-testifying witnesses identified defendant as
the perpetrator of the offenses for which he was charged. 63 N.J. 263, 268-69
(1973).
The State argues the prosecutor elicited testimony from Detective Branch
about his "unsuccessful canvasses for additional witnesses to show Detective
Branch conducted a thorough investigation, left no stone unturned and did not
arbitrarily target defendant." The State also contends Detective Branch's
A-4100-16T1
20
identification of defendant as a suspect was based on "a trove of evidence,"
including J.S.'s and Clark's statements and physical descriptions of the shooter
and Detective Branch's review of the video recordings, and that Detective
Branch's testimony establishes he reviewed the recordings for defendant only
after Clark and J.S. identified him.
We reject the State's assertion that Detective Branch's challenged
testimony does not identify the time he reviewed the recordings and, as a result,
it could reasonably be inferred that Detective Branch's identification of
defendant as a suspect was the product of the identifications of defendant
provided by testifying witnesses—J.S. and Clark—in the days following the
shooting. The assertion is contradicted by the record.
The prosecutor asked Detective Branch about his review of the recordings
with only a temporal reference to "a certain point," but Detective Branch's
description of his investigation was linear and chronological and, when fairly
read in context, shows he obtained a description of defendant and identified him
as a suspect following his canvas of the apartments for witnesses and review of
the recordings before any testifying witness identified defendant as the shooter
or provided defendant's description. Indeed, the prosecutor understood that
Detective Branch testified that he reviewed the recordings on April 28, 2015,
A-4100-16T1
21
the day of the murder. Immediately after the challenged colloquy, the prosecutor
instructed Detective Branch, "I'm going to draw your attention to the . . . next
day, the morning of April 29th, 2015," and asked, "What did you do with regard
to this—investigation that morning?" (Emphasis added). The only logical
interpretation of Detective Branch's testimony is that he identified defendant as
a suspect, obtained defendant's description and reviewed the recordings on April
28, 2015, prior to the identification of defendant first made by J.S. on April 29
and next by Clark on April 30.
"[B]oth the Confrontation Clause and the hearsay rule are violated when,
at trial, a police officer conveys, directly or by inference, information from a
non-testifying declarant to incriminate the defendant in the crime charged."
State v. Branch,4 182 N.J. 338, 350 (2005) (citing Bankston, 63 N.J. at 268-69).
Our Supreme Court has explained that the "common thread" running through
Confrontation Clause jurisprudence "is that a police officer may not imply to the
jury that he [or she] possesses superior knowledge, outside the record, that
incriminates the defendant." Id. at 351. In addition, "[w]hen the logical
implication to be drawn from the testimony leads the jury to believe that a non -
4
The defendant in this Supreme Court opinion is not related to Detective
Branch.
A-4100-16T1
22
testifying witness has given the police evidence of the accused's guilt, the
testimony should be disallowed as hearsay." Bankston, 63 N.J. at 271; see also
State v. Irving, 114 N.J. 427, 446 (1989) (finding improper a police officer's
testimony that after he canvassed the neighborhood looking for leads, "he
focused on the defendant as the subject of his investigation and placed his
picture in the [photo] array").
Here, the record is bereft of evidence that any testifying witness either
identified defendant as the shooter or provided a description of defendant prior
to Detective Branch's review of the recordings on April 28, 2015. To the
contrary, on April 28 J.S. and Clark denied witnessing the shooting and did not
identify or describe the shooter.5 Thus, Detective Branch's testimony that on
April 28 he reviewed the recordings for defendant as a suspect and with a
description of defendant supported an "inescapable inference" that non-
testifying witnesses informed Detective Branch that defendant was the shooter
and provided a description of defendant. Bankston, 63 N.J. at 271. As the Court
observed in Branch, "the jury was left to speculate that the detective had superior
knowledge through hearsay information implicating defendant in the crime[s]."
5
As noted, J.S. did not identify defendant as the shooter until April 29, 2015,
and Clark did not provide a statement identifying defendant as the shooter until
April 30, 2015.
A-4100-16T1
23
182 N.J. at 347-48. The trial court erred by allowing the testimony; its
admission "violated defendant's federal and state rights to confrontation as well
as our rules of evidence." Id. at 348.
Detective Branch provided further support for the inference that non-
testifying witnesses identified defendant as a suspect when he explained to the
jury his selection of the photographs for the photo arrays shown to J.S., Clark
and Perna. Detective Branch identified defendant as the suspect prior to his
construction of the photo arrays shown to putative witnesses. And he expressly
testified he included the suspect's picture in the photo array "[b]asically based
on . . . sources or information" that he received "during [his] investigation."
Because J.S. was the first testifying witness that identified defendant, Detective
Branch's testimony concerning his decision to include the suspect's photo in the
array also supported the inescapable inference that defendant, who Detective
Branch said was the suspect, had been identified as the shooter based on "sources
or information" from non-testifying witnesses.
In Branch, the Court observed that the reason an "officer place[s] the
defendant's photograph in the array is of no relevance to the identification
process and is highly prejudicial." 182 N.J. at 352. Yet that is precisely what
Detective Branch did here; he "implied that he had information from an out-of-
A-4100-16T1
24
court source, known only to him, implicating defendant in the" crimes charged,
id. at 353, and "the jury heard irrelevant, 'gratuitous hearsay testimony' that
violated defendant's right to confrontation and the rules of evidence," State v.
Lazo, 209 N.J. 9, 21 (2012) (quoting Branch, 182 N.J. at 348). "By doing so,
[Detective Branch] enhanced the [other witnesses'] credibility and intruded on
the jury's role." Id. at 22.
Detective Branch's reliance on information provided by non-testifying
witnesses to support his selection of defendant's photo for inclusion in the photo
array shown to J.S. was not only clear from his testimony, it was further
confirmed by the prosecutor during summation. Addressing Detective Branch's
selection of the photograph, the prosecutor explained that "[t]here are limitations
on what . . . [Detective] Branch can testify to, based [on] the evidence rules and
hearsay rules . . . but, as [Detective Branch] indicated, in the legally permissible
way, based on information he received, he decided to put [defendant] in the
photo array." In other words, the prosecutor confirmed for the jury exactly what
the Supreme Court in Branch prohibited—that defendant's photo was selected
for inclusion in the photo array based on "information [Detective Branch]
received" from non-testifying witnesses, see Branch, 182 N.J. at 352—and urged
the jury to consider that testimony in assessing the credibility of the witnesses'
A-4100-16T1
25
out-of-court identifications of defendant in its determination of defendant's guilt
or innocence on the charges.
Moreover, Detective Branch did not "indicate, in the legally permissible
way," the reason he selected defendant's photograph for inclusion in the photo
array. As our Supreme Court has explained, a witness cannot testify that a
defendant's photograph was selected based "'upon information received.' Even
such seemingly neutral language, by inference, has the capacity to sweep in
inadmissible hearsay. It implies that the police officer has information
suggestive of the defendant's guilt from some unknown source." Ibid. The
prosecutor could not properly do indirectly what our Supreme Court prohibits a
witness from doing directly: argue to the jury that the inclusion of a photo in an
array was based on information provided by non-testifying witnesses. See ibid.
Contrary to the State's contention, the prosecutor's argument was not made
proper because it was made in response to defense counsel's assertion that
Detective Branch had no basis to select defendant's photograph. "In contexts
other than a photographic identification" a police officer may testify he or she
relied on "information received" "to explain their actions, but only if necessary
to rebut a suggestion that they acted arbitrarily and only if the use of that phrase
does not create an inference that the defendant has been implicated in a crime
A-4100-16T1
26
by some unknown person." Ibid. (emphasis added). Here, reliance on the refuge
of "information received" to explain the selection of defendant's photograph was
not available to either Detective Branch or the State because it involved a
photographic identification and the testimony and argument created the highly
prejudicial, inescapable inference that non-testifying witnesses implicated
defendant in the commission of the crimes for which he was charged. Ibid.
Defendant objected to the prosecutor's argument, but only on the basis that
the State improperly suggested there was information the jury should consider,
even though not admitted in evidence. The court provided a limiting instruction
in response to defendant's objection, advising the jury that counsels' closing
arguments do not constitute evidence and the jury should rely on its own
recollection of the evidence. Defense counsel advised the court that she did not
object to the prosecutor's statement that Detective Branch's decision to include
defendant's photo in the array was "based on information he received." The
court's instruction therefore did not address the issue now raised on appeal —
that the prosecutor's reference to the information received supported the
inescapable inference that Detective Branch relied on information supplied by
non-testifying witnesses implicating defendant in the crimes for which Detective
Branch identified him as a suspect.
A-4100-16T1
27
"When evidence is admitted that contravenes not only the hearsay rule but
also a constitutional right, an appellate court must determine whether the error
impacted the verdict." State v. Weaver, 219 N.J. 131, 154 (2014). Where, as
here, there was no objection to Detective Branch's testimony about his review
of the recordings and selection of defendant's photograph, the prosecutor's
erroneous argument that defendant's photograph was selected based on
information received, or the court's curative instruction that did not address
Detective Branch's impermissible testimony, our standard of review requires
that we determine if the errors were clearly capable of producing an unjust
result. Branch, 182 N.J. at 353; see also State v. Kemp, 195 N.J. 136, 156 (2008)
(finding that even where testimony may implicate "the concerns[] interdicted by
Bankston," a reversal is not required where the totality of the circumstances
leads to the conclusion that admission of the evidence was harmless).
The assessment of whether the errors in admitting Detective Branch's
testimony, allowing the prosecutor's comments and in providing the putative
curative instruction impacted the jury's verdict requires consideration of the
strength of the State's case, the other evidence presented and any other trial
errors. See, e.g., State v. Hightower, 120 N.J. 378, 410 (1990). That analysis
is informed by a recognition that the primary issue—indeed the only contested
A-4100-16T1
28
issue upon which defendant's guilt or innocence depended—was the
identification of the shooter.
The State did not present forensic evidence tying defendant to Mayse's
murder, and the video recordings did not capture the shooting. Thus, the
identification of defendant as the shooter turned on the testimony of the three
putative eyewitnesses: J.S., Clark and Perna. We appreciate that each of the
witnesses identified defendant in photo identification procedures and that those
identifications, if accepted as credible, support the jury's verdict. Perna also
identified defendant in still photographs taken from the video recordings, and
J.S. and Perna identified defendant as the shooter at trial. But the reliability of
the witnesses and their respective identifications of defendant as the shooter
were not without issue.
J.S. and Clark identified defendant in the photo arrays administered in the
days following the shooting. However, in the hours immediately following the
shooting, they separately told the police they did not see either the shooting or
the shooter. J.S. offered reasons for her initial denial—she did not want to be
identified as a snitch—and the State argued Clark initially denied seeing the
shooting for the same reason. But the record nonetheless permits the conclusion
that J.S. and Clark lied either initially to the police or later in their statements.
A-4100-16T1
29
Moreover, at trial Clark denied any recollection of the shooting. Although the
court determined his claimed lack of memory was feigned and allowed
admission of his recorded statement as a result, Clark did not affirmatively
testified at trial that he observed the shooting or the shooter. Moreover, if his
lack of recollection was feigned, he lied while under oath before the trial court.
Perna's testimony is likewise filled with disturbing details. She waited
almost six weeks to contact the police about her observations; the evidence also
established that at the time of the murder, she allowed Mayse to use her
apartment to sell drugs in exchange for drugs that she used. The evidence also
showed inconsistencies between her recorded statement and trial testimony, and
suggested a motive for her identification of defendant—a dispute between
Mayse, for whom she was a maternal figure, and defendant over a drug sale in
her apartment on the evening prior to the murder.
We need not, and do not, resolve the credibility issues presented by the
witnesses or assess which version of the events they provided before and during
trial is more believable or persuasive. Instead, we determine only that in light
of the evidence otherwise supporting a challenge to the credibility of the
witnesses who provided the identifications that were the lifeblood of the State's
case, we cannot discount the prejudicial effect of Detective Branch's testimony
A-4100-16T1
30
that he received information from non-testifying witnesses supporting his
identification of defendant as the suspect. The record provided a substantial
basis for the jury to question the credibility and reliability of the witnesses'
identifications of defendant. Thus, the admission of Detective Branch's
testimony, the allowance of the prosecutor's argument that other non-testifying
witnesses or "information [Detective Branch] received" identified defendant as
the suspect and the court's ineffective curative instruction concerning the
prosecutor's improper argument not only deprived defendant of his
constitutional rights, it was highly prejudicial, unfair and supports a reasonable
doubt about whether the testimony and prosecutor's argument caused the jury to
reach a verdict it would have otherwise not reached. In other words, admission
of the testimony and allowance of the argument constituted plain error requiring
reversal of defendant's conviction and a remand for a new trial. See Branch, 182
N.J. at 353-54. The prejudice to defendant is not diminished by the fact that the
testifying witnesses selected defendant's photo from the arrays. To the contrary,
the witnesses' selections of the photos may have impermissibly served to
confirm what Detective Branch explained, and the prosecutor emphasized: that
non-testifying witnesses had identified defendant as the shooter.
A-4100-16T1
31
B.
The prejudicial effect of Detective Branch's testimony, the prosecutor's
comments regarding Detective Branch's testimony, and the court's ineffective
curative instruction was further exacerbated by additional errors, including the
erroneous admission of Detective Branch's testimony identifying defendant on
the video recording. Defendant did not object to the testimony, but it was clearly
inadmissible as lay opinion testimony under Rule 701. See N.J.R.E. 701.
The admission of lay opinion testimony is allowed under Rule 701, which
provides:
If a witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness'
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences may be
admitted if it (a) is rationally based on the perception
of the witness and (b) will assist in understanding the
witness' testimony or in determining a fact in issue.
[N.J.R.E. 701.]
Opinion testimony may not "intrude on the province of the jury by
offering, in the guise of opinions, views on the meaning of facts that the jury is
fully able to sort out . . . [or] express a view on the ultimate question of guilt or
innocence." State v. McLean, 205 N.J. 438, 457 (2011) (citations omitted).
"[L]ay opinion testimony is limited to what was directly perceived by the
witness and may not rest on otherwise inadmissible hearsay." Id. at 460. To be
A-4100-16T1
32
admissible, lay opinion testimony must be founded on a witness's perception
which must "rest[] on the acquisition of knowledge through use of one's sense
of touch, taste, sight, smell or hearing." Id. at 457.
A fact witness is one who testifies as to what "he or she perceived through
one or more of the senses." Id. at 460. "Fact testimony has always consisted of
a description of what the officer did and saw[.]" Ibid. "Testimony of that type
includes no opinion, lay or expert, and does not convey information about what
the officer 'believed,' 'thought' or 'suspected,' but instead is an ordinary fact-
based recitation by a witness with first-hand knowledge." Ibid.
Detective Branch's testimony identifying defendant as appearing in the
recordings constituted an inadmissible lay opinion under Rule 701. It was not
based on Detective Branch's personal perceptions of defendant— Detective
Branch was not present for, and not did not witness, the shooting—and intruded
on the jury's role by "offering the view of the witness about . . . facts that the
jury [could] evaluate for itself or an opportunity to express a view on guilt or
innocence."6 McLean, 205 N.J. at 462. In addition, there were other witnesses,
6
In contrast, Detective Branch's testimony identifying Clark as appearing on
the video recordings constituted proper lay opinion testimony. Detective Branch
saw Clark immediately following the shooting, interviewed him at the hospital
and observed what Clark was wearing, including Clark's distinctive red
A-4100-16T1
33
J.S., Clark and Perna, who testified they witnessed the shooting and identified
defendant. See Lazo, 209 N.J. at 23 ("Courts evaluating whether a law
enforcement official may offer a lay opinion on identification also consider,
among other factors, whether there are additional witnesses available to identify
the defendant at trial."). More importantly, the testimony added to the prejudice
resulting from Detective Branch's other testimony and the prosecutor's
comments during summation concerning the identification of defendant as a
suspect by non-testifying witnesses because it bolstered the challenged
identifications made by J.S., Clark and Perna with an impermissible
identification of defendant by the detective in charge of the murder
investigation. "In an identification case, it is for the jury to decide whether an
sweatpants. His identification of Clark on the recording was based on his
personal perceptions of Clark on the day of the shooting. His testimony that he
recognized Clark on the recording was founded on those perceptions, assisted
the jury in determining whether Clark was present at the scene, and therefore
constituted proper lay opinion testimony under Rule 701. See, e.g., State v.
Carbone, 180 N.J. Super. 95, 96-97 (Law. Div. 1981) (finding admissible as lay
opinion testimony concerning photographic identifications of defendant in an
armed robbery prosecution by witnesses who had personal knowledge of the
defendant's appearance at the time of the robbery, but who were not present
when the robbery occurred); cf. Lazo, 209 N.J. at 24 (finding a police officer's
testimony that the "defendant's arrest photo closely resembled the composite
sketch" was inadmissible lay opinion because the officer "had not witnessed the
crime and did not know defendant; the officer's opinion stemmed entirely from
the victim's description").
A-4100-16T1
34
eyewitness credibly identified the defendant. . . . Neither a police officer nor
another witness may improperly bolster or vouch for an eyewitness' credibility
and thus invade the jury's province." Id. at 24.
Although we might not otherwise conclude that Detective Branch's
testimony identifying defendant on the video recording alone constitutes a plain
error, R. 2:10-2, we are convinced the cumulative effect of its admission with
the erroneous admission of Detective Branch's testimony concerning the
identification of defendant as a suspect and inclusion of defendant in the photo
arrays rendered defendant's trial unfair. The State presented its case in a
thoughtful and strategic manner and, in our view, it is not by chance that the
State, in recognition of the credibility challenges to its three putative
eyewitnesses, sought to bolster its proofs on the only issue that mattered —the
identification of the shooter. It did so in a subtle but persuasive manner by using
Detective Branch's testimony to first establish the inescapable inference that
non-testifying witnesses had identified defendant as the shooter and, as if that
were not enough, by then asking Detective Branch to identify defendant on the
recording even though Detective Branch was not present when the shooting
A-4100-16T1
35
occurred.7 Defendant should have objected to the testimony, but the lack of an
objection does not obviate the fact that Detective Branch's unchallenged
testimony was highly prejudicial, unfair and cumulatively requires the
conclusion that its admission was clearly capable of producing an unjust result
requiring a reversal of defendant's conviction. Jenewicz, 193 N.J. at 473-74.
C.
Our conclusion there was plain and cumulative error warranting a reversal
of defendant's conviction based on the admission of Detective Branch's
testimony concerning his identification of defendant as a suspect prior to his
review of the recordings, his selection of defendant's photograph for inclusion
in the photo arrays, and his identification of defendant on the video recordin gs
renders unnecessary a consideration of all defendant's remaining claims, most
7
We also observe that the State further sought to directly bolster the credibility
of the witnesses' identifications of defendant by playing portions of the
recordings of J.S.'s and Perna's identifications and the entirety of Clark's
statement and identification of defendant during closing arguments. On appeal,
the State concedes the credibility of the witnesses' identifications constituted the
fulcrum upon which defendant's guilt was based—the State argues the playing
of the recordings during closing arguments was required in response to defense
counsel's "strenuous[] urg[ing]" that the witnesses' identifications of defendant
were not credible.
A-4100-16T1
36
of which were not before the trial court and which can be addressed and raised
on the record extant during the retrial. 8
We will, however, address two claims pertinent to the matter on remand.
First, defendant argues the judge wrongly instructed the jury that it could only
consider the lesser-included offenses to murder if it acquitted defendant of
murder. See State v. Coyle, 119 N.J. 194, 222-23 (1990). More particularly,
defendant argues the murder charge and the lesser-included offense of
passion/provocation manslaughter should have been instructed together and the
verdict sheet should have been tailored to ensure the two charges were
considered together and not sequentially.
"[A]ppropriate and proper charges [to a jury] are essential for a fair trial."
State v. Baum, 224 N.J. 147, 158-59 (2016) (quoting State v. Reddish, 181 N.J.
553, 613 (2004)). A trial court has an "independent duty . . . to ensure that the
jurors receive accurate instructions on the law as it pertains to the facts and
issues of each case, irrespective of the particular language suggested by either
8
For example, if the prosecutor intends to replay the video recordings of the
identification procedures during his or her summation, the issues shall be
addressed by the parties and the court at the appropriate time in accordance with
the procedure required by State v. Muhammad, 359 N.J. Super. 361, 380-83
(App. Div. 2003). Similarly, the court shall consider the appropriateness and
content of any proposed flight charge based on the evidence presented during
the retrial.
A-4100-16T1
37
party." Id. at 159 (alteration in original) (quoting Reddish, 181 N.J. at 613).
"Because proper jury instructions are essential to a fair trial, 'erroneous
instructions on material points are presumed to' possess the capacity to unfairly
prejudice the defendant." Ibid. (quoting State v. Bunch, 180 N.J. 534, 541-42
(2004)).
Defendant was charged with first-degree attempted murder and with the
lesser-included charges of attempted passion/provocation murder and
aggravated manslaughter. The court instructed the jury on the charges in
accordance with the model jury instructions and defendant neither requested a
change to the court's proposed jury charges on the offenses nor to the verdict
sheet. We therefore review the court's instructions and verdict sheet for plain
error, R. 2:10-2, and will not reverse unless there is an error that is sufficient to
raise a "reasonable doubt . . . as to whether the error led the jury to a result it
otherwise might not have reached," State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016)
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Jenkins, 178 N.J. 347, 361 (2004)).
In the context of a jury charge, plain error is a "[l]egal impropriety in the
charge prejudicially affecting the substantial rights of the defendant and
sufficiently grievous to justify notice by the reviewing court and to convince the
court that of itself the error possessed a clear capacity to bring about an unjust
A-4100-16T1
38
result." State v. Camacho, 218 N.J. 533, 554 (2014) (alteration in original)
(quoting State v. Adams, 194 N.J. 186, 207 (2008)). We consider the jury
instructions "as a whole" to determine if an error constitutes plain error. State
v. Brown, 190 N.J. 144, 160 (2007) (quoting State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554, 564
(2005)). "[T]here is a presumption that [a] charge was not [in] error and was
unlikely to prejudice the defendant's case" where, as here, there was no objection
to the charge. State v. Singleton, 211 N.J. 157, 182 (2012). We find no plain
error here.
We consider "[t]he verdict sheet[] in conjunction with the jury charges."
State v. Galicia, 210 N.J. 364, 386 (2012). As our Supreme Court recently
stated:
A verdict sheet is intended for recordation of the jury's
verdict and is not designed to supplement oral jury
instructions. See State v. Reese, 267 N.J. Super. 278,
287 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 134 N.J. 563 (1993).
Although a verdict sheet should list all elements of each
offense, or no elements of any offense, our inquiry
focuses on whether the jury understood the elements as
instructed by the judge, and was not misled by the
verdict sheet. See ibid. Where we conclude that the
oral instructions of a court were sufficient to convey an
understanding of the elements to the jury, and where we
also find that the verdict sheet was not misleading, any
error in the verdict sheet can be regarded as harmless.
See id. at 287-89; State v. Vasquez, 265 N.J. Super.
528, 547 (App. Div.) (finding no reversible error where
verdict sheet was erroneous but jury received proper
A-4100-16T1
39
oral instruction, because "[t]he jury is presumed to have
understood [the] instructions" (citation omitted)),
certif. denied, 134 N.J. 480 (1993); see also Sons of
Thunder, Inc. v. Borden, Inc., 148 N.J. 396, 418 (1997)
(stating that judge's charge and interrogatories to jury
do not provide grounds for reversal unless misleading,
confusing, or ambiguous).
[State v. Gandhi, 201 N.J. 161, 196-97 (2010).]
A purposeful killing in New Jersey can be either murder or the lesser-
included offense of passion/provocation manslaughter. See State v. Grunow,
102 N.J. 133, 138-40 (1986). Here, defendant does not argue that the
passion/provocation manslaughter charge was incorrectly included in the jury
instruction.
In Coyle, the Court addressed the jury instructions that must be given
where evidence in the record supports a finding of passion/provocation
manslaughter. 119 N.J. at 221. The Court noted that where evidence of
passion/provocation exists, the State may only obtain a murder conviction if it
proves beyond a reasonable doubt that the purposeful killing was not the product
of passion/provocation. Ibid.
Here, the judge correctly instructed the jury on the elements of murder
and passion/provocation manslaughter in accordance with the model criminal
jury instructions. See Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Murder,
A-4100-16T1
40
Passion/Provocation and Aggravated/Reckless Manslaughter (N.J.S.A. 2C:11-
3(a)(1) and (2); 2C:11-4(a), (b)(1) and (2))" (rev. June 8, 2015). In pertinent
part, the court instructed the jury that defendant is guilty of murder if they found
"beyond a reasonable doubt that [he] purposely or knowingly caused . . .
Mayse'[s] death, or serious bodily injury that then resulted in death, and that he
did not act in the heat of passion resulting from a reasonable provocation, the
defendant would be guilty of murder." (Emphasis added). In its charge on the
offense of passion/provocation manslaughter, the court instructed that if the jury
found "defendant purposely or knowingly caused death, or serious bodily injury
that then resulted in death, and that he did act in the heat of passion resulting
from a reasonable provocation, the defendant would be guilty of
passion/provocation manslaughter." These instructions accurately described the
different elements of the offenses at issue in this case in accordance with the
requirements in Coyle. 119 N.J. at 221.
Defendant contends that the court's charge and the verdict sheet
erroneously instructed the jury to consider the murder and passion/provocation
charges sequentially, and that it was necessary that the court instruct the jury
that it should consider the charges at the same time. Defendant ignores that the
State was required to prove the absence of passion/provocation as an element of
A-4100-16T1
41
the murder charge, and the jury necessarily considered the issue of
passion/provocation when it found defendant guilty of murder. In other words,
even accepting defendant's contention it was error for the court not to expressly
instruct the jury to consider the charges at the same time and for the verdict sheet
not to direct the jury to do so, defendant suffered no prejudice from the purported
errors because in the jury's consideration of the murder charge, it found beyond
a reasonable doubt that the State proved an absence of passion/provocation. We
find no plain error in the court's instructions or the verdict sheet, see, e.g.,
Gandhi, 201 N.J. at 197, but do not limit the parties from requesting different
jury instructions or a verdict sheet based on the evidence presented at
defendant's retrial. 9
We also consider defendant's claim that the court erred by denying his
request for an evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of out-of-court
identifications of defendant made by J.S., Clark and Perna, and by denying his
9
We remind the parties and trial court of the availability of the Supreme Court
Committee on Model Criminal Jury Charges' Criminal Sample Verdict Sheets,
which include a "Sample Verdict Sheet (Murder (Own Conduct,
Passion/Provocation and Aggravated/Reckless Manslaughter)), Revised [June 8,
2015]," and commend its use on remand if appropriate based on the evidence
presented. We note the sample verdict sheet requires that the jury render its
verdicts on murder and passion/provocation manslaughter in response to a single
question.
A-4100-16T1
42
motion to exclude evidence concerning the identifications at trial. We review
an order denying a motion to bar an out-of-court identification under the
standard we apply in "our review of a trial court's findings in any non-jury case."
State v. Wright, 444 N.J. Super. 347, 356 (App. Div. 2016). We accept the
court's findings that are "supported by sufficient credible evidence in the
record," State v. Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 424 (2014), and review de novo the
court's legal conclusions "and the consequences that flow from established
facts," id. at 425.
To obtain an evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of eyewitness
identification evidence, "a defendant has the initial burden of showing some
evidence of suggestiveness that could lead to a mistaken identification."
Henderson, 208 N.J. at 288. That evidence must generally be tied to one of the
system variables identified by our Supreme Court in Henderson. Id. at 288-89.
Before the trial court, defendant asserted only that the photo identification
proceedings during which J.S., Clark and Perna identified defendant were
suggestive because Clark described the shooter as a dark-skinned male and the
photographs included in the arrays shown to the witnesses included light -
skinned males and J.S. refused to sign the photo she selected. The court
reviewed the photographs shown to the witnesses, determined that the
A-4100-16T1
43
photographs depicted individuals sharing similar skin tones, rejected the notion
that J.S.'s refusal demonstrated any evidence of suggestiveness and found no
evidence supporting defendant's claim that the photo identification procedures
were suggestive. We find defendant's claim that J.S.'s refusal to sign the photo
she selected demonstrated suggestiveness lacks sufficient merit to warrant
further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2). We have also reviewed the photographs
and are satisfied they provide sufficient credible evidence supporting the court's
findings, Gamble, 218 N.J. at 424, and legal conclusion that defendant failed to
sustain his burden of demonstrating sufficient suggestiveness to warrant an
evidentiary hearing on the admissibility of the out-of-court identifications of
defendant, Henderson, 208 N.J. at 288.
For the first time on appeal, defendant argues the court erred by allowing
evidence concerning the out-of-court identifications because the officers who
conducted the photo identification procedures did not record the witnesses'
statements concerning their levels of confidence as required under Rule
3:11(c)(7) and State v. Delgado, where our Supreme Court held that law
enforcement officers are required to make "a written record detailing the out-of-
court identification procedure, including . . . the dialogue between the witness
and the interlocutor, and the results." 188 N.J. 48, 63 (2006). We consider
A-4100-16T1
44
defendant's argument under the plain error standard because, again, it was not
raised before the trial court. R. 2:10-2. Thus, "it is defendant's burden to
demonstrate that the police failed to create an adequate record of the [out-of-
court identification procedure] and that such failure was clearly capable of
producing an unjust result." Wright, 444 N.J. Super. at 362-63.
Here, the State complied with the recordation requirements imposed by
Rule 3:11 and Delgado; the photo identification procedures for J.S., Clark and
Perna were video recorded and the subject of written reports by the officers who
conducted them. Those records, however, do not include the witnesses'
statements of their levels of confidence in their selection of defendant's photo
because they were not asked by the officers to state their levels of confidence.
"It is . . . critical for law enforcement to record a witness' full statement
of confidence when an identification is first made—before any possible
feedback," State v. Anthony, 237 N.J. 213, 226 (2019), because without such a
recording "the defendant may not learn about confirmatory feedback or other
suggestive behavior," id. at 233. Although it appears defendant was not
deprived of any information about possible feedback because the photo
identification procedures were video recorded, and defendant was provided with
the recordings prior to trial, on remand defendant may request an evidentiary
A-4100-16T1
45
hearing based on his claim that, as a result of the officers' failures to request the
respective witnesses' level of confidence, the photo identification procedures
were suggestive. See generally, id. at 233-34. We offer no opinion on the merits
of such a request, which the court shall consider and determine based on the
record presented.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.
A-4100-16T1
46
STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. SADOT COUNCIL (15-08-1859, ESSEX COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion